Introduction

Chapter 1

Ashim Khadka

Nepal College of Information Technology

2022

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1 Introduction
Transmission Modes

2 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

3 Digital European Cordless Telecommunications

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Wireless Communication

Wireless refers to the method of transferring information between

computing devices, such as a personal data assistant (PDA) and a
data source such as an agency database server, without a physical
connection or wires.
The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television
remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio
communications).
Not all wireless communication technologies are mobile.
Router, 3G, 4G system
Lasers used in wireless data communication but not in mobile
communication

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Wireless Communication
Wireless refers to the method of transferring information between
computing devices, such as a personal data assistant (PDA) and a
data source such as an agency database server, without a physical
connection or wires.
The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television
remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio
communications).
Not all wireless communication technologies are mobile.
Router, 3G, 4G system
Lasers used in wireless data communication but not in mobile
communication
Mobile
A mobile device is one that is made to be taken anywhere.
Internal battery required for power
Must be connected to a network that can help it to send and receive
data without attaching to a hardware infrastructure
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Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is simply data communication without the

use of a physical connection or wires but propagates the signal
through space.
Space only allows for signal transmission without any guidance, the
medium used in Wireless Communication is called Unguided Medium.
This may involve cellular telephone, two-way radio, fixed wireless
(broadband wireless), laser (free space optics), or satellite
communications.

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Wireless Communication Device

Figure: Wireless communication device

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Advantages of Wireless Communication
1 Mobility and Portability:
User Mobility: User communicating anytime, anywhere with anyone
Device Portability: Devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network
2 Flexibility: Radio waves can penetrate the obstacles. Sender and
receiver can be placed anywhere
3 Robustness: Can survive in disaster (Earthquake)
4 Accessibility Easy accessibility as the remote areas where ground
lines can’t be properly laid
In rural regions, online education is now possible.
5 Constant connectivity: Ensures constant connectivity through user
movement from place to place, or while traveling, whereas a wired
land line can’t
6 Convenience: Wireless communication devices like mobile phones
are quite simple and therefore allow anyone to use them, wherever
they may be. There is no need to physically connect anything in order
to receive or pass messages.
Wi-Fi: user can now connect with almost anyone, anywhere, anytime.
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Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

1 Interference: Use open space as the medium for transmitting signals.

There is a huge chance that radio signals from one wireless
communication system or network might interfere with other signals.
2 Security: Interference from other devices, so information transmitted
through the network (including encrypted information) may be
intercepted by unauthorized users

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Transmission Modes
1 Simplex
communication is possible in only one direction.
Paging systems: messages are received but not acknowledged
2 Half-duplex
Communication systems which allow two-way communication by using
the same radio channel for both transmission and reception.
At any given time, the user can only either transmit or receive
information.
E.g., walkie-talkies
3 Full-duplex
Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication.
Data can flow downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) at the same time
without any noticeable interruptions
Transmission and reception is typically on two different channels such
as Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD)
E.g., phones
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Transmission Mode

Figure: Soucre: networxsecurity.org

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Frequency division duplexing (FDD)

provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for the users and

the base station
so that they both may constantly transmit while simultaneously
receiving signals from one another
At the base station, separate transmit and receive’ antennas are used
to accommodate the two separate channels.
At the user unit, a single antenna is used for both transmission to and
reception from the base station
device called a duplexer is used inside user unit’s antenna to enable the
same antenna to be used for simultaneous transmission and reception.
To facilitate FDD, it is necessary to separate the transmit and receive
frequencies by about 5% of the RF (guard band)
so they do not interfere with one another and guarantee clear and
uninterrupted transmission.

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Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
In FDD, a pair of simplex channels with a fixed and known frequency
separation is used to define a specific radio channel in the system.
The channel used to convey traffic to the mobile user from a base
station is called the forward channel (Downlink)
The channel used to carry traffic from the mobile user to a base
station is called the reverse channel (Uplink).

Figure: FDD (blog.aviatnetworks.com)

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Time division duplexing (TDD)
share a single radio channel in time, so that a portion of the time is
used to transmit from the base station to the mobile (DL), and the
remaining time is used to transmit from the mobile to the base
station (UL).
Time slots could be dynamically allocated and variable in length
based on network needs.
A guard period is needed to ensure that UL and DL transmissions do
not collide.

Figure: TDD (blog.aviatnetworks.com)

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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

Figure: Evolution of Mobile Communications (brainbridge.be)

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Generations of mobile communication

Figure: Generations of mobile communication (E. Dahlman et al, 5G NR: The

Next Generation Wireless Access Technology)

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1G: Foundation of mobile telephony

Developed: late 1970s and early 1980s

Used analog signal for voice services
Based on technology called as Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS)
Frequency modulated and Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
with a channel capacity of 30KHz and circuit switching
Frequency band of 450MHz − 1GHz
Allows voice calls in 1 country

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1G: Foundation of mobile telephony
Developed: late 1970s and early 1980s
Used analog signal for voice services
Based on technology called as Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS)
Frequency modulated and Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
with a channel capacity of 30KHz and circuit switching
Frequency band of 450MHz − 1GHz
Allows voice calls in 1 country

Disadvantage

Poor voice quality Poor battery life

Poor handoff reliability Small coverage area
Large phone size Offered very low level of
Limited capacity spectrum efficiency
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2G: Mobile Telephony for everyone

Developed: early 1990s

Used digital signal for voice services and SMS possible
Technology: Digital cellular, GSM, CDMA
Digital modulated (Binary, QPSK, GMSK)
TDMA/FDD, FDMA/FDD
Circuit switching
Frequency band of 900MHz − 1.9GHz
Data rate upto 64 kbps

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2.5G

2G cellular technology with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),

Data rate upto 114 kbps
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), providing 384 kbps
rate by using improved modulation (8-PSK instead of GMSK in GSM)
CDMA: high speed data access multiple orthogonal user channels
providing 115.2kbps rate
Support e-mail, web browsing
Enabling location - based mobile service

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3G: Foundation of mobile broadband

Developed: 2000 based on GSM

Support Voice, SMS, Data
Technology: UMTS, WCDMA and FDD/TDD
Data rate 144 kbps to 2 Mbps enable MMS
Digital modulated (QPSK, QAM)
Circuit switching for voice and packet for data
Frequency band of 1.6GHz − 2GHz

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4G: Further enhanced mobile broadband

Developed: 2010
Support Voice, SMS, Data (High Speed)
Technology: long term evolution (LTE), OFDMA and FDD/TDD
Data rate 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps enable MMS
Digital modulated (QAM)
Packet switching
Frequency band of 2GHz − 8GHz
Good QoS and high security
Bigger battery usage
MAGIC
Mobile multimedia – Anytime, anywhere
Global mobile support
Integrated wireless solutions
Customized personal service

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5G:

Developed: 2020
main focus :world-Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW)
Technology: NOMA, mmWave, small cell, MIMO
Data rate > 1Gbps High speed, high capacity
Internet switching

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Timeline of Mobile generation

Figure: Timeline of Mobile generation (L. Nadeem, ”Integration of D2D, Network

Slicing, and MEC in 5G Cellular Networks: Survey and Challenges”)

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Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)

Also known as Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

Digital wireless technology for telephony: used for home and business
Created by European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI):
1980
to communicate with in small or short range upto 300m
aprox. 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space
Transmit average power 10mW (max. 250mW)
uses time division multiple access (TDMA)
TDD with 10 ms frame length
UL:DL = 1:1
Modulation: GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
Frequency band: 1880 MHz - 1900 MHz

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DECT

Consist of two components

Mobile handset
Base station: connected to fixed telephone network
Fixed network: Public switched telephone network (PSTN) or Private
automatic branch exchange (PABX)

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DECT

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