SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
Informatics Practices
Class XI ( As per CBSE Board)
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer is an electronic device, under the control of instructions
stored in its memory that can accept data (input), process the data
according to specified rules(Program) on processor & produces
information (output), and store the information for future use.
Data vs Information
Data are raw numbers or other findings which, by themselves, are
of limited value.
Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful
and useful context. Computers are being used extensively nowadays
in everyday life/every field In the form of laptop, desktop,
Smartphone, gadgets etc.
Advantages of computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Huge storage
• Versatility
• Tirelessness
Disadvantages of computer
• Data security issue
• Computer crimes
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
1 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
• Health risk
• Bad impact on environment if not properly disposed
off
Any digital computer performs five functions in gross term.
1. Take data as input
2. Stores data/instructions
3. Process those stored data
4. Generate the output
5. Control all above steps
Computing
The use of a computer to process data or perform calculations or
the act of calculating or reckoning through computer is known as
computing.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING DEVICES
Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device.
Which was used to be performed addition and subtraction
easily and speedily? This device was a first develop Ed by the
Egyptians in the 10th centaury B.C, but it was given it final
shape in the 12th centaury A.D. by the Chinese educationists.
NAPIER’S BONES John Napier’s of Scotland invented a
calculating device, in the year 1617 called the Napier Bones. In
the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting
purpose where some no. is printed on these rods. These rods
that one can do addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division easily.
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
2 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
Pascal's calculator In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French
scientist invented an adding machine called Pascal’s calculator,
which represents the position of digit with the help of gears in
it.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING DEVICES
Leibnz Calculator In the year 1671, a German mathematics,
Gottfried Leibniz modified the Pascal calculator and he
developed a machine which could perform various calculation
based on multiplication and division as well.
Analytical Engine In the year 1833, a scientist form England
knows to be Charles Babbage invented such a machine. Which
could keep our data safely? This device was the first
mechanical computer. Charles Babbage is also known as the
father of the computer. One of the ideas, which went a long
way in making computers that they are today, is the ‘Stored
Program Concept’ which Charles Babbage gave while
designing an automatic machine for calculations. That is why,
he is considered as the ‘Father Of Modern Computers’.
Mark 1 computer : Mark 1 computer Howard Aiken of Harvard
University, in collaboration with IBM Corporation designed a
fully automatic machine in 1937-1944. This machine used
electrically actuated switches called ‘Relays’.
ENIAC : eniac(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
The development of vacuum tubes made it possible to build
better computers. In 1943, during the second world war, the
ENIAC was constructed at the Pennsylvania University to
satisfy military needs. This marked the beginning of
development of modern computers.
EDSAC- in full Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator,
the first full-size stored-program computer, built at the
University of Cambridge, Eng., by Maurice Wilkes and others
to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was
built according to the von Neumann machine principles
enunciated by the Hungarian American scientist John von
Neumann and, like the Manchester Mark I, became
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
3 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
operational in 1949.
CDC 6600 - The first supercomputer, the Control Data
Corporation (CDC) 6600, only had a single CPU. Released in
1964, the CDC 6600 was actually fairly small — about the size
of four filing cabinets. It cost $8 million at that time. and
operated at up to 40MHz, squeezing out a peak performance
of 3 million floating point operations per second (flops).
PARAM 8000 - in 1991, C-DAC rolled out India’s first
indigenous supercomputer: PARAM 8000. A multiprocessor
machine, PARAM 8000 was benchmarked at 5 Gflops, making
it the second fastest supercomputer in the world at that time.
Pratyush-As of January 2018, Pratyush and Mihir are the
fastest supercomputer in India with a maximum speed of 6.8
PetaFlops at a total cost of INR 438.9 Crore.
SPC - The first smartphone, created by IBM, was invented
in 1992 and released for purchase in 1994. It was called the
Simon Personal Communicator (SPC).
iPhone - 2007- Enter Steve JobsOne of the most influential years
for smartphone evolution was 2007. It was year Steve Jobs and
the team at Macworld revealed the very first iPhone. Not only
was this the sleekest touch screen device to hit the market. The
device was offered at a 4GB level ($499) and 8GB ($599).
2020- The World At Our Fingertips -And just like that, we’ve
reached modern day. Since the launch of the iPhone thirteen
years ago, we’ve
-The advent of the Android— Google’s answer to the
iPhone,Hundreds of hardware iterations of Android
smartphones,The rise of apps (and the monetization of them)
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
4 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Components of a computer system and their inter connection/ Block
diagram of computer
Micropr
ocessor unit(mpu) = (CU+ALU)
control unit+arithmatica / logical unit
CPU=MPU+Memory Unit
Input/Output Units
Input Unit
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
5 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
A device through which data and programs from the outside
world enter the computer system.
Output unit
A device through which results stored in the computer
memory are made available outside the computer system.
Central processing unit – Comprises three parts
1. Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition and
subtraction Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.
Most modern ALUs have a small amount of special storage units
called registers that can be accessed faster than main memory.
2. Control unit
It organizes the computer to work computer as single unit &
generates control signals for various devices regarding read/write or
execute operation
3. Memory
A collection of cells, each with a unique
physical address Most computers are byte-
addressable
Cell at address 11111110 contains 10101010
RAM and ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory in which each location can be accessed and
changed Read Only Memory (ROM)
Memory in which each location can be accessed but not
changed RAM is volatile, ROM is not
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
6 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
Secondary Storage Devices
Magnetic Tape
mass auxiliary storage device
Secondary Storage Devices
Hard disk
Fixed Head HDD / Movable head HDD
A hard disk is a set of stacked disks. Each disk has data
recorded electromagnetically in concentric circles, or
tracks, on the disk Hard Drive Types
1. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
2. Serial ATA (SATA)
3. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
4. Solid State Drives (SSD)
Upto 12 TB sized HDD is available in the market
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
7 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
Input Devices
Input devices can send data or information to a computer or
another device.
1. Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data in to the
computer. The data send depends on the key pressed by the user.
2. Mouse: A mouse is a small handheld input device which
controls a cursor in a graphical user interface. It can move and
select text, files, folders etc. on our computer according to the
user input.
3. Scanner: Scanner optically reads and document, file or image
and then changes it into digital signal and sends to the
computer.
4. OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on
a document and send them to computer.
5. OCR: OCR stands for optical character Recognition, is an input
device which reads printed text and sends that to computer.
6. MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which
generally finds application is banks to process cheques.
7. Microphone: it receives audio generated by some input source
and sends the same to a computer. Webcam: it sends the
captured images to a computer.
8. Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw using hand.
9. Trackballs: an upside down mouse ,encased within a socket. Is a
cursor control device.
10. Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of various
items and feed the same to computer.
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
8 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
11. Gamepad: Also known as joy pad is the input controller for
video games.
12. Joystick: these input devices are used to control video
games.
Output Devices
1. A device that can receive data from computer or another
device and create output with that data is called output
device.
2. Examples of various output devices are as :
3. Monitor: A monitor is an output device that is responsible for
receiving data from a computer and displaying that
information as text or images for users to see.
4. Speakers: Receives sound signal from a computer and then
plays that sound signal and thus we hear songs or music or
any other audio.
5. Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays or projects
the same information onto a screen or a wall. Projector
cannot directly accept data from a user and send that data to
another device.
Both Input / Output Devices
An input/output device is capable of receiving data from users or
another devices and also sending data to another devices or
computers. That means a devices which can be used as both input
device and output device are called Input / Output (I/O) devices.
Some examples of input/output devices are as:
1. USB drive: Also known as pen drive or flash stick works as both
input device to computer and as an output device. USB drives
receive or save data from a computer as an input and it can
also send data to a computer or another device. Facsimile:
Facsimile or FAX machine has a scanner which is an input
device and a small printer to provide output.
2. Modems: It is used to transmit and receive data from one
computer to another computer or other devices using
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
9 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
SRI RAMAKRISHNA SARADA ASHRAMA (Vivekananda Central School)
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
telephone lines
3. CD-RW drives and DVD-RW drives: Receives data from a
computer as input to copy onto and save into writable CD or
DVD. We also use CDs or DVDs to transfer data to a computer.
4. Touch Screen: Touch screen is both input and output device. By
touching the screen input is provided and being a screen, it is
used as an output device.
5. Headsets: Headset consists of speaker as an output device and
microphone functions as an input device.
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
10 TEACHER’S NAME:-BRIJ BIHARI SHARAN
