12_IP_Ch_10_Introduction to Internet _NOTES
Internet
The internet is a network of a huge number of computers linked together worldwide.
History of internet
The origin of internet was started in 1969 in U.S., By U.S. Department of Defense with a
project named APRANET. ARPANET stands for Advanced Research Project Agency
then after few years National Science Foundation create a new project named NSFNet
which was more powerful and advanced than ARPANET.
The both projects were mainly created for Inter-Networking and it was renamed as
Internet later. Later on the ARPANET was shutdown and NSFNet discontinued but
commercial internet came in to the picture and it is still running.
Advantages of Internet
There many advantages of Internet, few of them are listed below:
1. It is a big library with full of information
2. Useful for communication
3. Anyone can connect from anywhere globally
4. Documents can be shared via emails and other services
5. Encourage to green economy, reduces the use of papers
6. A great platform for digital marketing
7. A great platform for education, business and other sectors
Disadvantages of internet
1. As the internet has advantages, similarly it has disadvantages as well. These
are:
2. Cyber frauds and cybercrime risk
3. All information is not relevant
4. A huge risk of viruses and security threats
5. The spread of incorrect information
6. Messages and files shared on the internet can be used by unknown people with
some tricks
7. Some health issued may be increased as people using devices for long hours
continuously
World Wide Web(WWW)
With the introduction of WWW in 1989, the use of Internet has totally changed. Earlier it
was only used for communication and research purposes. But now a days it is used for
so many purposes. Just think about it why you are using internet?
The above question will give so many answers, some of them are as following:
1. Education 2. Shopping 3. Communication 4.Sharing
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History of WWW
The WWW was proposed between 1989-1991 by Tim Berners Lee. Later on, it
becomes reality with the invention of HTML and a browser. Observe the below-given
table to understand the history of WWW:
Year What Happened
1989 A proposal submitted by Tim Berners Lee for “Distributed Information
Systems”
1990 The first website published the address was launched
1991 The WWW launched publicly
1992 CERN released the source code of WWW for free of cost along with
browser
Difference between WWW and Internet
As you have seen in the above section of internet and web Class 12 IP, WWW and
internet both are not same. There are certain differences between them.
WWW is a part of internet. Whenever you type any web address or URL it starts with
WWW. So one is container and another is an item inside it. So the internet is container
and www is item. WWW consists of so many websites, these websites have one or
more webpages. Read this article to learn more about WWW.
URLs
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is an address of a particular website.
Every website on internet has a unique address. The URL starts with http or https.
What is HTTP?
HTTP is a protocol that defines some rules and standards for WWW and website. Every
web page made with a descriptive language i.e. HTML. HTTP follows a specific URL
pattern as follows:
type://address/path
Where
1. type is the type of server
2. address is the address of server
3. path is the location of website file
Elements of URL
The URL has following elements:
1. The server type or protocol
2. WWW
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3. Domain Name
4. Top-level domain
5. File address on server
The server type or protocol
This is a basic type of protocol like http or https or ftp or gopher or any other protocol to
define some rules and web server type.
WWW
Generally the web address or domain starts with WWW. It is also known as W3C,
W3Consortium.
Domain Name
It is a unique name for a website on internet. It can be hosted on a particular server by
hosting providers.
Top-level Domain
The top level domain defines the type of website such as .com, .edu, .org etc.
File address on server
This is a specific web page name saved into particular web server.
For example,
https://wwwgoogle.com/gmail/
Here,
● https – is a type of server or protocol. S stands for secure.
● www – it is www consortium
● google – is a unique domain name
● .com – is a top-level domain
● /gmail – is a folder and file stored on web server
Some common top level domains
The following table represents some common top level domains
Top-Level Meaning Used for
Domain
.com Commercial For commercial purpose
.edu Education For educational purpose
.org Organization For organizational purpose
.mil Military For military purpose
.gov Government For government organizations
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.co Company Represents a company
.co.in Company Represents an Indian company, simlary
India .co.uk for uk, co.us for us, co.au fo
australia
URL types
There are two types of URLs.
1. Absolute – A web address represents both the domain name and the folder/page
2. Relative – A web address exclude the domain and represents only the filename
Internet Applications
Internet is used for so many purposes widely. In your syllabus three applications are
given, so we will discuss them.
1. Email
2. Chat
3. VoIP
Email
The most common and popular tool on the internet is E-mail. It stands for Electronic
Mail. It is a simple message service where the message can be sent to or by an
individual or in groups anywhere. It just works like a simple mail sent and received by
post office.
In email, e-mail servers are used to send and receive a message. For sending an email,
you need an account to send an email. Similarly you also need recipient email ID. It is
the best and economical way of communication.
The email address has a specific format like:
username@domainname
Where the username is the name with a combination of letters and numbers and the
domain name is the website domain where the account is created. For examples,
tutorialaicsip@gmail.com
Advantages of E-mail
● Cost
● Speed
● Waste reduction
● Easy to use
● Record maintenance
Limitations E-Mail
● Required Internet
● Required training
● Hard to convey emotions
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● Impermanent
CC and BCC
While using email, you may hear these words. CC stands for Carbon Copy. CC emails
can be sent a copy to multiple recipients. BCC stands for Blind Carbon Copy. BCC
emails are not visible to other recipients of same email.
Spam Mail
Spam mail is an email sent for marketing purpose or to generate a lead or irrelevant or
inappropriate mail to a huge number of people. The SPAM can be referred as Send
People Alotta Mail.
Junk Mail
Junk mail is unwanted or unsolicited advertising mail or promo mail.
Protocols used in Email
There are certain protocols used in Email listed below:
1. IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) – This protocol is responsible for accessing
emails from server.
2. POP (Post Office Protocol) – It just work like as a Post Office.
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – It used to send an email.
Chat
Now a days you are using WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and other app to do
chatting. Chatting refers to an online text based conversation using such app or IM
(Instant Messaging) software.
There are four types of chat:
1. Instant Messaging – As we are using a few messenger software to chat. This
software is capable to send or receive any text-based messages or send/receive
files. ex. WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, WeChat etc.
2. ICQ (“I Seek You”)– It offers to chat through ICQ software. This software is
capable to chat, e-mail, file transfers, play
3. IRC (“Internet Relat Chat”) – IRC software provides an IRC client program. IRC
can spread through many networks. through IRC server.
4. Web-Based Chat– These types of chat done through the browser and online on
the website. For example, when you log in with any social media account like
Facebook, Google a web based chat is integrated into the account itself.
VoIP
VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. This technology is used to make audio and
video calls through microphone and speakers. You must have used WhatApp call,
Telegram Call, Facebook Messenger Call, Google Duo etc. VoIP allows transferring the
call and data using Internet Protocol. The audio and video can be accepted as input and
converted into digital information and transferred to another IP.
Advantages
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●You can make a call over internet without any extra tool or app or charges
●You can call a meeting using VoIP apps
●Live interactions can be done using videos
●User can present their screen and explain the topics using PPT or image or
photo
Disadvantages
1. Both the sender and receiver should meet the software and hardware
requirements of the tool or app
2. There is no guarantee of audio or video calls
3. If any packets dropped during the call, voice quality drops
4. Poor voice quality due to network issues
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