XIICS-P-II- Chapter -4 Jyoti Chandnani

What is microcontroller?
" Microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer.The microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system
consisting of microprocessor and limited amounts of RAM, ROM and I/O."

Applications of Microcontroller/ ADVANTAGES OVER MICROPROCESSOR)

1. They are used as machine tools, chemical processes, medical instrumentation, and sophisticated
guidance control.
2. Today, the microcontroller is very commonly used in wide variety of intelligent products.
3. Many low-cost products such as electronic toys, microwave ovens, VCRs are based on microcontrollers.
4. A home security system, a tape deck, and intelligent multimeter can also be build by using
microcontroller.
5. The personal computer keyboards are implemented with a microcontroller. It replaces scanning,
debounce, matrix decoding and serial transmission circuits.

Application of Microcontroller in Day to Day Life Devices:

• Light sensing & controlling devices
• Temperature sensing and controlling devices
• Fire detection & safety devices
• Industrial instrumentation devices
• Process control devices
The 8051 Architecture
• The 8051 is a second generation 8-bit microcontroller.
• The first 8-bit microcontroller was 8048.
• Shortly after that INTEL doubles the amount of ROM and RAM with 8049.
• 8051 provides a significantly more powerful architecture, a more powerful instruction set and a full
serial port.
• In 8052 the size of ROM and RAM is expanded.

Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
Center of a computer system. Memory and I/O Center of embedded system. Memory and I/O
components are external to it. components are internal to it.
Large Circuit Smaller Circuit
Not compatible with compact systems Higher Compatible with compact systems. Lower Cost
cost
High Power Consumption Mostly don't have Low Power Consumption ,Mostly have power
power features features.
Mainly present in personal computers. Mainly present in washing machines, music players,
and embedded systems.
Less number of registers. More number of registers.
RAM, ROM, and other peripherals are absent. RAM, ROM, and other peripherals are present.
Has an external bus to interface with devices. Uses an internal controlling bus for communication.
Has a high speed. Speed depends on the architecture.
Complex and Expensive Simple and affordable

Requires more instructions Requires less instructions

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XIICS-P-II- Chapter -4 Jyoti Chandnani
The major features of 8051
1. An 8 bit ALU.
2. 4k byte ROM (or EPROM).
3. 128 byte RAM
4. Dual 16 bit timer event counter.
5. 32 I/O lines (Four 8-bit I/O ports)
6. Addresses 64k bytes of Program memory.
7. Addresses 64k bytes of Data memory.
8. Powerful 111 - Instruction set.
9. Full-featured serial port
10. Upto 12-MHz clock.
11. Two external interrupts.

• The 8051 uses one memory space for storing programs and other for storing variable data. The
program memory space is a read only space.
• You can read program instructions from this space, but the processor cannot write data into or
read data from these memory space.
• All instruction fetches are taken from program memory
• The data memory space is a read write memory space.
• The processor can read data from this memory space and can write data to this memory space.
• It can not execute instructions from this memory space.
• The 8051 internal RAM is in this memory space.
• The 8051 can also be operated with common memory.
• In this case, 8051 only has 64 k bytes of total external memory.
• The 128 bytes of internal RAM provide a general read - write data storage.
• Some part of this is often referred to as registers.
• The 8051 has 22 special function registers which are not part of 128 bytes of RAM.
• The data memory can also be extended to 64k bytes.

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XIICS-P-II- Chapter -4 Jyoti Chandnani
Give the main features of 8048 microcontroller.
Ans.: The main features of 8048 are as listed below:
(i) 8048 has clock having frequency 2 MHz to 4 MHz.
(ii) It has 27 I/O lines.
(iii) It has 1 K byte ROM or EPROM.
(iv) It has 64 bytes RAM.
(v) It has one 8-bit timer event counter.
(vi) Address capacity of 8048 is 4 KB.

Explain in detail other microcontrollers in 8051 family.

OR
List all microcontrollers of 8051 family and state one feature of each.
controller.
Ans.
8048,8049,8050
(1) Intel's first microcontroller was 8048. The 8048, 8049 and 8050 all have identical architectures with the
exception of memory size.
(2) In each case, the memory doubles. 8048 supports 1K byte of internal memory. 804 supports 2k bytes of
internal memory and 8050 supports 4K bytes of internal memory.
(3) 8048 has 64 bytes internal RAM, including 32 bytes of register/memory location. The 8049 and 8050
have a total of 128 and 256 bytes of RAM respectively.
(4) These microcontrollers are low cost products and hence are very popular.

8052:
• 8052 is a simple expansion of 8051.
• 8052 has 8K bytes of onboard ROM and 256 bytes of onboard RAM.
• 8052 allows programmers to write larger programs and that can use more data.
• The cost of 8052 is more than that of 8051.
• The 8052 also has one extra 16-bit counter-timer. This counter-timer gives
flexibility.
8031 and 8032
• The alternative versions of 8051 and 8052 are 8031 and 8032.
• Thèse devices do not have any on board ROM. It may use external ROM for program memory.
• These are excellent devices for prototyping and low-volume products.

8052 AH-BASIC:
1) Another form of 8052 is 8052 AH-BASIC. This special 8052 has BASIC programming language in ROM.
2) Using BASIC instructions, a programmer can write instructions for this 8052 rather than assembly
language.

Compare between microcontrollers 8051 and 8052.

OR
Compare 3 features of 8051 and 8052 microcontrollers.

• Microcontroller 8051 has 4k bytes of ROM, whereas 8052 has 8k bytes of onboard ROM or EPROM.
• Microcontroller 8051 has 128 bytes of RAM, whereas 8052 has 256 bytes of onboard RAM.
• Microcontroller 8051 has a dual 16-bit timer event counter whereas 8052 has an extra 16- bit timer
event counter.
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XIICS-P-II- Chapter -4 Jyoti Chandnani
• The cost of microcontroller 8051 is less than that of microcontroller 8052.
• Both 8051 and 8052 are used in high volume applications and both allow us to write large program.
But in 8052 we can write larger programs than that in 8051.

What is a Microcontroller? State three expanded features of 8052 over 8051 microcontroller.
Ans :
(1) Microcontroller: A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system, consisting of microprocessor,
limited amount of ROM, RAM and parallel I/O ports, built on a single integrated circuit.
Microcontroller is infact a microcomputer, but it is called so because it is used to perform control functions.

(3) Expanded features of 8052 over 8051 microcontroller are as follows:

(a) ROM: Microcontroller 8052 has 8 Kbytes of onboard ROM or EPROM whereas 8051 has 4 Kbytes of
ROM.

(b) RAM: Microcontroller 8052 has 256 bytes of onboard RAM whereas 8051 has 128 bytes of RAM.
(c) Time-event counter: 8052 has an extra 16-bit time event counter whereas 8051 has a dual 16-bit timer
event counter.