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PGTRB 2025
EDUCATION
Unit 6
Intelligence and Personality
MCQ
1.Cognitive abilities primarily deal with:
Physical strength and coordination
b) Emotional control and adjustment
c) Mental processes of acquiring and using knowledge
d) Social interaction and relationships
2.A teacher asks students to analyse a poem, find symbolic meanings, and connect
it with real-life situations. Which cognitive process is most dominantly involved
here?
a)Perception
b) Memory
c) Higher-order thinking
d) Language comprehension
3.When a student listens carefully to the teacher’s lecture while ignoring noise from
outside, it is an example of:
a)Sustained Attention
b) Divided Attention
c) Selective Attention
d) Involuntary Attention
4.A teacher asks students to take notes while simultaneously listening to a lecture.
Which type of attention is mostly used here?
a)Sustained Attention
b) Selective Attention
c) Divided Attention
d) Alternating Attention
5.Which of the following is NOT a factor that directly affects attention?
a)Interest level
b) Fatigue

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c) Environment
d) Height of the student

Answers 1-5
1. Answer: c) Mental processes of acquiring and using knowledge
Explanation:
Cognitive abilities are core mental capabilities involving perception, memory,
thinking, language, and intelligence. They enable learning, reasoning, and
problem-solving. They are different from emotional or physical skills.
2. Answer: c) Higher-order thinking
Explanation:
While perception and memory are basic processes, analyzing symbolic meanings
and applying them in new contexts requires critical and higher-order thinking.
According to Bloom’s taxonomy, this belongs to the higher cognitive levels
(analysis, evaluation, creativity).
3. Answer: c) Selective Attention
Explanation:
Selective attention means focusing on one important stimulus while filtering out
irrelevant distractions. Here, the student chooses to listen to the lecture while
ignoring noise.
4. Answer: c) Divided Attention
Explanation:
Divided attention occurs when a person performs two tasks at the same time
(e.g., listening and writing). This requires the brain to allocate resources across
both tasks, though efficiency may reduce compared to focusing on one task.
5. Answer: d) Height of the student
Explanation:
Attention is influenced by psychological and environmental factors such as
interest, fatigue, noise, lighting, and task complexity. A student’s height does not
determine their ability to pay attention, hence it is not a factor.
6.Which of the following best defines Interest in psychology?
A physical ability to perform tasks
b) A psychological state of attraction or engagement toward something
c) A temporary emotional reaction like anger or joy
d) A method of teaching in classrooms

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7.A student shows more enthusiasm and performs better in science experiments
than in history lessons. This reflects the role of interest in:
a)Reducing fatigue
b) Enhancing learning and retention
c) Avoiding distractions
d) Improving physical growth
8.Assertion (A): Intrinsic motivation comes from internal factors like curiosity and
personal satisfaction.
Reason (R): External rewards such as money and grades are examples of intrinsic
motivation.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
9.Assertion (A): Motivation influences the persistence and intensity of learning
behaviour.
Reason (R): A motivated learner studies with direction, effort, and consistency
toward goals.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
10.Which of the following best describes aptitude?
Knowledge gained through experience
b) A person’s natural ability or talent to learn and perform certain tasks
c) Temporary interest in a subject
d) Physical strength and stamina

Answers 6-10
6. Answer: b) A psychological state of attraction or engagement toward
something
Explanation:
In psychology, interest refers to being mentally engaged or attracted to an object,
subject, or activity. It encourages curiosity, motivation, and active learning.
7. Answer: b) Enhancing learning and retention

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Explanation:
When learners are genuinely interested, they focus more, explore deeply, and
remember concepts better. Interest drives curiosity and leads to effective and
long-lasting learning.
8. Answer: c) A is true, but R is false
Explanation:
Intrinsic motivation is internal (curiosity, interest, self-satisfaction), while extrinsic
motivation is based on external rewards (grades, money, praise). Hence, A is
correct but R is false.

9. Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Explanation:
Motivation involves direction, intensity, and persistence. A motivated student
puts in effort consistently, which explains why motivation directly influences
learning effectiveness.
10. Answer: b) A person’s natural ability or talent to learn and perform certain
tasks
Explanation:
Aptitude is an inborn potential to learn or perform specific skills effectively with
proper training (e.g., verbal, numerical, artistic, mechanical). It indicates future
learning ability, not just current knowledge.
11.A student easily understands grammar, expresses thoughts clearly, and enjoys
reading literature. This shows:
a)Mechanical Aptitude
b) Numerical Aptitude
c) Verbal Aptitude
d) Artistic Aptitude
12.Which of the following pairs correctly matches the components of attitude with
their examples?
Cognitive – “I enjoy solving math problems”
b) Affective – “Mathematics is useful in daily life”
c) Behavioural – “I believe science improves society”
d) Affective – “I feel excited while learning history”
13.Which of the following is the best example of the behavioural component of
attitude?

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a)“I believe exercise is good for health.”

b) “I enjoy going for a morning walk.”
c) “I go for a walk every day.”
d) “I think walking reduces stress.”
14.A student loves reading fiction books out of curiosity and enjoyment. This
situation best represents:
a)Cognitive Ability
b) Interest
c) Aptitude
d) Attitude
15.Which of the following best defines a value system?
A set of skills to solve problems
b) A group of customs followed without thinking
c) A set of beliefs and principles that guide behaviour and decisions
d) A list of rules imposed by others

Answers 11-15
11.Answer: c) Verbal Aptitude
Explanation:
Verbal aptitude refers to the natural talent in using language effectively—
understanding, reading, writing, and expressing ideas. Students with strong verbal
aptitude perform well in language-based tasks.
12. Answer: d) Affective – “I feel excited while learning history”
Explanation:
Cognitive component = beliefs/thoughts (e.g., “Math is useful”).
Affective component = feelings/emotions (e.g., “I enjoy math” or “I feel excited”).
Behavioural component = actions/response (e.g., “I practice math regularly”).
Options (a), (b), and (c) are mismatched, but option (d) correctly links affective
(feeling) with the example.
13. Answer: c) “I go for a walk every day.”
Explanation:
Cognitive = belief/thought (“Exercise is good for health”).
Affective = feeling (“I enjoy walking”).

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Behavioural = action (“I go for a walk daily”).

14. Answer: b) Interest
Explanation:
Cognitive Abilities → problem-solving, memory, intelligence.
Attention → focusing on one task (e.g., ignoring noise).
Interest → curiosity and emotional engagement (e.g., love for reading fiction).
Aptitude → natural talent (e.g., drawing, numerical skill).
Attitude → evaluation (positive/negative) toward something.
15. Answer: c) A set of beliefs and principles that guide behavior and decisions
Explanation:
A value system directs how a person thinks, behaves, and makes decisions in life.
Unlike external rules, values are internal guiding principles like honesty, kindness,
and justice.
16.A student refuses to copy answers in an exam because they strongly believe in
honesty. This behaviour reflects which type of value?
a)Social Value
b) Moral Value
c) Cultural Value
d) Personal Value
17.According to Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs must be satisfied first before
focusing on other higher needs?
a)Safety needs
b) Esteem needs
c) Physiological needs
d) Self-actualization needs
18.A student feels lonely and rejected in school. According to Maslow, which type
of need is not being met?
a)Safety need
b) Love and belongingness need
c) Esteem need
d) Physiological need
19.Which of the following is the correct sequence of Maslow’s hierarchy from
lowest to highest?

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a)Safety → Physiological → Belongingness → Esteem → Self-actualization

b) Physiological → Safety → Belongingness → Esteem → Self-actualization
c) Physiological → Belongingness → Safety → Esteem → Self-actualization
d) Safety → Esteem → Physiological → Belongingness → Self-actualization
20.According to McClelland’s Theory of Motivation, which need is most directly
related to a student studying hard to achieve top marks in an exam?
a)Need for Power
b) Need for Affiliation
c) Need for Achievement
d) Need for Security

Answers 16-20
16.Answer: b) Moral Value
Explanation:
Personal values → kindness, respect (individual choices).
Social values → helping others, equality.
Cultural values → traditions/customs.
Moral values → truth, fairness, responsibility.
Here, honesty in exams shows a moral value (truthfulness and fairness in action).
17. Answer: c) Physiological needs
Explanation:
Maslow placed basic survival needs (food, water, air, sleep, shelter) at the bottom of
the pyramid. Without fulfilling these, higher-level needs (safety, love, esteem,
growth) cannot be achieved.
18. Answer: b) Love and belongingness need
Explanation:
Humans need friendship, family bonds, and acceptance. If these needs are not met,
the child feels lonely, affecting learning and confidence.
19. Answer: b) Physiological → Safety → Belongingness → Esteem → Self-
actualization
Explanation:
Maslow’s hierarchy follows pyramid order:
Physiological (basic survival) →

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Safety (protection, security) →

Belongingness (love, relationships) →
Esteem (respect, recognition) →
Self-actualization (personal growth).
20. Answer: c) Need for Achievement
Explanation:
Need for Achievement → desire to excel, improve, and succeed (studying hard for
high marks).
Need for Power → desire to influence or control others (becoming a leader).
Need for Affiliation → desire for friendship and acceptance (enjoying group
work).
Need for Security is not part of McClelland’s theory (belongs to Maslow’s
hierarchy).

21.Who developed the first intelligence test to identify children needing special
educational support?

a) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

b) Charles Spearman
c) J.P. Guilford
d) David Wechsler

22.Which of the following statements about Binet’s view on intelligence is correct?

Intelligence is a single fixed ability measured only by IQ.
b) Intelligence is multidimensional and can be developed through environment
and education.
c) Intelligence is purely inherited and cannot change.
d) Intelligence is only related to problem-solving in mathematics.
23.Who introduced the concept of Mental Age, which later became the basis for
IQ?
a)Charles Spearman
b) Alfred Binet
c) David Wechsler
d) J.P. Guilford
24.The One-Factor or Uni-Factor Theory of Intelligence assumes that:

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a)Intelligence consists of multiple independent abilities.

b) Intelligence is based only on language and mathematics.
c) Intelligence is a single general ability that applies to all tasks.
d) Intelligence develops only through environment and education.
25.According to Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence, human intelligence
is:
a)Based only on a single general factor.
b) A combination of a general factor (g) and specific factors (s).
c) Dependent only on environmental learning.
d) Measured only by problem-solving in mathematics.

Answers 21-25
21. Answer: a) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Explanation:
In the 1890s, Alfred Binet (with Theodore Simon) developed the Binet-Simon Scale,
the first intelligence test. Its purpose was to find children who required extra help in
school.

22. Answer: b) Intelligence is multidimensional and can be developed through

environment and education.
Explanation:
Binet believed intelligence is not one fixed factor but multidimensional. He stressed
that environment, education, and training can improve intelligence. Unlike later rigid
IQ views, Binet saw intelligence as flexible and improvable.
23. Answer: b) Alfred Binet
Explanation:
Binet introduced Mental Age while designing the Binet–Simon intelligence scale.
William Stern later proposed the IQ formula using mental age and chronological age.
24. Answer: c) Intelligence is a single general ability that applies to all tasks.
Explanation:
The Uni-Factor Theory suggests intelligence is one common ability (like “common
sense”) that underlies performance in all activities.
25. Answer: b) A combination of a general factor (g) and specific factors (s).
Explanation:

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g-factor (General Ability): Common mental power used in all kinds of tasks
(reasoning, problem-solving).
s-factor (Specific Ability): Skills unique to certain tasks (like music, drawing,
mathematics).
Spearman stated intelligence = g + s.
Example: A student’s overall reasoning (g) helps in all subjects, but their specific skill
(s) may make them better in music than in math.

26.Who proposed the Group Factor Theory of Intelligence in 1937?

a) Charles Spearman
b) Alfred Binet
c) L.L. Thurstone
d) Howard Gardner

27.According to Thurstone’s Group Factor Theory, intelligence consists of:

a) A single general ability (g-factor)

b) General (g) and Specific (s) abilities
c) Multiple independent primary mental abilities
d) Only problem-solving skills

28.Which of the following is NOT one of Thurstone’s original seven primary

mental abilities?

a) Verbal Comprehension
b) Word Fluency
c) Deductive Reasoning
d) Perceptual Speed

29.According to Edward Thorndike, which type of intelligence deals with

understanding people and social relationships?
a) Abstract Intelligence
b) Mechanical Intelligence
c) Social Intelligence
d) Emotional Intelligence

30. Thorndike’s Multi-Factor Theory of Intelligence emphasizes:

a) One single general intelligence
b) Seven primary abilities
c) Many separate independent abilities
d) Emotional and social intelligence only

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Answers 26-30
26.Answer: c) L.L. Thurstone

Explanation: Thurstone proposed the Group Factor Theory (1937), suggesting

intelligence is made up of multiple independent mental abilities rather than a single
general factor.

27. Answer: c) Multiple independent primary mental abilities

Explanation:
Thurstone’s Group Factor Theory states that intelligence is made up of several
independent mental abilities (like verbal comprehension, memory, reasoning) rather
than a single general factor.

28. Answer: c) Deductive Reasoning

(It was added later when expanded to nine abilities.)

Explanation:
Thurstone’s original seven primary mental abilities included verbal comprehension,
word fluency, number ability, spatial ability, memory, reasoning, and perceptual
speed. Deductive reasoning was added later when the model was expanded to nine
abilities.

29. Answer: c) Social Intelligence

Explanation: Edward Thorndike’s Multi-Factor Theory identifies social intelligence

as the ability to understand people, social cues, and relationships.

• Abstract Intelligence: Solving ideas or symbolic problems

• Mechanical Intelligence: Understanding machines or tools
• Social Intelligence: Understanding people and social interactions

30. Answer: c) Many separate independent abilities

Explanation:
Thorndike’s Multi-Factor Theory proposes that intelligence is made up of many
separate abilities, and different situations require different kinds of intelligence
(abstract, mechanical, social).

31.In Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Theory, which of the following is NOT a

dimension?
a) Operations
b) Contents
c) Products
d) Aptitude

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Aptitude is not a dimension in Guilford’s model.

32.In J.P. Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Theory, which operation refers to

creative thinking and generating many possible ideas?

a) Convergent Production
b) Divergent Production
c) Cognition
d) Evaluation

33.According to Guilford’s Structure of Intellect model, which type of Content

deals with letters, numbers, and formulas?

a) Semantic
b) Symbolic
c) Visual
d) Behavioural

34.According to J.P. Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Theory, the total number of

abilities proposed in his final model is:

a) 120

b) 150
c) 180
d) 200

35.According to Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory, Analytical Intelligence mainly

refers to:

a) Creative problem-solving in new situations

b) Practical skills and real-world adaptability
c) Academic problem-solving and logical reasoning
d) Emotional and social intelligence

Answer 31-35
31.Answer: d) Aptitude

Explanation:
Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (SOI) Theory is based on three dimensions:

1. Operations – mental processes (e.g., cognition, memory, evaluation)

2. Contents – types of information (e.g., visual, auditory, symbolic)
3. Products – outcomes of thinking (e.g., units, relations, transformations)

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32.Answer: (b) Divergent Production

Explanation: Divergent Production is related to creativity and generating multiple
ideas, while Convergent Production focuses on finding the single correct answer.

33. Answer: (b) Symbolic

Explanation: Symbolic content involves abstract symbols such as letters, numbers,
signs, and formulas, whereas Semantic content refers to meaning and language.

34. Answer: c) 180

Explanation:
Guilford explained intelligence as a 3D model with Operations (6) × Contents (5) ×
Products (6) = 180 abilities. Earlier, he proposed 150 abilities (5 × 6 × 5)

35. Answer: c) Academic problem-solving and logical reasoning

Explanation: Analytical intelligence is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and solve

academic or exam-type problems.

36.A person who struggles in exams but is very successful in running a small
business shows high:

a) Analytical Intelligence
b) Creative Intelligence
c) Practical Intelligence
d) Emotional Intelligence

37.According to Howard Gardner, a student who excels in sports and dance

demonstrates high:

a) Spatial Intelligence
b) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
c) Interpersonal Intelligence
d) Naturalistic Intelligence.

38.Which of the following is NOT part of Gardner’s original eight intelligences?

a) Musical Intelligence
b) Naturalistic Intelligence
c) Existential Intelligence
d) Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

39.According to Daniel Goleman, the ability to recognize your own emotions and
their impact is called:

a) Empathy
b) Self-Regulation

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c) Self-Awareness
d) Motivation

40.Which of the following is NOT one of Goleman’s five components of

Emotional Intelligence?

a) Self-Regulation
b) Motivation
c) Analytical Thinking
d) Social Skills

Answers 36-40
36. Answer: c) Practical Intelligence

Explanation: Practical intelligence is the "street-smart" ability to apply knowledge to

real-life situations effectively.

37. Answer: b) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Explanation: Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to use one’s body

effectively for physical activities like sports, dance, or acting

38. Answer: c) Existential Intelligence

Explanation: Existential intelligence (questions about life, death, and spirituality)

was added later, not part of the original eight.

39. Answer: c) Self-Awareness

Explanation: Self-awareness is the foundation of EI — it means being conscious of

your emotions, strengths, weaknesses, and their effect on others.

40. Answer: c) Analytical Thinking

Explanation: Goleman’s five components are Self-awareness, Self-regulation,

Motivation, Empathy, and Social Skills. Analytical thinking is part of cognitive
intelligence (IQ), not EI.

41.Match the following steps of creativity with their correct description:

List – I (Steps)
A. Preparation
B. Incubation
C. Illumination
D. Evaluation

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List – II (Description)
The "Aha!" moment when a new idea emerges
Collecting information and ideas through study and research
Checking the usefulness and practicality of the idea
Relaxing and allowing the subconscious mind to work
Codes:
a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
b) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
c) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
d) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

42.Which of the following is NOT typically measured in an IQ test?

a) Logical reasoning
b) Verbal ability
c) Emotional regulation
d) Spatial thinking

43.A child is 8 years old (Chronological Age) but can solve problems like a 10-
year-old (Mental Age). What will be the child’s IQ using the traditional formula?

a) 80
b) 100
c) 120
d) 125

44.A child with an IQ score of 85 falls under which classification?

a) Average
b) Low Average
c) Borderline
d) High Average

45.If a child has an IQ of 135, how will they be classified?

a) Superior
b) Very Superior
c) High Average
d) Average

Answers 41-45

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41. Answer: a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Explanation:
Preparation → Collecting ideas (2)
Incubation → Relaxing, mind works subconsciously (4)
Illumination → Sudden "aha!" moment (1)
Evaluation → Checking practicality (3)

42. Answer: c) Emotional regulation

Explanation:
IQ tests measure logical reasoning, verbal ability, memory, spatial and
mathematical ability. Emotional regulation is part of Emotional Intelligence
(EQ), not IQ.

43. Answer: d) 125

Explanation:
IQ = (MA ÷ CA) × 100 = (10 ÷ 8) × 100 = 125.

So, the child’s IQ = 125, showing above-average intelligence.

44. Answer: b) Low Average

Explanation: 80–89 = Low Average.

45. Answer: b) Very Superior

Explanation: 130 and above = Very Superior (Gifted level).

46.Which of the following tests is most suitable for children or individuals with
language difficulties?

a) IQ Tests
b) Aptitude Tests
c) Performance Tests
d) Group Tests

47.Which of the following tests is most suitable for children or individuals with
language difficulties?

a) IQ Tests
b) Aptitude Tests

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c) Performance Tests
d) Group Tests

48.A 9-year-old student reads very slowly, often confuses letters like b and d, and
skips words while reading. His math and writing skills are average. This
condition most likely indicates:

a) Dysgraphia
b) Dyscalculia
c) Dyslexia
d) Dyspraxia

49.A child has difficulty with buttoning a shirt, cutting with scissors, and often
avoids sports because of poor balance and clumsiness. Academically, she
performs well. The most likely condition is:

a) Dyscalculia
b) Dyspraxia
c) Dyslexia
d) Dysgraphia

50.Personality refers to:

a) Temporary moods and changing emotions

b) Unique and stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
c) Skills and abilities a person acquires through training
d) Social roles and positions a person holds

Answers 46-50

46. Answer: c) Performance Tests

Explanation: Performance tests are non-verbal (picture/puzzle-based), so they are

ideal when language is a barrier.

47. Answer: c) Performance Tests

Explanation: Performance tests are non-verbal (picture/puzzle-based), so they are

ideal when language is a barrier.

48. Answer: c) Dyslexia

Explanation: Dyslexia specifically affects reading and spelling with signs like letter
reversal, slow reading, and poor comprehension.

49. Answer: b) Dyspraxia

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Explanation: Dyspraxia affects motor coordination and physical tasks rather than
academic abilities.

50. Answer: b) Unique and stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

Explanation:
Personality is not just temporary moods or skills; it is the enduring and consistent
pattern that makes a person unique.
It develops through the interaction of biological factors (heredity, temperament) and
environmental factors (family, culture, experiences).
51.According to trait theories, traits are the characteristics that:
a)Change frequently depending on mood
b) Stay the same over time and across situations
c) Are only shown in childhood
d) Cannot be measured or observed
52.Which of the following is an example of a secondary trait according to Gordon
Allport?
a)Gandhi’s non-violence
b) Being honest and responsible
c) Feeling nervous only during public speaking
d) Kindness as a general personality trait
53.According to R.B. Cattell, which type of trait represents the underlying causes of
surface behaviours?
a)Surface Traits
b) Source Traits
c) Cardinal Traits
d) Secondary Traits
54.In Eysenck’s PEN Model, which dimension measures emotional stability versus
anxiety?
a)Psychoticism
b) Extraversion
c) Neuroticism
d) Conscientiousness
55.Type theories of personality mainly suggest that:

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a)Personality traits change frequently depending on situations

b) People can be grouped into fixed personality types with common characteristics
c) Every individual has unlimited and unique personality traits
d) Personality cannot be scientifically studied

Answers 51-55
51. Answer: b) Stay the same over time and across situations
Explanation:
Traits are enduring qualities of a person.
They are consistent across time and situations, making them useful to understand
and predict behaviour.
52. Answer: c) Feeling nervous only during public speaking
Explanation:
Cardinal Traits → Rare, dominate a person’s life (e.g., Gandhi → Non-violence).
Central Traits → General, basic personality traits (e.g., honest, kind, responsible).
Secondary Traits → Context-specific, seen in certain situations (e.g., nervous in
public speaking).
53. Answer: b) Source Traits
Explanation:
Surface Traits → Easily observable traits (e.g., talkative, friendly).
Source Traits → Core, deeper traits that explain surface behaviours (e.g.,
emotional stability, reasoning).
Cattell identified 16 source traits as the building blocks of personality.
54. Answer: c) Neuroticism
Explanation:
Psychoticism (P): Aggressive vs. kind
Extraversion (E): Sociable vs. reserved
Neuroticism (N): Calm vs. anxious/moody
55. Answer: b) People can be grouped into fixed personality types with common
characteristic
Explanation:

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Type theories classify people into fixed categories (e.g., Hippocrates’

temperaments, Kretschmer’s body type theory, Sheldon’s somatotypes).
Unlike trait theories, type theories focus on broad groups, not continuous traits.
56.According to Hippocrates’ Four Humour Theory, a person who is cheerful,
talkative, and sociable is classified as:
a)Choleric
b) Sanguine
c) Melancholic
d) Phlegmatic
57.According to Kretschmer, a person with a short, round, and fat body who is
friendly and sociable belongs to which body type?
a)Asthenic (Leptosomatic)
b) Athletic
c) Pyknic
d) Dysplastic
58.According to Sheldon, which somatotype is muscular, strong, energetic, and
adventurous?
a)Endomorph
b) Mesomorph
c) Ectomorph
d) Asthenic
59.According to Carl Jung, a person who enjoys being alone, thinks deeply, and is
quiet and reserved is classified as:
a)Extravert
b) Introvert
c) Thinker
d) Feeler
Answer: b) Introvert
Explanation:
Introversion: inward focus, deep thinking, quiet
Extraversion: outward focus, social, active
Thinker/Feeler belong to functions, not attitudes.

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60.In Jung’s theory, which function involves making decisions based on emotions
and values?
a)Thinking
b) Feeling
c) Sensing
d) Intuition
Answer: b) Feeling
Explanation:
Thinking: logic & reasoning
Feeling: emotions & values
Sensing: facts & details
Intuition: imagination & possibilities

Answers 56-60
56.Answer: b) Sanguine
Explanation:
Sanguine (Blood): Cheerful, sociable, talkative
Choleric (Yellow bile): Aggressive, leader-type
Melancholic (Black bile): Serious, sad, thoughtful
Phlegmatic (Phlegm): Calm, lazy, peaceful
57. Answer: c) Pyknic

Explanation:
Asthenic (Leptosomatic): Thin, weak → shy, introverted
Athletic: Strong, muscular → bold, energetic
Pyknic: Short, round → jolly, sociable
Dysplastic: Irregular body shape → mixed traits
58. Answer: b) Mesomorph

Explanation:
Endomorph: Fat, round → relaxed, sociable

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Mesomorph: Muscular → bold, adventurous

Ectomorph: Thin → shy, introverted
(Asthenic belongs to Kretschmer’s theory, not Sheldon’s)
59. Answer: b) Introvert

Explanation:
Introversion: inward focus, deep thinking, quiet
Extraversion: outward focus, social, active
Thinker/Feeler belong to functions, not attitudes.
60. Answer: b) Feeling

Explanation:
Thinking: logic & reasoning
Feeling: emotions & values
Sensing: facts & details
Intuition: imagination & possibilities

61.According to Eduard Spranger, which value type is most likely to be

motivated by truth and knowledge?

a) Economic
b) Theoretical
c) Political
d) Aesthetic

62.A person who loves helping others, caring for people, and building
relationships best represents which of Spranger’s value types?

a) Social
b) Religious
c) Political
d) Economic

63.Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes Trait Theories from

Type Theories?

a) Trait theories classify individuals into fixed groups, whereas type theories measure
traits quantitatively.
b) Trait theories emphasize measurable, unique characteristics of individuals, whereas
type theories categorize people into broad personality patterns.
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c) Both trait and type theories are equally flexible in explaining personality.
d) Trait theories are descriptive in nature, while type theories are quantitative and
statistical.

64.Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

a) Cattell – Type Theory; Sheldon – Trait Theory

b) Allport – Trait Theory; Jung – Type Theory
c) Eysenck – Type Theory; Hippocrates – Trait Theory
d) Spranger – Trait Theory; Kretschmer – Type Theory

65.Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between Objective

and Projective personality assessment techniques?
a)Objective techniques are based on type theories, while projective techniques are
based on trait theories
b) Objective techniques provide numerical scores, while projective techniques reveal
unconscious aspects of personality
c) Both objective and projective techniques provide fixed responses
d) Projective techniques are more suitable for large-scale organizational hiring than
objective techniques

Answers 61-65

61. Answer: b) Theoretical

Explanation: The theoretical type values truth, facts, and knowledge. They are
curious, love learning, and seek to discover reality through thinking and research.

62. Answer: a) Social

Explanation: The social type values love, kindness, and serving humanity. They are
motivated by helping others rather than material success or power.

63. Answer: b) Trait theories emphasize measurable, unique characteristics of

individuals, whereas type theories categorize people into broad personality patterns.
Explanation: Trait theories (e.g., Allport, Cattell) use a quantitative approach to
study individual differences, while type theories (e.g., Jung, Sheldon, Spranger)
group people into fixed categories like introvert–extrovert, ectomorph–endomorph.

64. Answer: b) Allport – Trait Theory; Jung – Type Theory

Explanation: Allport is a trait theorist who identified cardinal, central, and

secondary traits. Jung is a type theorist, known for classifying people as introverts
and extroverts. Sheldon, Hippocrates, Spranger, and Kretschmer are also type
theorists.

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65. Answer: b) Objective techniques provide numerical scores, while projective

techniques reveal unconscious aspects of personality
Explanation:
Objective techniques (e.g., MMPI, 16 PF, EPQ, NEO-PI-R) are standardized, based on
trait theories, and give numerical scores.
Projective techniques (e.g., Rorschach, TAT, Sentence Completion) are open-ended
and designed to uncover unconscious motives and feelings.
66.Which of the following is a group objective personality test?
a)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
b) Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF)
c) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
d) Rorschach Inkblot Test
67. Match the following personality tests with their developers:

List – I (Test) List – II (Developer)

(a) Rorschach Inkblot Test (i) Henry Murray

(b) Thematic Apperception Test (ii) Hermann Rorschach

(c) Sentence Completion Test (iii) — (No fixed developer)

Options:
a) (a)–(ii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iii)
b) (a)–(i), (b)–(ii), (c)–(iii)
c) (a)–(iii), (b)–(ii), (c)–(i)
d) (a)–(ii), (b)–(iii), (c)–(i)

68.Which of the following is not typically considered a characteristic of good

mental health?

a) Positive self-image and self-respect

b) Ability to handle emotions and stress
c) Strong interpersonal relationships
d) Avoiding all challenges to prevent stress

69.Which of the following best describes the purpose of mental hygiene?

a) Focusing only on physical fitness

b) Preventing mental illness and promoting a balanced mind

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c) Avoiding all emotional experiences

d) Relying solely on medication for mental health

70.A student has to decide whether to study for a highly interesting subject or
participate in a fun school event. Which type of conflict does this situation
represent?

a) Avoidance–Avoidance
b) Approach–Approach
c) Approach–Avoidance
d) Double Approach–Avoidance

Answers 66-70
66. Answer: c) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Explanation:
MMPI and 16 PF → Individual tests (detailed results for one person).
EPQ and NEO-PI-R → Group tests (useful for large-scale assessments).
Rorschach → Projective test, not objective.
67. Answer: a) (a)–(ii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iii)
Explanation:
Rorschach Inkblot Test → Hermann Rorschach
TAT → Henry Murray
Sentence Completion Test → No single fixed developer, used by many psychologists

68. Answer: d) Avoiding all challenges to prevent stress

Explanation:
Good mental health involves realistic thinking, flexibility, and the ability to cope
with stress. Avoiding challenges is a sign of poor coping, not good mental health.

69. Answer: b) Preventing mental illness and promoting a balanced mind

Explanation:
Mental hygiene involves scientific efforts to keep the mind healthy, prevent
mental illness, and promote emotional balance and well-being.

70. Answer: b) Approach–Approach

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Explanation:
Approach–Approach conflict occurs when a person must choose between two
desirable options, like studying an interesting subject or attending a fun event.

71.Which of the following is an example of external frustration?

a) Feeling anxious about giving a speech

b) Fear of failing an exam
c) Not being allowed to attend a school trip due to rules
d) Worrying about personal abilities

72.Which of the following situations best illustrates unrest?

a) Feeling calm and focused after completing a task

b) Experiencing inner tension due to prolonged stress and unresolved problems
c) Enjoying a hobby with friends
d) Sleeping peacefully without worries

73.A student is able to manage exam stress, maintain friendships, and help at
home without feeling overwhelmed. This shows primarily which type of
adjustment?

a) Personal Adjustment
b) Social Adjustment
c) Emotional Adjustment
d) Vocational Adjustment

74.Which type of adjustment is demonstrated when a student actively

participates in classroom activities, completes assignments on time, and adapts to
school routines?

a) Personal Adjustment
b) Social Adjustment
c) Educational Adjustment
d) Vocational Adjustment

75. Assertion (A): Repression involves pushing painful thoughts into the unconscious
mind.
Reason (R): It helps a person completely forget all stressful events permanently.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true

Answers 71-75

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71.Answer: c) Not being allowed to attend a school trip due to rules

Explanation:
External frustration comes from outside sources, such as restrictions, obstacles, or
failures, whereas internal frustration arises from personal fears, anxieties, or
doubts.

72. Answer: b) Experiencing inner tension due to prolonged stress and unresolved
problems

Explanation:
Unrest is an inner emotional disturbance caused by stress, anxiety, frustration, or
unresolved conflicts, which can negatively affect mental health and behaviour.

73. Answer: c) Emotional Adjustment

Explanation:
Emotional adjustment involves managing feelings, stress, and emotional
responses effectively in different situations.

74. Answer: c) Educational Adjustment

Explanation:
Educational adjustment refers to adapting to school environment, learning
challenges, and academic demands to maintain mental well-being.

75. Answer: c) A is true, but R is false

Explanation:
Repression pushes painful thoughts into the unconscious temporarily; it does not
guarantee permanent forgetting.

76.Assertion (A): Sublimation is a defense mechanism that transforms

unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions.
Reason (R): This mechanism helps reduce stress while contributing positively to
personal growth.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true

77.Who is known as the “Father of Guidance”?

a) Carl Rogers
b) Frank Parsons

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c) Sigmund Freud
d) Alfred Adler

78.Assertion (A): Counselling is therapeutic and helps individuals solve personal

problems.
Reason (R): Guidance is preventive and developmental, aimed at helping
individuals make decisions.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true

79.Which type of counselling focuses on the client finding their own solutions with
minimal guidance from the counsellor?

a) Directive Counselling
b) Non-directive Counselling
c) Eclectic Counselling
d) Group Counselling

Answers 76-79

76. Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Explanation:
Sublimation channels negative or unacceptable impulses into positive activities (like
sports, art), reducing stress and promoting constructive outcomes.

77. Answer: b) Frank Parsons

Explanation:
Frank Parsons pioneered guidance in the early 1900s, focusing on helping
individuals make informed personal, educational, and career decisions.

78. Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Explanation:
Counselling addresses existing personal issues (remedial), whereas guidance helps
prevent problems and supports developmental decisions.

79. Answer: b) Non-directive Counselling

Explanation:
Non-directive or client-centered counselling (Carl Rogers) allows the client to
explore and discover their own solutions, with the counsellor providing support rather
than direct advice.

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