CSD513: Internet of Things

Serial Communication in Microcontroller

W -> 3 and L- > 3

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Introduction to Microcontroller Communication

 What is Communication in Microcontrollers?

 Transfer of data between microcontroller and
peripherals or other microcontrollers.
 Ensures proper functioning of embedded
systems.
 Importance:
 Seamless integration of sensors, actuators, and
modules.
 Data sharing in IoT systems

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Types of Communication Protocols

 Serial Communication:
 Data transmitted one bit at a time (e.g., SPI, I2C,
UART).
 Parallel Communication:
 Multiple data bits sent simultaneously.
 Synchronous vs. Asynchronous:
 Synchronous: Uses a clock signal (e.g., SPI, I2C).
 Asynchronous: No clock signal (e.g., UART).

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Key Protocols in Microcontrollers

 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
 UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter)
 CAN (Controller Area Network)
 USB (Universal Serial Bus)
 One-Wire Protocol

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Introduction to SPI
 What is SPI?
 High-speed,
synchronous, full-duplex
communication protocol.
 Key Features:
 Master-slave
architecture.
 Supports multiple slaves
using SS (Slave Select)
lines.
 Clock-driven data
exchange. 5 External
SPI Components

 Master: Initiates communication and provides the

clock signal.
 Slave: Responds to the master’s commands.
 Wires:
 MOSI (Master Out Slave In)
 MISO (Master In Slave Out)
 SCLK (Serial Clock)
 SS (Slave Select)

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How SPI Works

 Clock Signal (SCLK): Synchronizes data transfer.

 Data Transmission:
 Master sends data to slave via MOSI.
 Slave responds via MISO.
 Full-Duplex: Simultaneous data sending and
receiving.

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SPI Advantages and Disadvantages

 Advantages:
 High-speed data transfer.
 Simple hardware implementation.
 Disadvantages:
 Requires more pins (SS for each slave).
 No acknowledgment mechanism.

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Applications of SPI

 SD card interfaces.
 Flash memory.
 OLED and LCD displays.
 High-speed ADCs and DACs.

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Introduction to I2C
 What is I2C?
 Multi-master, multi-
slave, synchronous,
serial communication
protocol.
 Key Features:
 Two-wire interface:
SDA (Data Line), SCL
(Clock Line).
 Addressing mechanism
for multiple devices.
 Use Cases: 10 External
I2C Components

 Master: Initiates communication and generates the

clock.
 Slave: Responds to master’s requests.
 Wires:
 SDA (Serial Data)
 SCL (Serial Clock)

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How I2C Works

 Start Condition: Master pulls SDA low while SCL

remains high.
 Addressing: Master sends 7-bit/10-bit address
followed by R/W bit.
 Data Transfer: Data transmitted in 8-bit chunks
with acknowledgment (ACK/NAK).
 Stop Condition: SDA goes high while SCL is high.

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I2C Advantages and Disadvantages

 Advantages:
 Requires only two wires.
 Supports multiple devices on the same bus.
 Disadvantages:
 Slower compared to SPI.
 Limited cable length due to capacitance.

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Applications of I2C

 Applications of I2C
 Temperature and pressure sensors.
 EEPROM storage.
 Real-Time Clocks (RTCs).
 Battery management systems.

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SPI and I2C with ESP8266

 SPI and I2C with ESP8266

 The ESP8266 microcontroller supports both SPI
and I2C communication protocols, which makes it
suitable for connecting with various peripherals
such as sensors, displays, and memory devices.

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SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) with ESP8266
 Overview
 SPI is a high-speed, full-duplex communication protocol.
 The ESP8266 operates as both a master and a slave in SPI
communication.
 It supports multiple devices using individual Slave Select
(SS) lines.
 ESP8266 SPI Pins
 MOSI (Master Out Slave In): GPIO13 (D7 on NodeMCU)
 MISO (Master In Slave Out): GPIO12 (D6 on NodeMCU)
 SCLK (Clock): GPIO14 (D5 on NodeMCU)
 SS (Slave Select): Can be configured on any GPIO (typically
GPIO15)

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 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) with ESP8266

 ESP8266 SPI Pins

 MOSI (Master Out Slave In):
GPIO13 (D7 on NodeMCU)
 MISO (Master In Slave Out):
GPIO12 (D6 on NodeMCU)
 SCLK (Clock): GPIO14 (D5 on
NodeMCU)
 SS (Slave Select): Can be
configured on any GPIO
(typically GPIO15)

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SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) with ESP8266
 Configuration Steps
 Initialize SPI:
 Set the SPI clock frequency.
 Configure SPI mode (Mode 0, 1, 2, or 3 based
on the clock polarity and phase).
 Connect Devices:
 Assign each slave a unique SS pin.
 Transmit/Receive Data:
 Use SPI write/read commands

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SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) with ESP8266

 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) with ESP8266

 Applications
 Connecting SD cards, RFID modules, and TFT
displays.
 Fast data transfer requirements.

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I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) with ESP8266

 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) with ESP8266

 Overview
 I2C is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave protocol.
 It uses only two wires: SDA (Data) and SCL (Clock),
making it simpler than SPI for multiple device
communication.
 ESP8266 I2C Pins
 SDA: GPIO4 (D2 on NodeMCU)
 SCL: GPIO5 (D1 on NodeMCU)
 These pins can be reassigned to other GPIOs in the code.

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ESP8266 I2C Pins

 ESP8266 I2C Pins

 SDA: GPIO4 (D2 on
NodeMCU)
 SCL: GPIO5 (D1 on
NodeMCU)
 These pins can be
reassigned to other
GPIOs in the code.

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I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) with ESP8266

 Configuration Steps
 Initialize I2C:
 Configure the SDA and SCL pins.
 Set the I2C clock speed (typically 100 kHz or
400 kHz).
 Address Devices:
 Assign a unique 7-bit or 10-bit address to each
slave.
 Transmit/Receive Data:
 Use start, address, read/write commands, and
stop conditions. 22 External
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) with ESP8266

 I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) with ESP8266

 Applications
 Connecting sensors like BMP180, DHT12, or OLED
displays.
 Systems requiring multiple devices on the same
bus.

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SPI vs. I2C on ESP8266

Feature SPI I2C

Pins Required 4 (MOSI, MISO, SCLK, SS) 2 (SDA, SCL)
Speed Up to 80 MHz Up to 400 kHz
Number of Devices Limited by SS pins Limited by I2C addresses
Complexity More complex (more pins) Simpler (fewer pins)
High-speed, dedicated Low-speed, multi-device
Use Cases
devices setups

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SPI and I2C with Arduino Uno Rev3

 SPI and I2C with Arduino Uno Rev3

 The Arduino Uno Rev3 supports both SPI and I2C
communication protocols, which makes it
versatile for connecting peripherals such as
sensors, displays, and external memory modules.

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 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) with Arduino Uno Rev3
 Overview
 SPI is a high-speed, full-duplex,
synchronous communication
protocol.
 Arduino Uno Rev3 acts as a master or
a slave in SPI communication.
 Arduino Uno SPI Pins
 MOSI (Master Out Slave In): Pin 11
 MISO (Master In Slave Out): Pin 12
 SCLK (Clock): Pin 13
 SS (Slave Select): Pin 10 (used to
enable communication with a specific
slave)
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SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) with Arduino Uno Rev3

 Configuration Steps
 Initialize SPI:
 Configure the SPI settings (clock speed,
data order, and SPI mode).
 Connect Devices:
 Assign a unique SS line for each slave
device.
 Transmit/Receive Data:
 Use SPI.transfer() to send and receive
data.
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I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) with Arduino Uno Rev3

 Overview
 I2C is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave
communication protocol.
 It uses two lines: SDA (Data) and SCL (Clock).
 Arduino Uno I2C Pins
 SDA (Data Line): Pin A4
 SCL (Clock Line): Pin A5
 Note: These pins are hardware-defined and
cannot be changed without using software
emulation libraries.
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I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) with Arduino Uno Rev3

 Configuration Steps
 Initialize I2C:
 Use the Wire library to set up the SDA and
SCL pins.
 Address Devices:
 Each device on the bus is identified by a
unique 7-bit or 10-bit address.
 Transmit/Receive Data:
 Use start, address, read/write, and stop
commands.
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SPI vs. I2C on Arduino Uno Rev3
Feature SPI I2C
4 (MOSI, MISO, SCLK,
Pins Required 2 (SDA, SCL)
SS)
Standard: 100 kHz;
Speed Up to 8 MHz
Fast: 400 kHz
Limited by I2C
Number of Devices Limited by SS lines
addresses
More complex (more
Complexity Simpler (fewer pins)
pins)
High-speed Low-speed, multi-
Use Cases
communication device communication

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SPI vs. I2C

 SPI:
 Faster, supports full-duplex.
 Requires more pins.
 I2C:
 Slower, supports more devices.
 Acknowledgment mechanism.

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Protocol Selection Criteria

 Protocol Selection Criteria

 Speed requirements.
 Number of devices.
 Hardware complexity.
 Power consumption.

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Configuring SPI

 Configuring SPI
 Steps:
 Set SPI mode (clock polarity and phase).
 Configure master/slave mode.
 Enable SPI peripheral.
 Example Code:
 Basic SPI initialization snippet.

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Configuring I2C

 Configuring I2C
 Steps:
 Set I2C clock speed.
 Configure master/slave address.
 Enable I2C peripheral.
 Example Code:
 Basic I2C initialization snippet.

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Real-Time Data Exchange Example

 Real-Time Data Exchange Example

 Scenario: Combining SPI and I2C.
 Example: Reading sensor data via I2C and
transmitting via SPI.

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Clock Stretching in I2C

 Clock Stretching in I2C

 What is Clock Stretching?
 Slave holds SCL low to delay communication.
 Purpose:
 Allows slower devices to keep up.

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Error Handling in Communication Protocols

 Error Handling in Communication Protocols

 Common Errors:
 Bus contention, data corruption.
 Strategies:
 Timeout mechanisms.
 Error detection and retry.

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Thank You