Hyperbolic Functions
and it’s Inverses
Mathematics G1
Lecture
BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
Certain even and odd combinations of the exponential functions ex and e–x arise so
frequently in mathematics and its applications that they deserve to be given special
names.
The hyperbolic functions are functions that have many applications to mathematics,
physics, and engineering. Among many other applications, they are used to describe the
formation of satellite rings around planets, to describe the shape of a rope hanging from two
points, and have application to the theory of special relativity.
In many ways they are analogous to the trigonometric functions, and they have the
same relationship to the hyperbola that the trigonometric functions have to the
circle.
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Hyperbolic Functions
Using trigonometric
functions to define points on
a circle and hyperbolic
functions to define points on
a hyperbola.
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Hyperbolic Functions
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Hyperbolic Functions
For this reason they are collectively called hyperbolic functions.
sinh x: Hyperbolic Sine
cosh x: Hyperbolic Cosine
tanh x: Hyperbolic Tangent
coth x: Hyperbolic Cotangent
csch x: Hyperbolic Cosecant
sech x: Hyperbolic Secant
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Graphs of the Hyperbolical Functions
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Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions satisfy a number of identities that
are similar to well-known trigonometric identities.
We list some of them here.
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Example 1
Prove (a) cosh2x – sinh2x = 1 and
(b) 1 – tanh2x = sech2x.
Solution:
(a) cosh2x – sinh2x =
=1
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Example 1 – Solution cont’d
(b) We start with the identity proved in part (a):
cosh2x – sinh2x = 1
If we divide both sides by cosh2x, we get
or
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Hyperbolic Functions
The derivatives of the hyperbolic functions are easily
computed. For example,
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Hyperbolic Functions
We list the differentiation formulas for the hyperbolic
functions as Table 1.
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Example 2
Any of these differentiation rules can be combined with the
Chain Rule. For instance,
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
The sinh and tanh are one-to-one functions and so they
have inverse functions denoted by sinh–1 and tanh–1. The
cosh is not one-to-one, but when restricted to the domain
[0, ) it becomes one-to-one.
The inverse hyperbolic cosine function is defined as the
inverse of this restricted function.
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
We can sketch the graphs of sinh–1, cosh–1, and tanh–1 in
Figures 8, 9, and 10.
domain = range = domain = [1, ) range = [0, )
Figure 8 Figure 9
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions cont’d
domain = (–1, 1) range =
Figure 10
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Since the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of
exponential functions, it’s not surprising to learn that the
inverse hyperbolic functions can be expressed in terms of
logarithms.
In particular, we have:
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Example 3
Show that sinh–1x =
Solution:
Let y = sinh–1x. Then
so ey – 2x – e–y = 0
or, multiplying by ey,
e2y – 2xey – 1 = 0
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Example 3 – Solution cont’d
This is really a quadratic equation in ey:
(ey)2 – 2x(ey) – 1 = 0
Solving by the quadratic formula, we get
Note that ey > 0, but
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Example 3 – Solution cont’d
Thus the minus sign is inadmissible and we have
Therefore
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Prove that
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Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
The inverse hyperbolic functions are all differentiable
because the hyperbolic functions are differentiable.
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Example 4
Prove that
Solution:
Let y = sinh–1x. Then sinh y = x. If we differentiate this
equation implicitly with respect to x, we get
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Example 4 – Solution cont’d
Since cosh2y – sinh2y = 1 and cosh y 0, we have
cosh y = so
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Prove that
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SUMMARY
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