Introduction to Emerging technology

Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Chapter 4: Internet of
Things
At the end of this chapter, Students will be able to:
Describe IoT
Explain the history of IoT
Describe the pros and cons of IoT
Explain how IoT works
Explain the architecture of IoT
Describe IoT tools and platforms
Describe some of the application areas of IoT
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Definition of IoT

• Have different definitions used by several groups for

promoting the particular concept in the whole world

• According to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB),

• IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a huge
number of devices intelligently communicate in the
presence of internet protocol that cannot be directly
operated by human beings but exist as components in
buildings, vehicles or the environment.

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• According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF);

• IoT is the networking of smart objects in which these objects have
some constraints like limited bandwidth, power, and processing for
achieving interoperability.

• According to the IEEE Communications category

magazine’s;
• IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the
presence of the internet in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in the
form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud.
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• According to Oxford dictionary;

• IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s of computing
devices through the Internet that enables the sending and
receiving of useful data.
• The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020

conceptual framework is expressed through a simple formula:

IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

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• Generally, IoT is the network of physical objects or "things"

embedded with software's, sensors, and network connectivity
which enables these objects to collect and exchange data
• Simply it consists of any device with an on/off switch
connected to the Internet. Can be applied in several areas;
• Connected industry
• Smart-city
• Smart-home
• Smart-energy
• Connected car
• Smart agriculture
• Connected building and campus, health care, logistics, among other
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4.1.2. History of IoT

• The Internet of Things has not been around for a long time
• However, there have been visions of machines
communicating with each other since the early 1800s
• The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially
named until 1999
• One of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from
the early 1980s and was a Coca Cola machine, located at
the Carnegie Melon University
• Local programmers would connect by the Internet to the
refrigerated appliance, and check to see if there was a drink
available and if it was cold, before
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• By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a

system using multiple technologies, ranging from the Internet
to wireless communication and from micro-electromechanical
systems (MEMS) to embedded systems.
• The traditional fields of automation (including the automation
of buildings and homes), wireless sensor networks, GPS,
control systems, and others, all support the IoT.
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• Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at

MIT, was the first person to describe the Internet of Things,
during his 1999 speech.
• He stated that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a
prerequisite for the Internet of Things.
• He concluded if all devices were “tagged,” computers could
manage, track, and inventory them
• Tagging of things has been achieved through technologies
such as digital watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes.
• Inventory control is one of the more obvious advantages of the
Internet of Things. 10
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4.1.3. IoT − Advantages

• Improved Customer Engagement

• Technology Optimization
• Reduced Waste
• Enhance data collection

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4.1.4. IoT – Disadvantages

•As the number of connected devices increases and more

information is shared between devices, the security problem also
increases
•If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected
device will become corrupted
•Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT,
it’s difficult for devices of different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.
•Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers
maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing
the data from all those devices will
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4.1.5 Challenges of IoT

•Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected

devices over network which exposed users to various attacks.
•Privacy − IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme
detail without the user's active participation
•Complexity − Some IoT systems are complicated in terms of
design, deployment and maintenance on given technologies.
•Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an
IoT system to integrate easily with another.
• several conflicting or locking systems
•Compliance − IoT complexity makes the issue of compliance
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seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard
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How does it work?

•IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use

embedded processors, sensors and hardware to collect, send
and act on data they acquire.
•IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to
an IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either sent
to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
•The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
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although people can interact with the devices.
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Architecture of IoT

• IoT devices can be explained as a network of things

that consists of hardware, software, network connectivity,
and sensors.

• Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprise four major

components:
• Sensing
• Network
• Data processing and
• Application layers

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1. Sensing Layer
• The main purpose is to identify any phenomena in the devices’
peripheral and obtain data from the real world.
• It consists of several sensors; as using multiple sensors for
applications is one of the primary features of IoT devices.
• Sensors in IoT devices are integrated through sensor hubs.
• it is a connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate and forward
sensor data to the processing unit of a device.
• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions
that generate the data.
• It can shut off a power supply, adjust an airflow valve, or move a robotic
gripper in an assembly process.
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Three categories of sensor devices in IoT

A. Motion Sensors: to measure the change in movement as well

as the orientation of the devices.
• There are two types of motions: linear and angular motions.
• Linear motion; refers to the linear displacement of an IoT device
• Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the devices

B. Environmental Sensors: embedded in IoT devices to sense

the change in environmental parameters
•Include sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc.
•Used in many applications to improve user experience (e.g.,
home automation systems, smart18 locks, smart lights, etc.)
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C. Position sensors: It’s about physical positioning and

location of the devices
• The most common position sensors used in IoT are
magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS)
sensors.
• Magnetic sensors; used as digital compass and help to
fix the orientation of the device display.
• GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices

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2. Network Layer

• Acts as a communication channel to transfer data

collected in the sensing layer.

• In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using

diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.)
to allow data flow between other devices within the same
network.

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3. Data Processing Layer

• Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.

• It takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyze it to
make a decision based on the result.
• In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub,
etc.), the data processing layer also saves the result of the
previous analysis to improve the user experience.
• This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.

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4. Application Layer

• It implements and presents the results of the data processing

layer to accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices.
• It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the
users
• There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart
transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.

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4.2.2. Devices and Networks

• Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every device

talks to each other in an environment to automate home and
industrial tasks.
• IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home,
in industry or in the enterprise.
• As such, the devices can be categorized into three main
groups:
• Consumer
• Enterprise and
• Industrial.
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• Consumer connected devices include

• smart TVs,
• smart speakers,
• toys,
• wearables, and
• smart appliances.
• industrial and enterprise
 Smart meters,
 commercial security systems and
 smart city technologies
such as those used to monitor traffic and weather conditions are
examples of IoT devices.
• In the enterprise, smart sensors located in a conference room
can help an employee locate and
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IoT Tools and Platforms

• There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform

marketplace, offering similar capabilities and methods of
deployment

• These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of

Things and cloud technology.

• They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise,

home automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a
few.
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4.4. Applications of IoT

• The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so

many businesses, organizations, and government offices
• Various application of IoT are;
• Agriculture: For indoor and outdoor planting IoT used to monitor
microclimate, sense soil moisture and nutrients, better control of smart
irrigation and fertilizer systems.
• Consumer Use: For private IoT devices in the form of wearables and
smart homes make life easier. Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit,
smartphones, Apple watches, health monitors to name a few
• Healthcare: Wearable IoT devices let hospitals to monitor their patients’
health at home. In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, there by cutting wait time for free space
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• Insurance: Insurance companies can offer their policy

holders discounts for IoT wearables such as Fitbit.
• Manufacturing- RFID and GPS technology can help a
manufacturer to track a product from its start on the factory
floor to its placement in the destination store, the whole
supply chain from start to finish.
• Retail - Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control
warehouse automation and robotics, information collected
from IoT sensors.

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• Transportation- The GPS is being utilized to help

transportation companies to plot faster and more efficient
routes for trucks hauling freight, thereby speeding up
delivery times. It can be used to determine traffic patterns,
parking space demand, and road construction and
maintenance.
• Utilities - IoT sensors can be employed to monitor
environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature,
and lighting
• The information provided by IoT sensors can aid in the
creation of algorithms that regulate
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energy usage and make
the appropriate adjustments
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4.3.1. IoT Based Smart Home

• Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage

and monitor different home devices from anywhere via
smartphones or over the web with no physical distance
limitations.
• These “smart” devices have the potential to share information
with each other over internet connection
• Remote Control Appliances
• Smart home Appliances
• Weather
• Safety monitoring
• Energy and water use
• Intrusion detection system 32
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4.3.2. IoT Based Smart City

• In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and

autonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to
deliver innovations in energy management, traffic
management, and security, sharing the benefits of this
technology throughout society.
• Structural hall
• Lightening
• Safety
• Transportation
• Waste management
• Green house
• Animal farm/tracking 33
• Compost
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References
• Brewster, C., Roussaki, I., Kalatzis, N., Doolin, K., & Ellis, K. (2017). IoT in
agriculture:
• Designing a Europe-wide large-scale pilot. IEEE communications magazine,
55(9), 26 33. Ramakrishna, G.Kiran Kumar, A.Mallikarjuna Reddy, Pallam Ravi
(2018). A Survey on various IoT Attacks and its Countermeasures. International
Journal of Engineering Research in Computer Science and Engineering (IJERCSE),
5(4), 2394-2320.
• Elijah, O., Rahman, T. A., Orikumhi, I., Leow, C. Y., & Hindia, M. N. (2018). An
overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics in agriculture:
Benefits and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(5), 3758-3773.
• Foote, K. D. (2016). A brief history of the internet of things. Data Education for
Business and IT Professionals. Available online: http://www. dataversity.
net/brief-history-internet-things/ (accessed on 12 November 2018).
• Gupta, B. B., & Quamara, M. (2018). An overview of the Internet of Things (IoT):
Architectural aspects, challenges, and protocols. Concurrency and Computation:
Practice and Experience, e4946.
• John Terra (2019). Everything You Need to Know About IoT Applications.
https://www.simplilearn.com/iot-applications-article
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