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![Data Mining Functionalities
Multidimensional concept description: Characterization and
discrimination
Frequent patterns, association, correlation vs. causality
Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g.,
dry vs. wet regions
Diaper Beer [0.5%, 75%] (Correlation or causality?)
Classification and prediction
Construct models (functions) that describe and distinguish
classes or concepts for future prediction
E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
Predict some unknown or missing numerical values
December 26, 2013
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-131225180811-phpapp02/85/01-Data-Mining-Concepts-and-Techniques-2nd-ed-19-320.jpg)
![Data Mining Functionalities
Multidimensional concept description: Characterization and
discrimination
Frequent patterns, association, correlation vs. causality
Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g.,
dry vs. wet regions
Diaper Beer [0.5%, 75%] (Correlation or causality?)
Classification and prediction
Construct models (functions) that describe and distinguish
classes or concepts for future prediction
E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
Predict some unknown or missing numerical values
December 26, 2013
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-131225180811-phpapp02/75/01-Data-Mining-Concepts-and-Techniques-2nd-ed-19-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byInstitute of Technology Telkom
01 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, 2nd ed.
The document provides an overview of data mining concepts and techniques. It introduces data mining, describing it as the process of discovering interesting patterns or knowledge from large amounts of data. It discusses why data mining is necessary due to the explosive growth of data and how it relates to other fields like machine learning, statistics, and database technology. Additionally, it covers different types of data that can be mined, functionalities of data mining like classification and prediction, and classifications of data mining systems.
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01 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, 2nd ed.
- 1. Data Mining: Concepts andTechniques — Chapter 1 — — Introduction — Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign www.cs.uiuc.edu/~hanj ©2006 Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber. All rights reserved. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 1
- 2. December 26, 2013 DataMining: Concepts and Techniques 2
- 3. Data and InformationSystems (DAIS:) Course Structures at CS/UIUC Coverage: Database, data mining, text information systems and bioinformatics Data mining Intro. to data warehousing and mining (CS412: Han—Fall) Data mining: Principles and algorithms (CS512: Han—Spring) Seminar: Advanced Topics in Data mining (CS591Han—Fall and Spring. 1 credit unit) Independent Study: only if you seriously plan to do your Ph.D. on data mining and try to demonstrate your ability Database Systems: Database mgmt systems (CS411: Kevin Chang Fall and Spring) Advanced database systems (CS511: Kevin Chang Fall) Text information systems Text information system (CS410 ChengXiang Zhai) Bioinformatics Introduction to BioInformatics (Saurabh Sinha) CS591 Seminar on Bioinformatics (Sinha, Zhai, Han, Schatz, Zhong) December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 3
- 4. CS412 Coverage (Chapters1-7 of This Book) The book will be covered in two courses at CS, UIUC CS412: Introduction to data warehousing and data mining (Fall) CS512: Data mining: Principles and algorithms (Spring) CS412 Coverage Introduction Data Preprocessing Data Warehouse and OLAP Technology: An Introduction Advanced Data Cube Technology and Data Generalization Mining Frequent Patterns, Association and Correlations Classification and Prediction Cluster Analysis December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 4
- 5. CS512 Coverage (Chapters8-11 of This Book) Mining data streams, time-series, and sequence data Mining graphs, social networks and multi-relational data Mining object, spatial, multimedia, text and Web data Spatial and spatiotemporal data mining Multimedia data mining Text mining Mining complex data objects Web mining Applications and trends of data mining Visual data mining Mining business & biological data Data mining and society: Privacy-preserving data mining Additional (often current) themes could be added to the course December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 5
- 6. December 26, 2013 DataMining: Concepts and Techniques 6
- 7. Chapter 1. Introduction Motivation:Why data mining? What is data mining? Data Mining: On what kind of data? Data mining functionality Classification of data mining systems Top-10 most popular data mining algorithms Major issues in data mining Overview of the course December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 7
- 8. Why Data Mining? TheExplosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes Data collection and data availability Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web, computerized society Major sources of abundant data Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, … Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, … Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge! “Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—Automated analysis of massive data sets December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 8
- 9. Evolution of Sciences Before1600, empirical science 1600-1950s, theoretical science 1950s-1990s, computational science Each discipline has grown a theoretical component. Theoretical models often motivate experiments and generalize our understanding. Over the last 50 years, most disciplines have grown a third, computational branch (e.g. empirical, theoretical, and computational ecology, or physics, or linguistics.) Computational Science traditionally meant simulation. It grew out of our inability to find closed-form solutions for complex mathematical models. 1990-now, data science The flood of data from new scientific instruments and simulations The ability to economically store and manage petabytes of data online The Internet and computing Grid that makes all these archives universally accessible Scientific info. management, acquisition, organization, query, and visualization tasks scale almost linearly with data volumes. Data mining is a major new challenge! Jim Gray and Alex Szalay, The World Wide Telescope: An Archetype for Online Science, Comm. ACM, 45(11): 50-54, Nov. 2002 December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 9
- 10. Evolution of Database Technology 1960s: 1970s: RDBMS,advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.) Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.) 1990s: Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation 1980s: Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web databases 2000s Stream data management and mining Data mining and its applications Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 10
- 11. What Is DataMining? Data mining (knowledge discovery from data) Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data Alternative names Data mining: a misnomer? Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc. Watch out: Is everything “data mining”? Simple search and query processing (Deductive) expert systems December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 11
- 12. Knowledge Discovery (KDD)Process Data mining—core of knowledge discovery process Pattern Evaluation Data Mining Task-relevant Data Selection Data Warehouse Data Cleaning Data Integration Databases December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 12
- 13. Data Mining andBusiness Intelligence Increasing potential to support business decisions Decision Making Data Presentation Visualization Techniques End User Business Analyst Data Mining Information Discovery Data Analyst Data Exploration Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses Data Sources Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems December 26, 2013 DBA Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 13
- 14. Data Mining: Confluenceof Multiple Disciplines Database Technology Machine Learning Pattern Recognition December 26, 2013 Statistics Data Mining Algorithm Visualization Other Disciplines Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 14
- 15. Why Not TraditionalData Analysis? Tremendous amount of data High-dimensionality of data Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes of data Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions High complexity of data Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data Data streams and sensor data Software programs, scientific simulations New and sophisticated applications December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 15
- 16. Multi-Dimensional View ofData Mining Data to be mined Knowledge to be mined Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc. Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels Techniques utilized Relational, data warehouse, transactional, stream, objectoriented/relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-media, heterogeneous, legacy, WWW Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics, visualization, etc. Applications adapted Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining, stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 16
- 17. Data Mining: ClassificationSchemes General functionality Descriptive data mining Predictive data mining Different views lead to different classifications Data view: Kinds of data to be mined Knowledge view: Kinds of knowledge to be discovered Method view: Kinds of techniques utilized Application view: Kinds of applications adapted December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 17
- 18. Data Mining: OnWhat Kinds of Data? Database-oriented data sets and applications Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database Advanced data sets and advanced applications Data streams and sensor data Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences) Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data Object-relational databases Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases Spatial data and spatiotemporal data Multimedia database Text databases The World-Wide Web December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 18
- 19. Data Mining Functionalities Multidimensionalconcept description: Characterization and discrimination Frequent patterns, association, correlation vs. causality Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet regions Diaper Beer [0.5%, 75%] (Correlation or causality?) Classification and prediction Construct models (functions) that describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars based on (gas mileage) Predict some unknown or missing numerical values December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 19
- 20. Data Mining Functionalities(2) Cluster analysis Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes, e.g., cluster houses to find distribution patterns Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing interclass similarity Outlier analysis Outlier: Data object that does not comply with the general behavior of the data Noise or exception? Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis Trend and evolution analysis Trend and deviation: e.g., regression analysis Sequential pattern mining: e.g., digital camera large SD memory Periodicity analysis Similarity-based analysis Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 20
- 21. Top-10 Most PopularDM Algorithms: 18 Identified Candidates (I) Classification #1. C4.5: Quinlan, J. R. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann., 1993. #2. CART: L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, 1984. #3. K Nearest Neighbours (kNN): Hastie, T. and Tibshirani, R. 1996. Discriminant Adaptive Nearest Neighbor Classification. TPAMI. 18(6) #4. Naive Bayes Hand, D.J., Yu, K., 2001. Idiot's Bayes: Not So Stupid After All? Internat. Statist. Rev. 69, 385-398. Statistical Learning #5. SVM: Vapnik, V. N. 1995. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Springer-Verlag. #6. EM: McLachlan, G. and Peel, D. (2000). Finite Mixture Models. J. Wiley, New York. Association Analysis #7. Apriori: Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant. Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules. In VLDB '94. #8. FP-Tree: Han, J., Pei, J., and Yin, Y. 2000. Mining frequent patterns without candidate generation. In SIGMOD '00. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 21
- 22. The 18 IdentifiedCandidates (II) Link Mining #9. PageRank: Brin, S. and Page, L. 1998. The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine. In WWW-7, 1998. #10. HITS: Kleinberg, J. M. 1998. Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment. SODA, 1998. Clustering #11. K-Means: MacQueen, J. B., Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proc. 5th Berkeley Symp. Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967. #12. BIRCH: Zhang, T., Ramakrishnan, R., and Livny, M. 1996. BIRCH: an efficient data clustering method for very large databases. In SIGMOD '96. Bagging and Boosting #13. AdaBoost: Freund, Y. and Schapire, R. E. 1997. A decisiontheoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 55, 1 (Aug. 1997), 119-139. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 22
- 23. The 18 IdentifiedCandidates (III) Sequential Patterns #14. GSP: Srikant, R. and Agrawal, R. 1996. Mining Sequential Patterns: Generalizations and Performance Improvements. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Extending Database Technology, 1996. #15. PrefixSpan: J. Pei, J. Han, B. Mortazavi-Asl, H. Pinto, Q. Chen, U. Dayal and M-C. Hsu. PrefixSpan: Mining Sequential Patterns Efficiently by Prefix-Projected Pattern Growth. In ICDE '01. Integrated Mining #16. CBA: Liu, B., Hsu, W. and Ma, Y. M. Integrating classification and association rule mining. KDD-98. Rough Sets #17. Finding reduct: Zdzislaw Pawlak, Rough Sets: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1992 Graph Mining #18. gSpan: Yan, X. and Han, J. 2002. gSpan: Graph-Based Substructure Pattern Mining. In ICDM '02. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 23
- 24. Top-10 Algorithm FinallySelected at ICDM’06 #1: C4.5 (61 votes) #2: K-Means (60 votes) #3: SVM (58 votes) #4: Apriori (52 votes) #5: EM (48 votes) #6: PageRank (46 votes) #7: AdaBoost (45 votes) #7: kNN (45 votes) #7: Naive Bayes (45 votes) #10: CART (34 votes) December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 24
- 25. Major Issues inData Mining Mining methodology Mining different kinds of knowledge from diverse data types, e.g., bio, stream, Web Performance: efficiency, effectiveness, and scalability Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem Incorporation of background knowledge Handling noise and incomplete data Parallel, distributed and incremental mining methods Integration of the discovered knowledge with existing one: knowledge fusion User interaction Expression and visualization of data mining results Data mining query languages and ad-hoc mining Interactive mining of knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction Applications and social impacts Domain-specific data mining & invisible data mining Protection of data security, integrity, and privacy December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 25
- 26. A Brief Historyof Data Mining Society 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley, 1991) Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996) 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining (KDD’95-98) Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997) ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations More conferences on data mining PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM (2001), etc. ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007 December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 26
- 27. Conferences and Journalson Data Mining KDD Conferences ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining (KDD) SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM) (IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data Mining (ICDM) Conf. on Principles and practices of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PKDD) Pacific-Asia Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD) December 26, 2013 Other related conferences VLDB (IEEE) ICDE WWW, SIGIR ACM SIGMOD ICML, CVPR, NIPS Journals Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (DAMI or DMKD) IEEE Trans. On Knowledge and Data Eng. (TKDE) KDD Explorations ACM Trans. on KDD Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 27
- 28. Where to FindReferences? DBLP, CiteSeer, Google Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM) Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology—CD ROM) Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc. Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems, Statistics Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc. Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems, IEEE-PAMI, etc. Web and IR Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc. AI & Machine Learning Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc. Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc. Journals: Annals of statistics, etc. Visualization Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc. Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 28
- 29. Recommended Reference Books S.Chakrabarti. Mining the Web: Statistical Analysis of Hypertex and Semi-Structured Data. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002 R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000 T. Dasu and T. Johnson. Exploratory Data Mining and Data Cleaning. John Wiley & Sons, 2003 U. M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. AAAI/MIT Press, 1996 U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001 J. Han and M. Kamber. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 2 nd ed., 2006 D. J. Hand, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth, Principles of Data Mining, MIT Press, 2001 T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer-Verlag, 2001 B. Liu, Web Data Mining, Springer 2006. T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997 G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. J. Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AAAI/MIT Press, 1991 P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005 S. M. Weiss and N. Indurkhya, Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998 I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations, Morgan Kaufmann, 2 nd ed. 2005 December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 29
- 30. Summary Data mining: Discoveringinteresting patterns from large amounts of data A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with wide applications A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation Mining can be performed in a variety of information repositories Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc. Data mining systems and architectures Major issues in data mining December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 30
- 31. December 26, 2013 DataMining: Concepts and Techniques 31
- 32. Supplementary Lecture Slides Note:The slides following the end of chapter summary are supplementary slides that could be useful for supplementary readings or teaching These slides may have its corresponding text contents in the book chapters, but were omitted due to limited time in author’s own course lecture The slides in other chapters have similar convention and treatment December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 32
- 33. Why Data Mining?—PotentialApplications Data analysis and decision support Market analysis and management Risk analysis and management Target marketing, customer relationship management (CRM), market basket analysis, cross selling, market segmentation Forecasting, customer retention, improved underwriting, quality control, competitive analysis Fraud detection and detection of unusual patterns (outliers) Other Applications Text mining (news group, email, documents) and Web mining Stream data mining Bioinformatics and bio-data analysis December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 33
- 34. Ex. 1: MarketAnalysis and Management Where does the data come from?—Credit card transactions, loyalty cards, discount coupons, customer complaint calls, plus (public) lifestyle studies Target marketing Find clusters of “model” customers who share the same characteristics: interest, income level, spending habits, etc. Determine customer purchasing patterns over time Cross-market analysis—Find associations/co-relations between product sales, & predict based on such association Customer profiling—What types of customers buy what products (clustering or classification) Customer requirement analysis Identify the best products for different groups of customers Predict what factors will attract new customers Provision of summary information Multidimensional summary reports Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation) December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 34
- 35. Ex. 2: CorporateAnalysis & Risk Management Finance planning and asset evaluation cash flow analysis and prediction contingent claim analysis to evaluate assets cross-sectional and time series analysis (financial-ratio, trend analysis, etc.) Resource planning summarize and compare the resources and spending Competition monitor competitors and market directions group customers into classes and a class-based pricing procedure set pricing in a December 26, 2013strategy Datahighly competitive market Techniques Mining: Concepts and 35
- 36. Ex. 3: FraudDetection & Mining Unusual Patterns Approaches: Clustering & model construction for frauds, outlier analysis Applications: Health care, retail, credit card service, telecomm. Auto insurance: ring of collisions Money laundering: suspicious monetary transactions Medical insurance Professional patients, ring of doctors, and ring of references Unnecessary or correlated screening tests Telecommunications: phone-call fraud Retail industry Phone call model: destination of the call, duration, time of day or week. Analyze patterns that deviate from an expected norm Analysts estimate that 38% of retail shrink is due to dishonest employees Anti-terrorism December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 36
- 37. KDD Process: SeveralKey Steps Learning the application domain relevant prior knowledge and goals of application Creating a target data set: data selection Data cleaning and preprocessing: (may take 60% of effort!) Data reduction and transformation Find useful features, dimensionality/variable reduction, invariant representation Choosing functions of data mining summarization, classification, regression, association, clustering Choosing the mining algorithm(s) Data mining: search for patterns of interest Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns, etc. Use of discovered knowledge December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 37
- 38. Are All the“Discovered” Patterns Interesting? Data mining may generate thousands of patterns: Not all of them are interesting Suggested approach: Human-centered, query-based, focused mining Interestingness measures A pattern is interesting if it is easily understood by humans, valid on new or test data with some degree of certainty, potentially useful, novel, or validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures Objective: based on statistics and structures of patterns, e.g., support, confidence, etc. Subjective: based on user’s belief in the data, e.g., unexpectedness, novelty, actionability, etc. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 38
- 39. Find All andOnly Interesting Patterns? Find all the interesting patterns: Completeness Can a data mining system find all the interesting patterns? Do we need to find all of the interesting patterns? Heuristic vs. exhaustive search Association vs. classification vs. clustering Search for only interesting patterns: An optimization problem Can a data mining system find only the interesting patterns? Approaches First general all the patterns and then filter out the uninteresting ones Generate only the interesting patterns—mining query optimization December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 39
- 40. Other Pattern MiningIssues Precise patterns vs. approximate patterns Association and correlation mining: possible find sets of precise patterns But approximate patterns can be more compact and sufficient How to find high quality approximate patterns?? Gene sequence mining: approximate patterns are inherent How to derive efficient approximate pattern mining algorithms?? Constrained vs. non-constrained patterns Why constraint-based mining? What are the possible kinds of constraints? How to push constraints into the mining process? December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 40
- 41. A Few Announcements(Sept. 1) A new section CS412ADD: CRN 48711 and its rules/arrangements 4th Unit for I2CS students Survey report for mining new types of data 4th Unit for in-campus students High quality implementation of one selected (to be discussed with TA/Instructor) data mining algorithm in the textbook Or, a research report if you plan to devote your future research thesis on data mining December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 41
- 42. Why Data MiningQuery Language? Automated vs. query-driven? Data mining should be an interactive process Finding all the patterns autonomously in a database?—unrealistic because the patterns could be too many but uninteresting User directs what to be mined Users must be provided with a set of primitives to be used to communicate with the data mining system Incorporating these primitives in a data mining query language More flexible user interaction Foundation for design of graphical user interface Standardization of data mining industry and practice December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 42
- 43. Primitives that Definea Data Mining Task Task-relevant data Database tables or data warehouse cubes Condition for data selection Relevant attributes or dimensions Database or data warehouse name Data grouping criteria Type of knowledge to be mined Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, prediction, clustering, outlier analysis, other data mining tasks Background knowledge Pattern interestingness measurements Visualization/presentation of discovered patterns December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 43
- 44. Primitive 3: BackgroundKnowledge A typical kind of background knowledge: Concept hierarchies Schema hierarchy Set-grouping hierarchy E.g., street < city < province_or_state < country E.g., {20-39} = young, {40-59} = middle_aged Operation-derived hierarchy email address: hagonzal@cs.uiuc.edu login-name < department < university < country Rule-based hierarchy low_profit_margin (X) <= price(X, P1) and cost (X, P2) and (P1 - P2) < $50 December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 44
- 45. Primitive 4: PatternInterestingness Measure Simplicity e.g., (association) rule length, (decision) tree size Certainty e.g., confidence, P(A|B) = #(A and B)/ #(B), classification reliability or accuracy, certainty factor, rule strength, rule quality, discriminating weight, etc. Utility potential usefulness, e.g., support (association), noise threshold (description) Novelty not previously known, surprising (used to remove redundant rules, e.g., Illinois vs. Champaign rule implication support ratio) December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 45
- 46. Primitive 5: Presentationof Discovered Patterns Different backgrounds/usages may require different forms of representation E.g., rules, tables, crosstabs, pie/bar chart, etc. Concept hierarchy is also important Discovered knowledge might be more understandable when represented at high level of abstraction Interactive drill up/down, pivoting, slicing and dicing provide different perspectives to data Different kinds of knowledge require different representation: association, classification, clustering, etc. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 46
- 47. DMQL—A Data MiningQuery Language Motivation A DMQL can provide the ability to support ad-hoc and interactive data mining By providing a standardized language like SQL Hope to achieve a similar effect like that SQL has on relational database Foundation for system development and evolution Facilitate information exchange, technology transfer, commercialization and wide acceptance Design DMQL is designed with the primitives described earlier December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 47
- 48. An Example Queryin DMQL December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 48
- 49. Other Data MiningLanguages & Standardization Efforts Association rule language specifications MineRule (Meo Psaila and Ceri’96) MSQL (Imielinski & Virmani’99) Query flocks based on Datalog syntax (Tsur et al’98) OLEDB for DM (Microsoft’2000) and recently DMX (Microsoft SQLServer 2005) Based on OLE, OLE DB, OLE DB for OLAP, C# Integrating DBMS, data warehouse and data mining DMML (Data Mining Mark-up Language) by DMG (www.dmg.org) Providing a platform and process structure for effective data mining Emphasizing on deploying data mining technology to solve business problems December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 49
- 50. Integration of DataMining and Data Warehousing Data mining systems, DBMS, Data warehouse systems coupling On-line analytical mining data No coupling, loose-coupling, semi-tight-coupling, tight-coupling integration of mining and OLAP technologies Interactive mining multi-level knowledge Necessity of mining knowledge and patterns at different levels of abstraction by drilling/rolling, pivoting, slicing/dicing, etc. Integration of multiple mining functions Characterized classification, first clustering and then association December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 50
- 51. Coupling Data Miningwith DB/DW Systems No coupling—flat file processing, not recommended Loose coupling Semi-tight coupling—enhanced DM performance Fetching data from DB/DW Provide efficient implement a few data mining primitives in a DB/DW system, e.g., sorting, indexing, aggregation, histogram analysis, multiway join, precomputation of some stat functions Tight coupling—A uniform information processing environment DM is smoothly integrated into a DB/DW system, mining query is optimized based on mining query, indexing, query processing methods, etc. December 26, 2013 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 51
- 52. Architecture: Typical DataMining System Graphical User Interface Pattern Evaluation Data Mining Engine Knowl edgeBase Database or Data Warehouse Server data cleaning, integration, and selection Database December 26, 2013 Data World-Wide Other Info Repositories Warehouse Web Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 52