Downloaded 271 times
![Empty JavaFX window
public class Main extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage stage) {
Group root = new Group(); // the root is Group or Pane
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 500, 500, Color.BLACK);
stage.setTitle("JavaFX Demo");
stage.setScene(scene);
stage.show();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
}
15
Tecniche di programmazione
A.A. 2013/2014](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-javafx-programming-140307051226-phpapp02/85/Programming-with-JavaFX-15-320.jpg)
![Minimal example
public class HelloWorld extends Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
primaryStage.setTitle("Hello World!");
StackPane root = new StackPane();
Button btn = new Button();
btn.setText("Say 'Hello World'");
root.getChildren().add(btn);
primaryStage.setScene(new Scene(root, 300, 250));
primaryStage.show();
}
}
26
Tecniche di programmazione
A.A. 2012/2013](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-javafx-programming-140307051226-phpapp02/85/Programming-with-JavaFX-25-320.jpg)
![public class HelloDevoxx extends Application {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
launch(args);
}
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage)
{
primaryStage.setTitle("Hello Devoxx");
Group root = new Group();
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 400, 250,
Color.ALICEBLUE);
Text text = new Text();
text.setX(105);
text.setY(120);
text.setFont(new Font(30));
text.setText("Hello Devoxx");
root.getChildren().add(text);
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
}
49
Tecniche di programmazione
A.A. 2012/2013](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-javafx-programming-140307051226-phpapp02/85/Programming-with-JavaFX-48-320.jpg)
![Empty JavaFX window
public class Main extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage stage) {
Group root = new Group(); // the root is Group or Pane
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 500, 500, Color.BLACK);
stage.setTitle("JavaFX Demo");
stage.setScene(scene);
stage.show();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
}
15
Tecniche di programmazione
A.A. 2013/2014](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-javafx-programming-140307051226-phpapp02/75/Programming-with-JavaFX-15-2048.jpg)
![Minimal example
public class HelloWorld extends Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
primaryStage.setTitle("Hello World!");
StackPane root = new StackPane();
Button btn = new Button();
btn.setText("Say 'Hello World'");
root.getChildren().add(btn);
primaryStage.setScene(new Scene(root, 300, 250));
primaryStage.show();
}
}
26
Tecniche di programmazione
A.A. 2012/2013](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-javafx-programming-140307051226-phpapp02/75/Programming-with-JavaFX-25-2048.jpg)
![public class HelloDevoxx extends Application {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
launch(args);
}
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage)
{
primaryStage.setTitle("Hello Devoxx");
Group root = new Group();
Scene scene = new Scene(root, 400, 250,
Color.ALICEBLUE);
Text text = new Text();
text.setX(105);
text.setY(120);
text.setFont(new Font(30));
text.setText("Hello Devoxx");
root.getChildren().add(text);
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
}
49
Tecniche di programmazione
A.A. 2012/2013](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-javafx-programming-140307051226-phpapp02/75/Programming-with-JavaFX-48-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byFulvio Corno
Programming with JavaFX
The document provides an overview of JavaFX programming techniques for the academic year 2013/2014, detailing the evolution from earlier Java GUI frameworks like Swing to the more modern JavaFX. It covers fundamental concepts, application structure, and components of JavaFX, such as scenes, nodes, and event handling. Additionally, it discusses the use of FXML for defining user interfaces in a declarative manner along with practical coding examples.
More Related Content
Programming with JavaFX
- 1. Programming with JavaFX Tecnichedi Programmazione – A.A. 2013/2014
- 2. Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 2 About and History Basicconcepts Minimal JavaFX Application Application structure The Scene Graph Events Model-View-Controller The Controller in FXML Resources Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 3. About and History Introductionto JavaFX
- 4. GUI in Java Graphicframework available in Java Swing Extremely powerful, many extensions available Complex to master, requires low-level handling Hard to create visually pleasing applications Alternatives available Most notable: SWT (Eclipse) Still cumbersome to master On a different Universe, web-based user interfaces became nicer and faster to create 4 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 5. JavaFX 1.0 –forget it JavaFX 1 and JavaFX 2 are completely different Version 1 relied on a “scripting language” to describe scenes, with ‘hooks’ to activate Java code JavaFX 1.x is now deprecated 5 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 6. JavaFX 2.x Redesigned fromscratch The JavaFX 2.x framework is entirely written in Java For visual layout, an XML file may also be used (called FXML) Graphic appearance borrows from web-standard CSS style sheets UI programming is based on easy to handle events and bindings Oracle plans to deprecate Swing in favor of JavaFX 2 6 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 7. Getting and runningJavaFX JavaFX is already included in Oracle JDK 7 Not in JDK 6.x Not in OpenJDK (beware, Linux users!) The new JDK 8 will include significant JavaFX improvements. Not used in this course (not yet published) Recommended: JavaFX Scene Builder Eclipse: e(fx)clipse plugin, available in the Eclipse Marketplace Download links are in the course webpage 7 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 8.
- 9. Key concepts inJavaFX Stage: where the application will be displayed (e.g., a Windows’ window) Scene: one container of Nodes that compose one “page” of your application Node: an element in the Scene, with a visual appearance and an interactive behavior. Nodes may be hierarchically nested My best friend is the JavaFX JavaDoc API http://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/api/index.html 9 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 10. Some ‘Leaf’ Nodes(Controls) 10 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 11. Some ‘Parent’ Nodes(Container ‘Panes’) BorderPane (5-areas) Hbox,Vbox (linear sequence) StackPane (overlay all children) GridPane (row x columns) FlowPane (flowing boxes, wrap around) TilePane (flowpane with equally sized boxes) AnchorPane (magnetically attach nodes at corners or sides) 11 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 12. Some Nodes (Charts) 12 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 13.
- 14. And more coming… 14 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 15. Empty JavaFX window publicclass Main extends Application { @Override public void start(Stage stage) { Group root = new Group(); // the root is Group or Pane Scene scene = new Scene(root, 500, 500, Color.BLACK); stage.setTitle("JavaFX Demo"); stage.setScene(scene); stage.show(); } public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); } } 15 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 16. Adding some shape publicclass Main extends Application { @Override public void start(Stage stage) { Group root = new Group(); Scene scene = new Scene(root, 500, 500, Color.BLACK); stage.setTitle("JavaFX Demo"); Rectangle r = new Rectangle(25,25,250,250); r.setFill(Color.BLUE); root.getChildren().add(r); stage.setScene(scene); stage.show(); } } 16 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 17. How to addscene content In Java code By creating and adding new Node subclasses By using node Builder classes Standard way, in Java (boring and error-prone) Programming pattern, later on… In FXML 17 By writing XML directly By using the Scene Editor And loading the FXML into the application Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 18. JavaFX Scene Builder 18 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 19. FXML fragment . .. <HBox id="HBox" alignment="CENTER" spacing="15.0" AnchorPane.rightAnchor="23.0" AnchorPane.topAnchor="22.0"> <children> <Button id="button1" fx:id="newIssue" onAction="#newIssueFired" text="New" /> <Button id="button2" fx:id="saveIssue" onAction="#saveIssueFired" text="Save" /> <Button id="button3" fx:id="deleteIssue" onAction="#deleteIssueFired" text="Delete" /> </children> </HBox> <ImageView id="IssueTrackingLite" layoutX="14.0" layoutY="20.0"> <image> <Image url="@IssueTrackingLite.png" preserveRatio="true" smooth="true" /> </image> </ImageView> . . . 19 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 20. Building a scenefrom FXML public void start(Stage stage) throws Exception { Parent root = FXMLLoader.load( getClass().getResource("circle.fxml")); stage.setTitle("Circle Demo"); stage.setScene(new Scene(root, 500, 150)); stage.show(); } 20 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 21.
- 22. Separation of concerns 22 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 23. Typical Class Diagram 24 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2013/2014
- 24. General rules A JavaFXapplication extends javafx.application.Application The main() method should call Application.launch() The start() method is the main entry point for all JavaFX applications Called with a Stage connected to the Operating System’s window The content of the scene is represented as a hierarchical scene graph of nodes 25 Stage is the top-level JavaFX container Scene is the container for all content Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 25. Minimal example public classHelloWorld extends Application { public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); } @Override public void start(Stage primaryStage) { primaryStage.setTitle("Hello World!"); StackPane root = new StackPane(); Button btn = new Button(); btn.setText("Say 'Hello World'"); root.getChildren().add(btn); primaryStage.setScene(new Scene(root, 300, 250)); primaryStage.show(); } } 26 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 26. Stage vs. Scene javafx.stage.Stage javafx.scene.Scene TheJavaFX Stage class is the top level JavaFX container. The primary Stage is constructed by the platform. Additional Stage objects may be constructed by the application. A stage can optionally have an owner Window. 27 The container for all content in a scene graph The application must specify the root Node for the scene graph Root may be Group (clips), Region, Control (resizes) If no initial size is specified, it will automatically compute it Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 27. Nodes The Scene ispopulated with a tree of Nodes Nodes have Properties Visual (size, position, z-order, color, ...) Contents (text, value, data sets, ...) Programming (event handlers, controller) Nodes generate Events Layout components UI Controls Charts Shapes UI events Nodes can be styled with CSS 28 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 28. Events FX Event (javafx.event.Event): EventSource => a Node Event Target Event Type Usually generated after some user action ActionEvent, TreeModificationEvent, InputEvent, ListView.E ditEvent, MediaErrorEvent, TableColumn.CellEditEvent,Tre eItem.TreeModificationEvent, TreeView.EditEvent, WebEve nt, WindowEvent, WorkerStateEvent You can define event handlers in your application 29 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 29. Properties Extension of theJava Beans convention Encapsulate properties of an object May be used also outside JavaFX Different types (string, number, object, collection, ...) Set/Get Observe changes Supports lazy evaluation Each Node has a large set of Properties 30 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 30. Bindings Automatically connect («bind»)one Property to another Property Whenever the source property changes, the bound one is automatically updated Multiple bindings are supported Lazy evaluation is supported Bindings may also involve computations (arithmetic operators, if-then-else, string concatenation, ...) that are automatically evaluated May be used to automate UI May be used to connect the Model with the View 31 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 31. The Scene graph Introductionto JavaFX
- 32. Nodes Root node: toplevel container Intermediate nodes: Leaf (terminal) nodes: Containers Layout managers UI Composite controls Shapes UI Controls Organized as a Hierarchical tree 33 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 33. ChoiceBox ColorPicker ComboBoxBase Button ComboBox Nodes family CheckBox ButtonBase MenuButton Cell Labeled ToggleButton Label ListView Control TitledPane Focus on Panes and Controls MenuBar Group Slider TabPane TextArea TextInputControl TextField Parent ToolBar AnchorPane TreeView BorderPane Axis FlowPane Region Chart WebView Pane GridPane JavaDoc isyour friend HBox javafx.scene.Node Arc StackPane Circle TilePane Line Shape VBox Polygon Canvas Rectangle 34 Imageview Text Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 34. Exploring Controls andExamples JavaFX Ensemble demo application Download from Oracle site: JavaFX Demos and Samples Downloads Run Ensemble.jnlp 35 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 35. UI Form Controls Controlsmay be combined to construct «Forms» Control Nodes have a value property May be linked to application code Control Nodes generate UI Events 36 Button: ActionEvent Text: ActionEvent, KeyTyped, KeyPressed, MouseClicked, ... Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 36. 37 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 37. Layout Class Hierarchy Group: Region: Doesn’tperform any positioning of children. To statically assemble a collection of nodes in fixed positions To apply an effect or transform to that collection. base class for all general purpose layout panes resizable and stylable via CSS Supports dynamic layout by sizing and positioning children Control: the base class for all skinnable controls resizable and subclasses are all stylable via CSS Controls delegate layout to their skins (which are Regions) Each layout Control subclass provides API for adding content in the appropriate place within its skin 38 you do not add children to a control directly. Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 38. 39 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 39. 40 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 40. 41 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 41. 42 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 42. 43 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 43. 44 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 44. 45 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 45. 46 Tecniche di programmazione A.A.2012/2013
- 46. Creating the SceneGraph The Java way Create Control Nodes Set properties to new nodes Add new nodes to parent node With Constructors and/or with Builders The FXML way 47 Create a FXML file Define Nodes and Properties in FXML Load the FXML (Optionally, add new nodes/properties the Java way) Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 47. Example: one textinput field Constructors TextField text = new TextField("Text"); text.setMaxSize(140, 20); root.getChildren().add(text); TextField text = TextFieldBuilder().create() .maxHeight(20).maxWidth(140) .text("Text") .build() ; Builders root.getChildren().add(text); 48 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 48. public class HelloDevoxxextends Application { public static void main(String[] args) { launch(args); } @Override public void start(Stage primaryStage) { primaryStage.setTitle("Hello Devoxx"); Group root = new Group(); Scene scene = new Scene(root, 400, 250, Color.ALICEBLUE); Text text = new Text(); text.setX(105); text.setY(120); text.setFont(new Font(30)); text.setText("Hello Devoxx"); root.getChildren().add(text); primaryStage.setScene(scene); primaryStage.show(); } } 49 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 49. public void start(StageprimaryStage) { primaryStage.setTitle("Hello Devoxx"); primaryStage.setScene(SceneBuilder.create() .width(400).height(250).fill(Color.ALICEBLUE) .root(GroupBuilder.create().children( TextBuilder.create() .x(105).y(120) .text("Hello Devoxx") .font(new Font(30)).build() ).build() ).build()); primaryStage.show(); } 50 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 50. The FXML way... XML-basedformat Nested tree of XML Elements, corresponding to Nodes XML Attributes corresponding to (initial) properties of nodes JavaFX Scene Builder is a GUI for creating FXML files The FXMLLoader class reads a FXML file and creates all the Nodes 51 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 51.
- 52. JavaFX Scene Builder 53 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 53. FXMLLoader @Override public void start(Stagestage) throws Exception { Parent root = FXMLLoader.load( getClass().getResource("fxml_example.fxml")); stage.setTitle("FXML Welcome"); stage.setScene(new Scene(root, 300, 275)); stage.show(); } 54 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 54. Linking FXML andJava FXML element may have an associated attribute fx:id Nodes may be later retrieved by public Node lookup(java.lang.String selector) Finds a node with a specified ID in the current sub-tree Example: scene.lookup("#myId"); Node references can also be «injected» using the @FXML annotation (see later) 55 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 55.
- 56. Interacting with Nodes InJavaFX applications, events are notifications that something has happened. An event represents an occurrence of something of interest to the application As a user clicks a button, presses a key, moves a mouse, or performs other actions, events are dispatched. Registered event filters and event handlers within the application 57 receive the event and provide a response. Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 57. What is anevent? 58 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 58. Event propagation Events aregenerated on the source node Events propagated in the scene graph hierarchy («dispatch chain»), in two phases Dispatching: downwards, from root to source node Bubbling: upwards, from source node to root Processes Event Filters registered in the nodes Processes Event Handlers registered in the nodes If you want an application to be notified when an event occurs, register a filter or a handler for the event Handlers may “consume” the event 59 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 59. Event Handlers Implements theEventHandler interface Executed during the event bubbling phase. If does not consume the event, it is propagated to the parent. A node can register more than one handler. Handlers for a specific event type are executed before handlers for generic event types. For example, a handler for the KeyEvent.KEY_TYPED event is called before the handler for the InputEvent.ANY event. To consume an event, call the consume() method 60 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 60. Registering Event Handlers setOnEvent-type( EventHandler<?super event-class> value ) Event-Type Event-class The class that defines the event type (e.g., KeyEvent , MouseEvent, ...) Value 61 The type of event that the handler processes (e.g. setOnKeyTyped, setOnMouseClicked, ...) The event handler for event-class (or for one of its super classes) Must implement: public void handle(ActionEvent event) May be a regular class or an anonymous inline class Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 61. Example class ButtonActionHandler implements javafx.event.EventHandler<ActionEvent>{ Event Handler public ButtonActionHandler (/*params*/) { // constructor - if needed } @Override public void handle(ActionEvent event) { Button b = (Button)event.getSource() ; //...do something String buttonText = b.getText() ; // ... } } Registration Button btn = new Button() ; btn.setOnAction(new ButtonActionHandler()) ; 62 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 62. Example (inline definition) Registration& Anonymous event handler btn.setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() { public void handle(ActionEvent event) { System.out.println("Hello World"); } }); 63 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 63.
- 64. Application complexity andMVC Interactive, graphical applications exhibit complex interaction patterns Flow of control is in the hand of the user Actions are mainly asynchronous How to organize the program? Where to store data? How to decouple application logic from interface details? How to keep in sync the inner data with the visibile interface? 65 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 65. Media Player example 66 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 66. MVC pattern defined 67 Tecnichedi programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 67. Normal life-cycle ofinteraction 68 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 68. Mapping concepts toJavaFX View: presenting the UI Controller: reacting to user actions FXML The Nodes in the Scene Graph Set of event handlers Model: handling the data 69 Class(es) including data Persistent data in Data Bases Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 69. Design Exercise Imagine anapplication managing a list of items (e.g., names) Different items in the user interface should manage the same set of data, with different criteria and actions Where do you declare the data class? Which class should have access to which? Who creates what objects? 70 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 70. A possible solution 71 Tecniche diprogrammazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 71. The Controller inFXML JavaFX programming
- 72. The Controller inFXML Several attributes in FXML help in the definition of the Controller behavior associated to a scene Identification of the Controller class Injection of Node identifiers (references) Registration of event handlers Additionally, the JavaFX Scene Builder may generate a «controller skeleton» for inclusion in the project 73 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 73. Defining the Controllerclass The Root element of the scene graph may specify a fx: controller attribute 74 <BorderPane id="BorderPane" xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com /fxml" fx:controller="it.polito.te cnprogr.RuzzleController"> Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 74. fx:controller attribute Associate a"controller" class with an FXML document Automatically create the instance when FXML is loaded Should include event handler methods May include an initialize() method 75 public void initialize(); called once when the contents of its associated document have been completely loaded any necessary post-processing on the content Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 75. Accessing the controllerinstance The Application often needs to communicate with the controller object E.g., to call setModel() FXMLLoader provides this information URL location = getClass().getResource("example.fxml"); FXMLLoader fxmlLoader = new FXMLLoader(location); Pane root = (Pane)fxmlLoader.load(); MyController controller = (MyController)fxmlLoader.getController(); 76 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 76. Injection of Nodereferences The controller code may directly access various Nodes in the associated scene graph The attribute @FXML associates a Node variable with the corresponding node, with the same fx:id value as the variable name No more error-prone «lookup» calls... Local variables in the controller instance Try:View | Show Sample Controller Skeleton on the Scene Builder! @FXML // fx:id="theTitle" private Label theTitle; 77 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 77. Registration of EventHandlers In FXML, you may set a event handler through attributes onAction, onKeyTyped, onMouseClicked, ... hundreds more ... The value should be the #name of a method in the controller class With the right signature for the event type <Button fx:id="cercaBtn" onAction="#doCercaParola" text="Cerca" /> 78 @FXML void doCercaParola ( ActionEvent event ) { Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 78.
- 79.
- 80. Resources API Slides/Tips http://www.slideshare.net/steveonjava/java-fx-20-a-developers-guide http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/getting-started-javafx Tutorials/Articles http://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/api/index.html http://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/events/jfxpub-events.htm http://amyfowlersblog.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/javafx2-0-layout-aclass-tour/ Examples (Downloads) 81 JavaFX Demosand Samples, at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk7downloads-1880260.html Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 81. Resources FXML Controller Charts http://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/api/javafx/fxml/docfiles/introduction_to_fxml.html#controllers Using JavaFXCharts tutorial: http://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/charts/jfxpub-charts.htm Books 82 Head First Design Patterns, chapter 12 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2012/2013
- 82.
- 83. Licenza d’uso Queste diapositivesono distribuite con licenza Creative Commons “Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo (CC BY-NC-SA)” Sei libero: Alle seguenti condizioni: di riprodurre, distribuire, comunicare al pubblico, esporre in pubblico, rappresentare, eseguire e recitare quest'opera di modificare quest'opera Attribuzione — Devi attribuire la paternità dell'opera agli autori originali e in modo tale da non suggerire che essi avallino te o il modo in cui tu usi l'opera. Non commerciale — Non puoi usare quest'opera per fini commerciali. Condividi allo stesso modo — Se alteri o trasformi quest'opera, o se la usi per crearne un'altra, puoi distribuire l'opera risultante solo con una licenza identica o equivalente a questa. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ 84 Tecniche di programmazione A.A. 2013/2014