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bioinformatics-200510115939.pptx introduction
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- 2. Synopsis Introduction Definition History Principle Components of bioinformatics Bioinformaticsdatabases Tools of bioinformatics Applications of bioinformatics Molecular medicine
- 3. Microbial genomics Plant genomics Animal genomics Human genomics Drug and vaccine designing Proteomics For studying biomolecular structures In- silico testing Conclusion References
- 4. Bioinformatics is themarriage of biology & information technology. Computing Life sciences Storing, extracting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting information. For development of technologies
- 5. Definition the science ofusing information to understand biology. “a subset of larger field of computational biology, the application of quantitative analytical techniques in modelling biological systems”.
- 6. A short historicaloverview (I): • 1954: first protein sequence (insulin by Sanger) • 1958: first X-ray 3D structure of a protein (myoglobin by Kendrew) • 1972: first DNA sequencing • 1977: rapid sequencing techniques (Gilbert and Sanger!) • 1986: PCR (the photocopying machine of the biologist) • 1992: sequence of yeast chromosome III (3*105 bp) • 1995: sequence of the genome of the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae (2*106 bp) • 1999: sequence of the genome of a multi-cellular organism (Caenorhabditis elegans) (108 bp) • 2000: blue draft of the human genome (3*109 bp) • 2002: genome of Ashbya gossypii • Today: 16 archeal, 77 bacterial & 9 eukaryotic genomes completed.
- 7. A short historicaloverview (II): • 1965: Atlas of protein sequence and structure (Dayhoff) • 1967: Fitch (phylogenetic trees) • 1970: Needleman / Wunsch (1st similarity search algorithm) • 1971: PDB (3D structure database) • 1982: EMBL nucleotide sequence database and Gene Bank • 1985: CABIOS (1st scientific journal for bioinformatics) • 1985: FASTP (ancestor of FASTA, Blast, etc.) • 1986: Swiss-Prot (protein sequence database) • 1988: Creation of the NCBI in the USA • 1993: ExPASy (1st WWW server for the life sciences)
- 8. Bioinformatics: A snapshot 10years ago • Pharmaceutical companies were not interested; • Life scientists believed that it was an outlet for failed biologists that want to play around with computers; • Computer scientists did not even consider it important, they confused it with bio-inspired “computer sciences”.
- 9. Bioinformatics in 2002 •Pharmaceutical companies believe that it is the most efficient way to streamline the process of drug discovery; • Some life scientists believe it is the solution to all problems in life sciences and that it will allow them to avoid doing some experiments; • Computer scientists are very interested.The scope and complexity of the domain makes it the ideal field of application of new software techniques and specialized hardware developments.
- 10. Bioinformatics in 2010 •Pharmaceutical companies use it routinely, but have realized that it complements rather than replaces experimental work; • Life scientists use it efficiently every day and therefore forget that it exists; • Computer scientists may have jumped on another fancy subject. (Spiritual machines ?)
- 11. COMPONENTS OF BIOINFORMATICS Creation of databases Development of algorithms& statistics Analysis of data & interpretation
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- 13. BLAST-(Basic local alignment search tool) -for comparing gene & protein sequences against others in public databases. FASTA -for comparing nucleotide orpeptide sequence to sequence database. ClustalW -multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins. RasMol -powerful research tool to display structure of DNA, proteins & smaller molecules. Bioinformatics tools
- 14. Applications MOLECULAR MEDICINE –completion of human genome means that we can search for genes directly associated with different diseases & begin to understand molecular basis of diseases. This will enable better treatments, cures etc. a) More drug targets b) Personalized medicine c) Preventive medicine d) Gene therapy
- 15. MICROBIAL GENOMICS –arrival of complete genome sequences & their potential to provide greater insight in microbial world.Their capacities can help in environment, health, energy & industrial applications. MGP in 1994, to sequence genomes of bacteria, useful energy production, environmental cleanup, industrial processing, waste cleanup etc. a) Waste cleanup b) Climate change c) Alternative energy sources d) Antibiotic resistance e) Evolutionary studies f) Bioweapons
- 16. PLANT GENOMICS -The sequencing of genomes of plants has enormous benefits for agriculture. Bioinformatics tools can be used for genes with these genomes & to elucidate their functions.This specific genetic knowledge could then be used to produce stronger ,more drought resistant & insect resistant crops & improve crop quality. a) Crops b) Insect resistance c) Improve nutritional quality d) Drought resistance
- 17. ANIMAL GENOMICS –sequencing projects of many farm animals including cows, pigs etc. for better understanding of their biology & have huge impacts on improving production & health of livestock & ultimately benefits for human nutrition.
- 18. HUMAN GENOMICS to studyhuman genome which has been carried out world wide as HGP started in 1990 in U.S. dept. of energy & National institute of health. Approx. 30,000 genes & 3 billion bp in humans. 99.9% of bases of all humans are same. Highest no. of genes present in chromosome 1 (2968 genes). Fewest no. of genes present in chromosome Y (231). Out of 30,000 genes, less than 2% of genome codes protein & 50% of genome are non-coding
- 19. DRUG & VACCINEDESIGNING drug design is the approach Of finding drugs by design, based on their biological targets. Computer assisted drug design uses computational chemistry to discover , enhance or study drugs & related biologically active molecules. Molecular Biology Biochemist ry Computer Science Genetics
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- 21. FOR STUDYING BIOMOLECULARSTRUCTURES Importance of biomolecules is found in various processes like metabolism, differentiation, energetics, signaling etc. Systematic studies of physiochemical properties of biomolecules can permit analysis & prediction of such regulated events. Prediction of protein structure is another important application. In the genomic branch, homology is use to predict the function of a gene. MODELLER is one of the best software for homology modelling.
- 22. IN- SILICO TESTING– provides a greater degree of prediction in animal& human clinical trials which is very fast & cost- effective.