computer graphics random scan display.pptx

RANDOM SCAN DISPLAYS
AND
RASTER SCAN DISPLAYS

RASTER SCAN DISPLAY
 Raster: A rectangular array of points or dot.
 An image is subdivided into a sequence of (usually
horizontal) strips known as "scan lines“ which can be
further divided into discrete pixels for processing in
a computer system.
A raster image is a collection of dots called pixels

WORKING
 In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept
across the screen, one row at a time from top to
bottom.
 As the electron beam moves across each row, the
beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern
of illuminated spots.
 The return to the left of the screen, after refreshing
each scan line is called Horizontal retrace.
 At the end of each frame the electron beam returns to
the top left corner of the screen to begin the next
frame is called Vertical retrace:

WORKING
• Picture definition is stored in a memory
area called the refresh buffer or frame
buffer.
• Refresh buffer or frame buffer is
memory area that holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen points.
• Stored intensity values then retrieved
from refresh buffer and “painted” on the
screen one row (scan line) at a time.

Object as set of discrete points across each scan line

 The quality of a raster image is determined by the total
number pixels (resolution), and the amount of
information in each pixel (color depth)
 A black-and-white system: each screen point is either
on or off, so only one bit per pixel is needed to control
the intensity of screen positions. Such type of frame
buffer is called Bit map
 High quality raster graphics system have 24 bits per
pixel in the frame buffer (a full color system or a true
color system)
 Refreshing on raster scan displays is carried out at
the rate 60 to 80 frame per second.

INTERLACING
 On some raster systems (TV), each frame is displays in
two passes using an interlaced refresh procedure.
 Interlacing is primarily used for slower refresh rates.
 An effective technique to avoid Flicker.(Flicker occurs
on CRTs when they are driven at a low refresh rate,
allowing the brightness to drop for time intervals
sufficiently long to be noticed by a human eye)

APPLICATIONS
 Suited for realistic display of screens
 Home television computer printers create their
images basically by raster scanning. Laser printers
use a spinning polygonal mirror (or an optical
equivalent) to scan across the photosensitive drum,
and paper movement provides the other scan axis
 Common raster image formats include BMP (Windows
Bitmap), JPEG (Joint Photographics Expert Group), GIF
(Graphics Interchange Format) , PNG (Portable Network
Graphic), PSD (Adobe PhotoShop)

DISADVANTAGE
• To increase size of a raster image the pixels
defining the image are be increased in either
number or size Spreading the pixels over a larger
area causes the image to lose detail and clarity.
• Produces jagged lines that are plotted as discrete
points

RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY
 Random scan display is the use of
geometrical primitives such as points,
lines, curves, and polygons, which are all
based upon mathematical equation

WORKING
 When operated as a random-scan display
unit, a CRT has the electron beam
directed only to the parts of the screen
where a picture is to be drawn.
 Random-scan monitors draw a picture
one line at a time and for this reason are
also referred to as vector displays (or
stroke-writing or calligraphic displays).

 Refresh rate depends on the number of lines to
be displayed.
 Picture definition is now stored as a line-drawing
commands an area of memory referred to as
refresh display file (display list).
 To display a picture, the system cycle through the
set of commands in the display file, drawing
each component line in turn.
 Random scan displays are designed to draw all
the component lines of a picture 30 to 60 times
each second

Ideal Drawing Vector Drawing
Raster
Outline primitives Filled primitives
A Raster system produces jagged lines that are plotted as
discrete points sets.
Vector displays product smooth line drawing

 Random scan displays are designed for
line-drawing applications and can not
display realistic shaded scenes

Advantages
 Random scan displays have higher resolution
than raster systems.
 Vector displays product smooth line drawing.
 This minimal amount of information
translates to a much smaller file size. (file
size compared to large raster images)
 On zooming in, and it remains smooth
 The parameters of obje.cts are stored and can
be later modified.

RASTER SCAN SYSTEM
 In addition to the central processing unit (CPU), a special
processor, called the video controller or display controller,
is used to control the operation of the display device.
 A fixed area of the system memory is reserved for the frame
buffer, and the video controller is given direct access to the
frame buffer memory.
 Operation performed:
1. Refreshing operation
2. Transformation (Areas of the screen can be enlarged,
reduces, or moved during the refresh cycles)

The Basic refresh operation of the video controller.
 Frame buffer location, and the corresponding screen
positions, are referenced in Cartesian coordinates
 Scan lines are then labeled from ymax at the top of the
screen to 0 at the bottom. Along each scan line, screen
pixel positions are labeled from 0 to xmax
 Two registers are used to store the coordinates of the
screen pixels.
x
y Line Scan
y max
x max

Raster Scan Generator
x Register y Register
Memory Address
Frame Buffer Intensity

DISPLAY PROCESSOR
 The purpose of the DP is to free the CPU
from the graphics chores.
 A major task of the display processor is
Scan Conversion.
 Scan Conversion: is digitizing a picture
definition given in an application program into a
set of pixel intensity values for storage in the
frame buffer.

RASTER SCAN SYSTEM
 Graphic commands are translated by the
graphics package into a display file stored in
the system memory.
 This file is then accessed by the display
processor unit (DPU)(graphic controller) to
refresh the screen.

THANKYOU
BY:
SOMYA BAGAI(11CSU148)
SONA KUMAR(11CSU149)
SONIA KUKREJA(11CSU150)

computer graphics random scan display.pptx

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