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Computers basics.pptx basics of computers in IT
- 1. Computing Basics 1 COMPUTING BASICS Chapter1 History of Computers
- 2. Computing Basics 2 History ofComputers Topics 1. Definition of computer 2. Earliest computer 3. Computer History 4. Computer Generations
- 3. Computing Basics 3 History ofComputers Definition of Computer • Computer is a programmable machine. • Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. • Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.
- 4. Computing Basics 4 History ofComputers Definition of Computer Three principles characteristic of computer: • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well- defined manner. • It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. • It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
- 5. Computing Basics 5 History ofComputers Earliest Computer • Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. • These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. • The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. • The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.
- 6. Computing Basics History ofComputers Tally Sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. T ally sticks 6
- 7. Computing Basics 7 History ofComputers Abacus • An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. • The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. • The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. • It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
- 8. Computing Basics History ofComputers Abacus EarlierAbacus Modern Abacus 8
- 9. Computing Basics History ofComputers Napier’s Bones • Invented by John Napier in 1614. • Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. John Napier 9 Napier’s Bones
- 10. Computing Basics History ofComputers Slide Rule • Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. • Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. • Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry • Not normally used for addition or subtraction. William Oughtred 10 Slide Rule
- 11. Computing Basics History ofComputers Pascaline • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. • It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. • It is too expensive. Blaise Pascal 11 Pascaline
- 12. Computing Basics History ofComputers Stepped Reckoner • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. • The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 12 Stepped Reckoner
- 13. Computing Basics History ofComputers Jacquard Loom • The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. • It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Joseph-Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom 13
- 14. Computing Basics History ofComputers Arithmometer • A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, • The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. • The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. • The first mass-produced calculating machine. Thomas de Colmar 14 Arithmometer
- 15. Computing Basics History ofComputers Difference Engine and Analytical Engine • It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. • Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 • It is the first mechanical computer. Charles Babbage 15 Difference Engine Analytical Engine
- 16. Computing Basics History ofComputers First Computer Programmer • In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. • She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. AugustaAda Byron 16
- 17. Computing Basics History ofComputers Scheutzian Calculation Engine • Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. • Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. • The first printing calculator. Per Georg Scheutz 17 Scheutzian Calculation Engine
- 18. Computing Basics History ofComputers Tabulating Machine • Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. • To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Herman Hollerith 18 Tabulating Machine
- 19. Computing Basics History ofComputers Havard Mark 1 • Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). • Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 • The first electro-mechanical computer. Howard H. Aiken 19 Mark 1
- 20. Computing Basics History ofComputers Z1 • The first programmable computer. • Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. • To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. Konrad Zuse Z1 20
- 21. Computing Basics History ofComputers Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) • It was the first electronic digital computing device. • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Professor JohnAtanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer 21
- 22. Computing Basics History ofComputers ENIAC • ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. • It was the first electronic general- purpose computer. • Completed in 1946. • Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchl. ENIAC 22
- 23. Computing Basics History ofComputers UNIVAC 1 • The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. • Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. UNIVAC 1 23
- 24. Computing Basics History ofComputers EDVAC • EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer • The First Stored Program Computer • Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. • It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. EDVAC 24
- 25. Computing Basics History ofComputers The First Portable Computer • Osborne 1 – the first portable computer. • Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. Osborne 1 25
- 26. Computing Basics History ofComputers The First Computer Company • The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. • Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. 26
- 27. Computing Basics 27 History ofComputers Computer Generations There are five generations of computer: • First generation – 1946 - 1958 • Second generation – 1959 - 1964 • Third generation – 1965 - 1970 • Fourth generation – 1971 - today • Fifth generation – Today to future
- 28. Computing Basics History ofComputers The First Generation • The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. • They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. Vacuum tube 28
- 29. Computing Basics 29 History ofComputers The First Generation • First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. • Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
- 30. Computing Basics History ofComputers The Second Generation • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. • One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. • Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. • Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer. Transistor 30
- 31. Computing Basics 31 History ofComputers The Second Generation • Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. • Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. • These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
- 32. Computing Basics History ofComputers The Third Generation • The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. • Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. • Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers. • It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Integrated Circuit 32
- 33. Computing Basics 33 History ofComputers The Third Generation • Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. • Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
- 34. Computing Basics History ofComputers The Fourth Generation • The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. • As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. • Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Microprocessor 34
- 35. Computing Basics 35 History ofComputers The Fifth Generation • Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). • Still in development. • The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. • The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. • There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.