Hyperloop

•Hyperloop concept was invented and designed in 1812 by the British
Mechanical Engineer George Wenger .
•The concept of hyperloop is now developed and redesigned by the
billionaire Elon Musk in 2012 .
•While the term Hyperloop is in some countries a registered trademark of
the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) for the high
speed transportation of passengers and goods in partially evacuated
tubes, the Hyperloop concept has been explicitly open-sourced by Musk
and SpaceX, and others have been encouraged to take the ideas and
further develop them.
THEN , NOW!

CROSS BETWEEN CONCORDE,RAILGUN & AIR
HOCKEY TABLE

PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP IS BASED ON THE PROPERTY OF
MAGNETIC LEVITATION

TUBES
• The tube is made of steel. Two tubes will be welded together in a
side by side configuration to allow the capsules to travel both directions.
• Pylons are placed every 100 ft (30 m) to support the tube.
• Solar arrays will cover the top of the tubes in order to provide power to
the system.
• Tubes are made by the new material ‘ VIBRANIUM ‘ (HYPOTHETICAL
MATERIAL).
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Tube geometry is very important as a
track and for maintaining airflow.!

CAPSULE
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• Sealed capsules carrying 28 passengers each that travel along the
interior of the tube
• A larger system has also been sized that allows transport of 3 full size
automobiles with passengers to travel in the capsule.
• The capsules are supported via air bearings that operate using a
compressed air reservoir and aerodynamic lift .

PROPULSION
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•Linear accelerations are constructed along the length of the tube at various
locations to accelerate the capsule.
•Stators are located on the capsules via the linear acceleration.

The propulsion system has these basic requirements:
1. Accelerate the capsule from 0 to 300 mph (480 kph) for relatively low speed
travel in urban areas.
2. Maintain the capsule at 300 mph (480 kph) as necessary, including during
ascents over the mountains surroundings.
3. To accelerate the capsule from 300 to 760 mph (480 to 1,220 kph) at 1g at
the beginning of the long coasting section along the I-5 corridor.
4. To decelerate the capsule back to 300 mph (480 kph) at the end of the I5
corridor.
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CONSTRUCTION
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• PYLONS / PILLARS
 The tube will be supported by pillars which constrain the tube in the
vertical direction but allow longitudinal slip for thermal expansion as
well as dampened lateral slip to reduce the risk posed by earthquakes.
 These minimally constrained pillars to tube joints will also allow a
smoother ride. Specially designed slip joints at each stations will be able
take any tube length variance due to thermal expansion .
 The average spacing is 100 ft (30 m), which means there will be near
25,000 pillars supporting both tubes and solar panels. The pillars will be
20 ft (6 m) tall whenever possible but may vary in height in hilly areas or
where obstacles are in the way

COMPRESSOR
 One important feature of the capsule is the onboard compressor,
which serves two purposes. This system allows the capsule to
traverse the relatively narrow tube without choking flow that
travels between the capsule and the tube walls by compressing
air that is bypassed through the capsule.
 It also supplies air to air bearings that support the weight of the
capsule throughout the journey.
 The compressor is powered by a 1,160 hp (865 kW) onboard
electric motor . The motor has an estimated mass of 606 lb (275
kg), which includes power electronics.

AIR BEARINGS & SUSPENSION
 Air bearings (also known as aerostatical or aerodynamical bearings) are
bearings that use a thin film of pressurized air to provide an exceedingly
low friction load-bearing interface between surfaces. The two surfaces
do not touch.
 Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a substantial technical
challenge due to transonic cruising velocities. Conventional wheel and
axle systems become impractical at high speed due frictional losses and
dynamic instability .
 Externally pressurized and aerodynamic air bearings are well suited for
the Hyperloop due to exceptionally high stiffness, which is required to
maintain stability at high speeds.
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A Linear induction motor help the capsule
propel forward

 ROTOR
 The rotor of the linear accelerators is very simple – an aluminum blade 49
ft (15 m) long, 1.5 ft (0.45 m) tall, and 2 in. (50 mm) thick .
 Current flows mainly in the outer 0.4 in. (10 mm) of this blade, allowing it
to be hollow to decrease weight and cost.
 The gap between the rotor and the stator is 0.8 in. (20 mm) on each side.
 A combination of the capsule control system and electromagnetic
centering forces allows the capsule to safely enter, stay within, and exit
such a precise gap
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 ENERGY STORAGE COMPONENTS ( BATTERIES)
 Energy storage allows this linear accelerator to only draw its
average power of 8,000 hp (6 MW) (rather than the peak power of
70,000 hp or 52 MW) from its solar array .
 Building the energy storage element out of the same lithium ion
cells available in the Tesla Model S is economical.
 A battery array with enough power capability to provide the worst-
case smoothing power has a lot of energy – launching 1 capsule only
uses 0.5% of the total energy – so degradation due to cycling is not
an issue.
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STATOR
 The stator is mounted to the bottom of the tube over the
entire 2.5 miles (4.0 km) it takes to accelerate and decelerate
between 300 and 760 mph (480 and 1,220 km). It is
approximately 1.6 ft (0.5 m) wide (including the air gap) and
4.0 in. (10 cm) tall, and weighs 530 lb/ft (800 kg/m).
 The number of turns per slot also varies along the length of
the stator, allowing the inverter to operate at nearly constant
phase voltage, which simplifies the power electronics design.
 The two halves of the stator require bracing to resist the
magnetic forces of 20 lbf/ft (300N/m) that try to bring them
together.

SPECIFICATIONS
• Height : 3.66 ft ( 1.1 m )
• Width : 4.50 ft ( 1.35m )
• Passengers : 24-30
• Speed : 760MPH ( 1236KPH)
• The doors on each side will open in a gullwing (or possibly sliding) manner
to allow easy access during loading and unloading.
• The luggage compartment will be at the front or rear of the capsule.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Simply it have the same working principle of Air Hockey
• The pods would accelerate to cruising speed gradually using a linear
electric motor and glide above their track using passive magnetic
levitation or air bearings.
• It is levitated and propelled forward using powerful electromagnets.
This itself considerably reduces losses due to friction, as the train is
literally gliding over the track and is not in contact with the track.
Hence there are no frictional losses allowing the train to move at high
velocities. The absence of air in the hyperloop will further increase
the efficiency by nearly eliminating losses due to air drag and make it
much faster.
• The capsules are supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized
air and aerodynamic lift.
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• Residual air in the tube is captured, compressed, and forced
through holes in skis attached to the bottom of the capsule. The
gap between the skis and the tube during operation is between
0.5mm and 1.3mm.
• The air pressure in the tube is very low, a capsule traveling at
700mph will cause significant air pressure at the nose of the
vehicle, which must be considered in the design. Since the tube
has a larger cross-section than the capsule, some air flows
around the vehicle.
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HYPERLOOP IN INDIA
• Hyperloop. The very word invokes a feeling of mystery and disbelief as
to whether it will ever make it in India.
• The population of India represents 18 percent of the world’s total
population which arguably means that one person in every 5 people on
the planet is a resident of India.
• This, in turn, has given rise to an accelerated demand for land transport
services of the order of nearly 12% per annum, which the land
transportation systems in the country are currently not equipped to
handle.
• Development of Hyperloop is one of the ways to leapfrog Indian
transportation.

WHERE IN INDIA?
• As part of our initial step, this project will take inspiration from the
government of India’s live project: The government’s “Make in India”
initiative is a growth strategy based upon development of economic
corridors whereby policy initiatives to spur manufacturing and overall
growth are coordinated with transport corridors linking both
developed and backward regions.
• The vision is to create a globally competitive manufacturing sector
supported by world class infrastructure, logistics facilities, and a
liberal policy regime. This scheme can serve as the much needed
gateway that Hyperloop needs to enter India.

HYPERLOOP CORRIDOR IN INDIA-
MISSION OBJECTIVES:
• Existing Corridor Integration: It should integrate
well with existing/sanctioned industrial/dedicated freight
corridors, and should not disrupt sanctioned Government
transport plans.
• Passenger & Cargo Mobility: It should maximize
the opportunities for both Passenger and Cargo transport
between Origin and Destination pairs.
• Favorable Trends in Economic Geography: It
should link high-potential markets found in fast-growing
urban agglomerations

• Minimal Seismic Activity : It should be in areas with
low seismic activity – zone factor of less than 0.16
according to IS Code.
• Incremental Phase-wise Strategy : It should be
introduced in phases with relevant opportunities for
socio-economic impact/benefits in all phases.
• High-Impact Demonstration Projects: Initial
phases should maximize opportunities for low-
infrastructure, high-impact setup which triggers a
nationwide demonstration effect.

• Tube pressurization
• Less movable space for passengers
• Turning will be critical
• No answer for equipment malfunction,
accidents, emergency evacuation
• Experience could be frightening.

REFERENCES
 http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/hyperloo
p_alpha.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop
 http://www.spacex.com/hyperloop
 http://hyperloop.tamu.edu/
 https://www.quora.com/Tesla-Motors-company-
What-is-the-working-principle-of-the-hyperloop-
proposed-by-Elon-Musk

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