The linked open government data and metadata lifecycle

DATA
SUPPORT
OPEN
Training Module 2.1
The Linked Open
Government Data
& Metadata
Lifecycle
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This presentation has been created by PwC
Authors:
Michiel De Keyzer, Nikolaos Loutas and Stijn
Goedertier
Presentation
metadata
Slide 2
Open Data Support is funded by
the European Commission
under SMART 2012/0107 ‘Lot
2: Provision of services for the
Publication, Access and Reuse of
Open Public Data across the
European Union, through
existing open data
portals’(Contract No. 30-CE-
0530965/00-17).
© 2014 European Commission
Disclaimers
1. The views expressed in this presentation are purely those of the authors and may not, in any
circumstances, be interpreted as stating an official position of the European Commission.
The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the information included in this
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Reference herein to any specific products, specifications, process, or service by trade name,
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All care has been taken by the author to ensure that s/he has obtained, where necessary,
permission to use any parts of manuscripts including illustrations, maps, and graphs, on which
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or their legal representative.
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Learning objectives
By the end of this training module you should have an understanding
of:
• What a lifecycle for Linked Open Government Data (LOGD) is.
• The difference between supply and demand of data.
• The different steps of an LOGD lifecycle.
• Tools and best practices associated with each step in the lifecycle.
Slide 3

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Content
This module contains ...
• An overview of existing lifecycles for Linked Open Government Data
(LOGD).
• An hybrid lifecycle for LOGD and metadata, covering both the supply and the
demand side.
• An overview of existing technologies for LOGD and metadata –
including the Open Data Interoperability Platform (ODIP).
Slide 4

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Different LOGD lifecycles
The state of play
Slide 5
Hyland et al.
Hausenblas et al.
Villazon-
Terrazas et al.
Datalift
Vision
LOD2
Linked
Open Data
Lifecycle
See also:
http://www.w3.org/2011/gld/
wiki/GLD_Life_cycle

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Different LOGD lifecycles
Observations
• No standardised LOGD lifecycle.
• Most approaches agree on a core set of phases, e.g. identify model,
publish.
• The current lifecycles mainly focus on the supply of open data:
 Identification and selection of LOGD.
 Modelling and cleansing of LOGD.
 Publishing and linking of data.
• But what about the demand side?
 Find and retrieve LOGD.
 Integrate and reuse of open data.
 Provide feedback on LOGD.
Slide 6

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What is metadata?
“Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates,
or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an
information resource. Metadata is often called data about data or
information about information.”
-- National Information Standards Organization
http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf
Slide 7
Dataset description (DCAT) Dataset

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Best practices for publishing
your data & metadata
1. Model the data;
2. Name things with URIs;
3. Reuse existing vocabularies whenever
possible;
4. Publish human and machine readable
descriptions – metadata;
5. Convert the data to RDF;
6. Specify an appropriate license;
7. Host the linked dataset and its
metadata publicly and announce it!
W3C Linked
Data Cookbook
Slide 8
See also:
http://www.w3.org/TR/gov-data/)
http://www.w3.org/2011/gld/wiki/Linked_Data_Cookbook

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LOGD and metadata lifecycle
focusing on supply and demand
Slide 9
Select Model Publish Find Integrate Re-use
Data management
Feedback
Data
Publisher
Data
Consumers
Supply Demand

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LOGD & metadata
supply
Governments opening up their data and publishing it as
linked data along with appropriate metadata descriptions.
Slide 10

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Selection of high-value data
Several dimensions can be considered in the selection process of
Linked Open Government Data, both from the publisher’s and the re-
user’s point of view:
• Transparency: Does the publication of the dataset increase transparency
and openness of the government towards its citizens?
• Legal requirements: Is there a law that makes open publication
mandatory or is there no specific obligation?
• Relation to public task: Is the data the direct result of the primary public
task of government or is it a product of a non-essential activity?
• Current status of open publication: Is the data already openly available
or does it still need to be opened up?
• Type of value: Is the data useful for social engagement or does it have
commercial value?
• Audience: Is the data primarily intended for the public or is it primarily
aimed at back-office integration?
Slide 11

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Selection based on transparency
In some cases the publication of a dataset can increase the
transparency and openness of the government towards its citizens,
e.g.:
• Parliaments’ data, such as election results.
• The way governmental budgets are spent.
• Staff cost of public administrations
All the above-mentioned examples contribute to the transparency of the way
public administrations are working.
Slide 12

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Selection based on legal requirements
Some data may be covered by a law or regulation that mandates
its open publication, e.g.:
• Text of laws, directives, regulations etc.
• Proposals and proceedings of parliament and committees.
• Election results.
• Public budgets and expenditures.
• Invitations to tender and contract awards.
Other data may be the by-product of government activity and
would be useful for citizens and business to have access to, e.g.:
• Condition of infrastructure and public spaces (roads, trees) .
• Timetables of public transport and schedules of garbage collection.
Slide 13

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Selection based on relation to public task
Some data may be the direct result of the primary public task
of government, for example the functions listed in COFOG, e.g.:
• Executive, legislative organs, financial/fiscal affairs etc.).
• Public order and safety.
• Environmental protection.
• Health.
• Culture.
• Education.
Other data produced by government are non-essential (they could
be – and sometimes are – provided by the private sector) e.g.:
• Mapping for navigation (cf. Google Street View)
• Weather forecasts (cf. Weather Channel)
Slide 14

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Selection based on status of openness
Some data is already published openly and electronically, e.g. (in
some countries):
• Cadastral information.
• Topographic maps.
• Traffic information.
• Weather forecasts.
Other data may still be hidden from the public (maybe because it is
hard to publish or includes personal data, sensitive data or is partly
subject to third-party licensing).
Slide 15

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Selection based on type of value
Some data may have primarily societal value, e.g.:
• Laws and parliamentary data (e.g. voting records of representatives)
• Pre-election information (e.g. programmes of political parties)
• eDemocracy and eParticipation (e.g. public consultations)
Other data may have more commercial value (business model),
e.g.:
• Road maps, real-time traffic information
• Real-time weather information
• Business information
Slide 16

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Selection based on type of audience
Some data is aimed at society (citizens and business), e.g.:
• Legal information.
• eDemocracy, eParticipation and public consultation.
• Procurement.
Other data are focused on internal usage or for integration in
the back office, e.g.:
• Various sources that are used for law enforcement.
• Service performance indicators.
• Job descriptions of civil servants.
Slide 17

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Selection based on size of audience
Some data are aimed at large audiences and mass markets, e.g.:
• Traffic information.
• Public transport.
• Election data.
Other data are essential for small groups of people and niche
markets, e.g.:
• Information about facilities and financial support for people with special
needs.
• Economic statistics.
• Court decisions.
Slide 18

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High value from a re-users perspective
From a re-user’s perspective, the value of a dataset depends primarily
on its use and re-use potential, which can effectively lead to the
generation of (new) business models.
The use and re-use potential of a dataset is defined by:
• The size and the dynamics of the target audience of the dataset; and
• The number of new and existing systems and services that are using the
dataset.
Opening up datasets with a high use and re-use potential leads to the
creation of new products and/or services that have direct or
indirect economic or social impact and/or positive economic
externalities.
Slide 19

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Selection based on the needs of the audience
What data do the reusers need/want?
According to a Spanish study, the following types of information are
reused the most by businesses:
Slide 20
51,1%
46,8%
29,7% 27,7%
12,8% 12,8% 12,8%
10,0%
See also:
http://datos.gob.es/datos/sites/default/files/files/E
studio_infomediario/121001%20RED%20007%20
Final%20Report_2012%20Edition_vF_en.pdf

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Datasets domains in European data portals
Slide 21
Source:[http://data.gov.uk/data]
Source:[http://publicdata.eu/]
Source:[http://open-data.europa.eu/en/data/dataset] Metadata

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Which datasets are mostly viewed on Data.gov.uk
Slide 22
http://data.gov.uk/data/site-usage/publisher?month= http://data.gov.uk/data/site-usage/dataset
Per publisher Per dataset

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Modelling your data & metadata is about ...
• Making your data available in a structured, comprehensible and
machine-readable way.
• Reusing what already exists in terms of vocabularies and reference
data.
• Reaching the right quality level by cleansing your data.
• Providing licensing information so that data consumers know
what the conditions of reuse are.
• Providing a rich description (metadata).
• Using semantic technologies (RDF, HTTP URIs...) for describing
your data.
Slide 23

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Model your data – reuse if possible, mint if
necessary
• Reuse existing vocabularies as much as possible.
 If you determine there is no reusable, authoritative source for the
specific domain, create your own using:
◦ RDF Schema (RDFS): Basic RDF vocabulary to describe the
classes and properties of classes.
◦ Web Ontology Language (OWL): knowledge representation
language for describing ontologies.
Slide 24
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/model-your-data-metadata
http//www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/

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Reuse common vocabularies to model and
describe your data ... (in RDF)
General purpose vocabularies: DCMI, RDFS
To name things: rdfs:label, foaf:name, skos:prefLabel
To describe people: FOAF, vCard, Core Person Vocabulary
To describe registered organisations: Registered Organisation
Vocabulary
To describe addresses: vCard, Core Location Vocabulary
To describe public services: Core Public Service Vocabulary
...and metadata...
To describe datasets (metadata): DCAT, DCAT Application Profile,
VoID
To describe projects: DOAP, ADMS.SW
To describe interoperability assets: ADMS
Slide 25

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Find reusable vocabularies
Joinup
• Online platform for
searching for and sharing
interoperability assets
described with ADMS.
 Developed by the ISA
Programme of the EC.
Slide 26
http://joinup.ec.europa.eu/
Refine the search results
via the faceted search
filters. 2
Enter a search keyword to
find interoperability assets
available on different
websites.
1
The search results
contain a relevant
description of the
assets and the link
from where they can
be downloaded.
3

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Find reusable vocabularies
Linked Open Vocabularies
Slide 27
http://lov.okfn.org/
• Provides easy access methods
to the ecosystem of
vocabularies .
• Makes the ways they link to
each other explicit.
• Provides metrics on how they
are used in the LOGD cloud.
• Developed by the Open
Knowledge Foundation.

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To ensure data and metadata can be published with an appropriate
level of quality and minimum errors.
This means:
• Fixing errors.
• Transforming/homogenising formats.
• Aligning inconsistencies in data and metadata.
• Removing duplicate/redundant information.
• Adding lacking information.
• Making sure the information is up-to-date.
Cleansing your data & metadata
Slide 28
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/introduction-to-rdf-sparql
Cleanse your data with Open Refine (Google Refine) -
https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/

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Company_name Registration date Country E-mail # Establishments
Nikè 1991-04-28 Belgium niké 7
BARCO 15 September 1986 BE Barco@email.be 2
Nikè België
Coca-Cola United States coca@cola.com 3
Cleansing data - example
Slide 29
Formatting
issue
Missing
information
Duplicate error
Redundant
information
Inconsistent
information
Company_name Registration date Country E-mail
Nikè 1991-04-28 BE niké@sport.org
BARCO 1986-09-05 BE Barco@email.be
Coca-Cola 1964-03-26 US coca@cola.com
Cleansing
operations

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Model your metadata
The DCAT Application profile
for data portals in
Europe (DCAT-AP) is a
specification based on the Data
Catalogue vocabulary (DCAT) for
describing public sector datasets
in Europe.
DCAT-AP improves the discovery
of public sector datasets across
borders and sectors.
Slide 30
See also:
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/dcat_application_profile
/description

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Use persistent Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)
for naming things
Slide 31
i.e. independentof the data originator
e.g. http://www.example.com/id/alice_brown
e.g. http://education.data.gov.uk/ministryofeducation/id/school/123456
e.g. http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school?id=123456
e.g. http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/school/v01/123456
e.g. http://education.data.gov.uk/id/school1/123457
e.g. http://education.data.gov.uk/id/school1/123456
e.g. http://data.example.org/doc/foo/bar.rdf
e.g. http://data.example.org/doc/foo/bar.html
e.g. http://education.data.gov.uk/id/school/123456
e.g. http://{domain}/{type}/{concept}/{reference}
Follow the pattern
Re-useexisting identifiers
Link multiple representations
Implement 303 redirects for real-world objects
Usea dedicated service
Avoid stating ownership
Avoid version numbers
Avoid using auto-increment
Avoid query strings
rules
for persistent
http://education.data.gov.uk/doc/schools/123456.csv
Avoid file extensions
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/design-and-manage-persitent-uris
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/10-rules-persistent-uris
Persistent URIs sets the foundations for Linked Data.

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Licensing your data and metadata is about...
• Informing potential reusers on how the data and metadata can be
(re)used and/or adapted.
• Not associating your data and metadata with licensing
information, is an important barrier for reuse and thus lowers the
value opening your data will create.
• Open data should be, by definition, published under an open
license.
• Metadata should be published under a licence indicating it is public
domain to reinforce the reuse and discoverability of your data.
Slide 32
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/licence-your-data-metadata

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Open licenses
• Creative Commons (CC) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/)
- Attribution (BY): The creator of the work should be mentioned.
- Non Commercial (NC): The work can not be used for commercial purposes.
- No Derivatives (ND): The work cannot be adapted or merged with other work.
- Share Alike (SA): The work can be adapted but must be attributed with the same
license if you make it available.
- CC Zero (CC0): The work is public domain
• Open Data Commons (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/)
- „Open Data Commons Attribution Licence (ODC-By): compatible with CC BY
- Open Data Commons Open Database Licence (ODC-ODbL): compatible with CC BY
SA)
- Public Domain Dedication Licence (PDDL): compatible with CC Zero
• The Open Government Licence (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-
licence/)
Slide 33
See also:
http://discovery.ac.uk/files/pdf/Licensing_Open
_Data_A_Practical_Guide.pdf

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Publishing linked data is about ...
Breaking down the walls of the silos in order to create more
value.
• Making your data and metadata publically and easily accessible on
the Web.
• Linking your data and metadata to other data (or metadata) in order
to:
 Attach meaning and content to it.
 Give context to it.
 Enrich it.
 Allow people to discover more.
Slide 34

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Provide a SPARQL Endpoint
A SPARQL Endpoint is a service that allows others to query your
linked data (and/or metadata).
Slide 35
http://data.opendatasupport.eu

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Publish your metadata
Publish your metadata on a central data broker to give it more
visibility and increase the reuse of your datasets.
Slide 36
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/pr
omoting-the-re-use-of-open-data-through-odip
The Open Data Interoperability
Platform (ODIP):
• ODIP is a central data broker developed
by the European Commission to enable
the cross-border European search for
datasets.
• ODIP data publishers and data portals
to publish description metadata of
datasets centrally.

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Data & metadata management is about...
• Managing the lifecycle of the data – creation, update and keeping up
to data, and decommissioning of datasets.
• Managing the lifecycle of the metadata.
• Putting in place processes for making sure your data and metadata
has an appropriate level of quality.
• Stating ownership of data(sets) and metadata.
Slide 37
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/int
roduction-to-metadata-management

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Collecting feedback from the reusers of your data
Ask feedback to the (potential)
users of data:
• Which data do they need.
• How did they use the data.
• What did they think about the
quality.
• Make sure that requests and
fixes reach you – crowdsource
data quality!
Slide 38
data.overheid.nl
data.gov.uk

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LOGD demand
The needs of businesses, entrepreneurs, researchers and
governments for linked data.
Slide 39

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The LOGD lifecycle demand side is about ...
Data reusers being able to
• find appropriate datasets;
• use the datasets for analysis, building apps and services;
• know what their government is doing (transparency);
• save costs.
Slide 40
Developers /
Companies
integrate data into
app (services)
Public
administrations
share data
online
Citizens/busines
ses benefits
from the app
(services)
Developers /
Companies
search for data
Publishing data
Reusing data

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Where to find datasets?
Datasets are made available on
various platforms spread across
Europe.
“A Data Broker collects the
metadata from various open
data platforms and publishes it
using a common metadata
model. This way the datasets are
searchable in a uniform way
from a single point of access.”
• Local Open Data Portals, e.g.
- opendatamanchester.org.uk
- Data.gent.be
• Regional Open Data Portals e.g.
- opendata.regionpaca.fr
- Open public data of the government of
Catalonia
• National Open Data Portals
- Opendata.at
- opendata.lu
• European Open Data Portals, e.g.
- open-data.europa.eu
• Open Data Brokers, e.g.
- Publicdata.eu
- ODIP Slide 41

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Use SPARQL endpoint or faceted browser to find
datasets
A user looking can execute a SPARQL query on a SPARQL endpoint to find
datasets or “filter his way” through the collection of datasets using a faceted
browser.
Slide 42
SPARQL endpoint
Faceted browser
http://data.gov.uk/sparql
http://data.gov.uk/data/search

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Integrating datasets and building apps & services
Some tools for integrating datasets:
• Karma (http://www.isi.edu/integration/karma/)
• Talend (http://www.talend.com/products/data-integration)
Slide 43
See also:
http://www.slideshare.net/OpenDataSupport/int
roduction-to-linked-data-23402165

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Publishing LoGD
using Open Refine
Slide 44

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Using Open Refine to model and publish open data
Getting started
1. Install Open Refine from: https://github.com/OpenRefine
2. Install the RDF extension : http://refine.deri.ie/
And then...
Describe your data in a spreadsheet.
Create a project and upload it in Open Refine.
Map your data to appropriate RDF classes & properties.
Export the data in RDF.
Slide 45
1
2
3
4

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Describe your data in a spreadsheet
Slide 46
Company_name Registration date Country E-mail
Nikè 1991-04-28 BE niké@sport.org
BARCO 1986-09-05 BE Barco@email.be
Coca-Cola 1964-03-26 US coca@cola.com
1

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Create a project and upload it in Google
Refine
Slide 47
2
Upload the
spreadsheet
Select
relevant tabs
Create the
project

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Map your data to appropriate RDF classes &
properties (model your data)
Slide 48
3
Define a skeleton to
transform your
spreadsheet data to
RDF

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Export your data to RDF/XML or Turtle
Slide 49
4

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The LOD2 Stack
tools for publishing and querying LOGD
Slide 50

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Publishing your data with the LOD2 Stack
“The LOD2 stack is an
integrated distribution of
aligned tools which support
the lifecycle of Linked (Open)
Data from extraction,
authoring/creation over
enrichment, interlinking,
fusing to visualization and
maintenance. The stack
comprises tools from the
LOD2 partners and third
parties.”
Slide 51
Source: [http://stack.lod2.eu/]

DATASUPPORTOPEN
Silk – A tool for linking your data
“The Silk framework is a tool for discovering relationships between
data items within different Linked Data sources.
Data publishers can use Silk to set RDF links from their data sources
to other data sources on the Web.”
For download and more information:
http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/silk
Slide 52

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Conclusions
• The LOGD and metadata lifecycle should address both the supply and
demand side.
• Choosing on which data and metadata to open up means taking into account
different dimensions.
• Modelling is about getting the data and metadata structured and reaching an
appropriate quality level.
• Publishing is about making the data and metadata public, easily accessible
and searchable.
• Data and metadata management should ensure that processes and policies
are in place to govern the lifecycle of data and metadata.
• The data publisher should provide means to receive feedback from the data
reuser – sensing demand and crowd sourcing quality.
• Several tools are available for modelling and publishing LOGD –few are at
production-level quality.
Slide 53

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Group questions
Slide 54
Do you have any data and/or metadata governance
methodology at the corporate level?
Is there supply and demand for (Linked) Open Government
Data in your country? If so, who provides what to whom?
In your opinion, what are the main obstacles to the provision
of (Linked) Open Government Data in your country?
http://www.visualpharm.com
Take also the online test here!

DATASUPPORTOPEN
Thank you!
...and now YOUR questions?
Slide 55

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References
Slide 5:
• GLD Life cycle. W3C. http://www.w3.org/2011/gld/wiki/GLD_Life_cycle
Slide 8:
• Linked Data Cookbook. W3C.
Slide 14:
• United Nations Statistics Division. COFOG (Classification of the Functions of
Government). http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=4
Slide 21:
• Characterization Study of the Infomediary Sector - 2012 Edition. Datos.gob.es.
http://datos.gob.es/datos/sites/default/files/files/Estudio_infomediario/121001
%20RED%20007%20Final%20Report_2012%20Edition_vF_en.pdf
Slide 21:
• http://data.gov.uk/data
• http://publicdata.eu/
• http://open-data.europa.eu/en/data/dataset
Slide 21:
• http://data.gov.uk/data/site-usage/publisher?month=
• http://data.gov.uk/data/site-usage/dataset
Slide 24-25:
• Cookbook for translating Data Models to RDF Schemas. IAS Programme.
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/cookbook-translating-
data-models-rdf-schemas
Slide 26:
• ADMS Brochure. ISA Programme.
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/elibrary/document/adms-brochure
Slide 27:
• http://lov.okfn.org/
Slide 29:
• DCAT application profile for data portals in Europe. ISA Programme.
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/asset/dcat_application_profile/description
Slide 31:
• 10 Rules for Persistent URIs. ISA Programme.
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/10-rules-persistent-
uris
Slide 32-33:
• Licensing Open Data: A Practical Guide. Naomi Korn and Professor Charles
Oppenheim.
http://discovery.ac.uk/files/pdf/Licensing_Open_Data_A_Practical_Guide.pdf
Slide 51:
• Announcement of intermediate LOD2 Stack release, March 2012. Martin
Kaltenboeck. http://lod2.eu/BlogPost/1034-announcement-of-intermediate-
lod2-stack-release-march-2012.html
Slide 52:
• Silk - A Link Discovery Framework for the Web of Data. University of Mannheim.
http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/silk/
Slide 56

DATASUPPORTOPEN
Further reading (1/2)
Linked Data Cookbook. W3C.
Cookbook for translating Data Models to RDF Schemas. ISA
Programme.
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/cookbook-
translating-data-models-rdf-schemas
Publishing Open Government Data. Daniel Bennett & Adam Harvey.
http://www.w3.org/TR/gov-data/
N. Korn & C. Oppenheim, Licensing Open Data: A Practical Guide.
http://discovery.ac.uk/files/pdf/Licensing_Open_Data_A_Practical_
Guide.pdf
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DATASUPPORTOPEN
Further reading (2/2)
Linked Open Data: The Essentials. Florian Bauer, Martin Kaltenböck.
http://www.semantic-web.at/LOD-TheEssentials.pdf
Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space. Tom Heath
and Christian Bizer.
http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/
Linked Open Government Data. Li Ding Qualcomm, Vassilios
Peristeras and Michael Hausenblas.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6237454
EUCLID - Course 1: Introduction and Application Scenarios
http://www.euclid-project.eu/modules/course1
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DATASUPPORTOPEN
Related projects and initiatives (1)
LOD2 Technology Stack, http://stack.lod2.eu/
Open Data Publishing Pipeline DERI,
http://sw.deri.ie/content/odpp
W3C Linked Data Cookbook,
Cookbook for translating Data Models to RDF Schemas,
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/semic/document/cookb
ook-translating-data-models-rdf-schemas
Slide 59

DATASUPPORTOPEN
Related projects and initiatives (2)
EUCLID FP7 Project, http://projecteuclid.org/
LOD Around The Clock FP7 project, http://latc-project.eu/
Generic Statistical Business Process Model,
http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/display/GSBPM/Generic+St
atistical+Business+Process+Model+Paper
Slide 60

DATASUPPORTOPEN
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The linked open government data and metadata lifecycle

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