MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION MUMBAI
A
PROJECT REPORT ON
“Introduction of Operating System
and Calculate WT and TAT Using
FCFS and Priority Scheduling”
UNDER THE GUIDANCE
OF
Mrs. M. P. Patil

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DR. D.Y. PATIL POLYTECHNIC,
KASABA BAWADA, KOLHAPUR
SEMESTER – V
YEAR: - 2019-20
SUBMITTED BY: -
Name Roll No
Misbah Sharif Naik 3117

Sakshi Sachin Patil 3116

Vaishnavi Prabhakar Mane 3127

1
 Certificate
This Is To Certify That Mr. /Ms.

Name Roll No
Misbah Sharif Naik 3117
Sakshi Sachin Patil 3116
Vaishnavi Prabhakar Mane 3127

of 5th Semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering Of

Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Polytechnic (Code: 0539) Has Completed the Micro

Project Satisfactorily In Subject – Operating System for the Academic

Year 2019-2020 As Prescribed In the Curriculum.

Place: Kolhapur Date: 09-10-2019

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is being a result of patients, hard work and mutual understanding it is our great
pleasure to represent this project on “Introduction of Operating System and
Calculate WT and TAT Using FCFS and Priority Scheduling”

Everything needs some where to fall back upon sometimes. And we are not an
exception. The completion of this project is the result of immense, heartfelt advice and
suggestions from various people in various fields no matter how small they might
seem to be.

We would first like to thank our guide MRS. M. P. Patil without whom the completion
of this project would be nothing but a dream. Their suggestions, advice and wonderful
ideas had never failed to add some color to this project.

Explicitly speaking, each and every teacher in computer engineering department in dr.
D. Y. Patil polytechnic aided none way or another in turning this project in to a reality.
Thought it may not be possible to mention each one of them by name, we still like to
thank the mall for their aids.

The patience, advice and encouragement of our classmates and our friends in
general had been too helpful to be neglected. Wondering what would happen
without them. We heartily like to express our gratitude to them too.

Well charity can also last at home sometimes. We would also like to thank one
another in our project group for this advice, hardworking patience and off course
precious idea.

Date: 09-10-2019

Place: Kolhapur.

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 INDEX

Sr. Page
Title
No. No.

1 AIM and Course Outcomes 5

2 Create a report containing details of different types of OS

• Batch OS 6
• Multiprogrammed OS
• Time Shared OS
• Multiprocessor OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Mobile OS
3 Describe general purpose utilities and also describe commands 13
related to process, file, directory, text and communication.
• General Purpose Utilities Commands
• Process Related Command
• File And Directory Manipulation Commands
• Directory Manipulation Commands
• Text Processing Commands
• Communication Related Commands
4 Numerical using FCFS and Priority Scheduling 24

4
1] AIM: Introduction of Operating System and Calculate WT and TAT using
FCFS and Priority Scheduling.

2] Course Outcomes

• Install Linux operating system and configure it.

• Use Operating System tools to perform various functions.
• Execute process commands for performing process management.
• Apply scheduling algorithms to calculate turnaround time and average waiting time.
• Calculate efficiency of different memory management techniques.
• Apply file management techniques.

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Assignment No 1: Create a report containing details of different
types of OS
A. Batch Operating System
B. Multi-Programmed OS
C. Time Shared OS
D. Multi-Process OS
E. Real Time OS
F. Distributed OS
G. Mobile OS
An Operating system may be viewed as a collection of software extensions of control for
and for providing environment for execution of programs. Other rely on Facilities provided by
the system to gain access to resources, as files and input/Example devices services of the
Operating System by means of calls The users acts as interface between the hardware of a
computer system.
A. Batch Operating System:
1. A Batch one in which are bounded together with the instructions necessary to allow them
to be process without disturbance job of similar nature can be together further increase
economics.
2. Batch processing have gather greater potential for resource utilization than simple serial
processing in computer serving multiple user common input devices here card-reader
and take drives the basic physical Layout of the memory of batch job, computer is shown
in figure.

6
B. Multi-Programming OS:

1. As illustrated by Figure 1.1, Concurrent execution of programs has a significant potential

for improving system is realized or at least exploited by a dash of operating system that
multiplex resources of Computer system among a multitude of active programs. Such
operating system usually have the prefix multi describe the chief characteristics and
functions of such system.
2. The term multiprogramming denotes operating system that in addition to supporting
multitasking provides sophisticated terms of memory protection and enforces
concurrency control when processes access shared I/O devices and files.
Multiprogramming operating system usually supports multiple users in which case they
are also called multi-user systems.
3. Multi User Operating systems provide facilities for maintenance of individual user
environments, require user authentication for security & accounting. In general
multiprogramming implies multitasking, but multitasking does not imply
multiprogramming.
Advantages of multiprogramming OS:
1) CPU is used most of time and never become idle
2) The system looks fast as all the tasks runs in parallel
3) Short time jobs are completed faster than long time jobs
4) Multiprogramming systems support multiple users
5) Resources are used nicely
6) Total read time taken to execute program/job decreases
7) Response time is shorter
8) In Some application multiple tasks are running & multiprogramming Systems better
handle these type of applications

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Disadvantages of multiprogramming OS:
1) It's difficult to program a system because of complicated schedule handling
2) Tracking all tasks processes is sometimes difficult to handling
3) Due to high End of tasks long time jobs have to wait long
C. Time Shared Operating System:
1. Time-sharing is a popular representative of multi-programmed multi user systems. In
addition to general program - development environments, many large computer aided
design (CAD) & text processing system belong to this category
2. A One of the primary objectives of multi user systems in general, and time sharing in
particular is good terminal Response time giving the illusion to each user of having a
machine to one self-time sharing systems often attempt to provide equitable sharing of
common resources for example, when the system is loaded, users with more demanding
processing requirements are made to wait longer.
3. This philosophy is reflected in the choice of scheduling algorithm Most time sharing
systems use time-sharing slicing Round -robin) scheduling In this approach programs are
executed with matting priority that increases during waiting and drops after the service is
granted
4. Memory management in time - sharing systems provides for isolation and protection of
cores ident programs being executed on behalf of different users programs in time-
sharing systems generally do not have much need to communicate with each other
Advantages of Time-sharing:
1) In time sharing systems all the tasks are given specific time and task switching time is
very less applications don't get interrupted by it many applications can run at the same
time you can also user time sharing in batch systems if appropriate which increases
performance.
2) Time sharing systems is better way to run a business having. Lot of tasks to be done and
no task get interrupted by the system. Each task and cache user get its time the tasks
which are near to end get more attention so that new tasks can get time.
Disadvantages of Time sharing OS:
1) The big disadvantages of time sharing systems is that if consumes much resources wait
need special Operating Systems.
2) Switching between tasks between becomes sometimes sophisticated as there are lot of
users and applications running which may hang up the system. So the timesharing
systems should have high specifications of hardware.

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D. Multiprocessor Operating system:
1. It means more than one processor in close communication on all the processor share
common bus dock memory and peripheral devices multiprocessor system is also called
parallel system.
2. Multiprocessor operating system refers to the use of two or more central Processing units
(CPU) with in a single computer system. These multiple CPU’s are in a close
communication sharing the computer bus, memory other peripheral devices these systems
are referred tightly coupled system. These types of systems are used when very high
speed is required to process large volume of data these systems are generally used in
environment like satellite control weather forecasting etc. The basic organization of
multiprocessor system is shown in fig:

3. Multiprocessing system is based on the symmetric multiprocessing model in which each

processor runs an identical copy of Operating system and these copies communicate with
each other.
Advantages of Multiprocessor OS:
1) Increased Throughput - By increasing the number of processors, more work can be
completed in a unit time
2) Cost saving - Parallel system shares the memory, buses peripherals, etc. Multiprocessor
system thus dues money as compared to multiple signal single systems also if a number
of programs are to operate on the same data, it is cheaper to store that data on one single
disk and shared by all processor instead of using many copies of the same data
3) Increased Reliability - In this system as the workloads distributed among several
processors which results in increased reliability.
4)

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Disadvantages of Multiprocessing OS:
1) Increased Expense Even though multiprocessor systems are cheaper in the long run than
using multiple Computer Systems still they are quite expensive
2) Complicated Operating System Required - There are multiple processors in a
multiprocessing system that share peripherals memory, etc.
3) Large main memory required - All the processor in the multiprocessor system share the
memory so a much larger pool of memory is required as compared to single processor
systems.
E. Real Time Operating System-
1. Real-time operating systems are used in environments where a large number of events
mostly external to the computer system must be accepted and processed in a short time or
within certain deadlines such applications include industrial control telephone switching
equipment, Sight control and real-time simulation military applications objective of real-
time system is to prelude quick
2. A primary event-response times, and thus meet the scheduling, deadlines user
convenience, and resources utilization rate of secondary concern to real-time system
designers Tt is not uncommon for a real-time system to be expected to process bursts of
thousands of interrupts per second without missing a single event
3. Explicit programmer -defined and controlled processes are commonly encountered in
real-time systems, basically a separate process is charged with handling a single external
event. The process is activated upon currency of related event Memory management in
real-time systems is comparatively demanding than in at her types of multiprogramming
systems The primary reasons for this is that many processes permanently reside in
memory in order to provide quick response time
4. Time-critical device management is one of the main characteristics CS of real-time
system. In addition to providing sophisticated forms of interrupt management & I/O
buffering, real-time OS often provide system calls to all user processes (program to
connect themselves to interrupt vector and to service event directly
The primary objective of file management in real-time system is usually speed of access
rather than efficient utilization of secondary storage.
Advantages of Real-time OS:
1) Maximum Consumption RTOS give maximum consumption t the system and gives us
more Example while using all the resources and keeping all deuces active. There I little
or no down time in these systems so can be also using by the Servers that are hosted to
give maximum Example of hosting companies
2) Task shifting - There is very little time assigned to shifting tasks in these systems for
example in order systems it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting one stock to another
and in a test systems it takes 3 microseconds.
3) Focus on Application - These type of Operating system focus on applications which are
running and usually gives less importance to other application residing in working stage

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 of life cycle Sales application at risks are managed give exact result on current execution
2016
Disadvantages of Real-Time OS:
1) Limited Tasks There are only limited tasks run at the One time and the concentration of
these systems are on few application to avoid ants and other task have to wait Sometimes
there is no time limit of how much the waiting task have to wait.
2) Use beauty system resources - RIOS used lots of system resources which is not as good
and is also expensive.
3) Thread priority - Thread priority is not good as RTOS do a less stitching of tasks.
F. Distributed Operating System:
1. A distributed computer system is a collection of autonomous computer systems capable
of communication and operation via their hardware and software interconnection
Historically distributed computer systems applied from computer networks in which a
number of likely independent hosts are connected by communication links and protocols
2. A distributed operating system gains the operation of a distributed computer system and
provides a virtual machine abstraction to its users The key conjecture of a distributed
operating system trans patent Really Component and resource distribution should be
hidden from users and application on programs unless they explicitly demand otherwise.
3. Distributed operating system usually provide the means for system-wide sharing of
resources as computational capacity Files and Two devices addition to typical services
provided at each node for the benefit of local clients a distributed operating system may
facilitate access to remote resources communication with remote processes
4. The added necessary for pooling of shared system resources include global naming
distributed file system and facilities for distribution of computation such process
communication remote procedure calls.
Advantages of distributed OS:
1) Give more performance than single system.
2) If one pa in distributed system malfunction or corrupts then other node or pc will take
care of.
3) Marine resources can be added easily.
4) Resources like printers can be shared on multiple Pc’s.
Disadvantages of Distributed OS:
1) Security problems due to sharing.
2) Some massage can be lost in the network system.
3) Bandwidth is another problem if there is large data then all network wires to be replaced,
Which tends to become expensive.
4) Overloading is another problem in distributed Operating system.
5) If there is a database connected on local system and many user accessing the database.

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G. Mobile Operating system
1. A mobile Operating System Cos) is software that allows smartphones, tablet pcs and
other devices to run application and programs A mobile OS typically starts up when a
device powers on, presenting a screen with icons or tiles that present information and
provide application access
2. Mobile operating systems also manages cellular and wireless network connectivity as
well as phone access
3. Examples of mobile device operating system inside Apple iOS, Google Android
Research in Motion, blackberry OS, Nokia's Symbian Hewlett Packard's web OS
Formerly palm OS) and Microsoft windows phone OS. Some, such as. Microsoft's
windows 8 function as both a traditional desktop OS and a mobile Operating System.
Advantages of Mobile OS:
1) Full access to the device in software and hardware.
2) Enhanced user experience.
3) Vision from app stores and integration with wearables.
Disadvantages of Mobile OS:
1) Different programming language skill depending on Operating system.
2) High costs and lengthy development periods.
3) No SEO, could not have good positioning in google search in case of lacking optimized
web for mobile.

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Assignment No. 2: Describe general purpose utilities and also describe
commands related to process, file, directory, text and communication.

1. General Purpose Utilities Commands:

1) $cal: command to use calendar for any specific month or a complete year.
Syntax: cal [(month) year]
i. $cal april 2009: Displays the month of year calendar (Specific).
Example:

ii. $cal -3: Displays the previous, next & current month surrounding today.
Example:

2) $date: It displays system date and time.

i. $date “+%y”: Displays year in 2 digit form.
Example:

ii. $date “+%b”: Displays month abbreviation.

Example:

iii. $date “+%m”: Displays month in digit from 01 to 12.

Example:

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 iv. $date “+%d”: Displays of the month in digit from 01 to 31.
Example:

v. $date “+%j”: Displays the day of the year in digit from 01 to 366.
Example:

3) $clear: This command is used to clear the screen.

Syntax: $clear
4) $banner: Displays an argument as a poster with maximum of ten characters per line
Syntax: $banner Sting
i. $banner GOOD
Example:

5) $tty: This command displays name of the terminal.

Syntax: $tty
Example:

6) $echo: Prints the message on the terminal.

Syntax: $echo
i. $echo WELCOME TO THE WORKSHOP
Example:

7) calculator: Text loosed calculator

Syntax: $bc
Example:

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8) password: command allows you to change your password
Syntax: $passwd
Example:

9) $man: Displays the documentation with command man works as help command.
Syntax: $man commandname
Example:

10) $script: it records login session.

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2. Process Related Command:
1) $ps: Displays the character of process(i. E., terminal number, time required, PID no
and command name)
i. $ps –f: Full listing showing PPID of each process
Example:

ii. $ps –u: Username: Displays processes of user “username”

Example:

iii. $ps –a: Process of all users

Example:

iv. $ps –e: Processes including user and system process.

Example:

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2) $wait: Waits until all background process are completed and exits.
3) $sleep: Used to executed command after certain amount of time by sleeping for given
time.
4) $exit: Used to exit the exit the shell.
5) $kill: Used to stop execution of particular process by sending an interrupt to the
process.
i. $kill 0: kills all process on terminal except the login shell by special argument
‘0’.
ii. $kill 120 1609 1636: Kills three process with pid 1201609 1636.
iii. $kill –g 0: Kills all process including login shell.
iv. $kill –g $$: kills login shell.

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3. File and Directory manipulation commands:
1) $ls: It is used to lists files in the current working directory.
Syntax: $ls
Options:
i. $ls –a: list all files including hidden file starting with ‘.’.
Example:

ii. $ls –i: list file’s in index number.

Example:

iii. $ls –d: list directories with ‘*/’.

Example:

iv. $ls –l: list with long format show permission.

Example:

2) $rm: It is used to remove the file.

Syntax: $rm filename
3) $mv: It is used to remove a file from one location to another.
Syntax: mv [option] source destination
i. $mv –i (Interactive): The mv command with –I option ask for confirmation.
4) $cp: It is used to copies a file to destination file if the command contains two files
name, then it copies the contents of 1st file to 2nd file.
Syntax: $cp Sourcefile Destinationfile

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5) $join: It is used for joining lines of two file on the basis of common field in each file
called as a key.
Syntax: $join [-t-o] file1 file2
Where,
-t: filed separator
-o: specify the column from each table that must be included.
Example:

6) $split: It is used to to split the large file into smaller file. Default size is 1000 lines per
file.
Syntax: $split –n filename tagname
Where,
-n: number of lines in each smaller file
-tagname: by default the split builds the o/p file named xaa, xab, xac,…..
7) $cat: It is used to create a file and displaying the contents of file/files.
Syntax: $cat> filename(to create file)
Example:

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4. Directory Manipulation Commands:
1) $mkdir: It is used to create a new directory in a current directory.
Syntax: $mkdir <directory name>
You can also create multiple directory in a single command
$mkdir <1st directory name> <2 nd directory name>
2) $cd: It is used to change directory.
Syntax: $cd <directory name>
Example:

3) $rmdir: It is used to delete/remove a directory.

Syntax: $rmdir <directory name>
4) $pwd: pwd stands for Present Working Directory. It is used to see the specific
directory on which the user is working on.
Syntax: $pwd
Example:

5) $dir: It is used to list all files and directories.

Syntax: $dir
Example:

6) $chmod: It is used t change or set three permission. I.e, read(4), write(2), execute(1)
for all the three categories of user. I.e, user(1st), group(2nd), others(3rd) & all
Syntax: $chmod <category> <operation> <permission> <filename>
Example:

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5. Text Processing Commands:
1) $tr: Is is an abbreviation of translate or transliterate, indicating. It’s operation of
replacing or removing specific character in it’s input data set.
Syntax: $tr [option] SET1 [SET2]
Options:
i. Convert Lowercase to Uppercase
Example:

2) $wc: It is used to find out number of lines, words and character in a file.
Syntax: $wc [-l –w –c] <filename>
Where,
-l: counts only number of lines
-w: counts only number of words
-c: counts only number of characters
Example:

3) $cut: It is used to copy the specified columns to the standard Example files. It is used
to cut portion of a file. It takes filename as command line argument or input from
standard input.
Syntax: $cut [-f/-a] [n1, n2] filename
Where,
N1, n2: Are field/character number
-f: Displays specified field. Also uses –d for separator
-c: Displays specified column character by character.
Example:

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4) $paste: This command is used to paste the content of one file in content of another
file horizontally(parallel merging)
Syntax: $paste [option]….[files]
Example:

5) $spell: It is used to check weather program which scans a txt file for misspelled
words and prints each misspelled word on its own line.
Syntax: $spell [options] [files]
6) $sort: It is used to sort the file. It can also be used to sort numerically.
Syntax: $sort
Options:
-o: write the Example to a newline
-n: sort a file numerically
-r: sort in reverse order
Example:

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6. Communication Related Commands:
1) $write: It is used to persuade the two way communication with any user who is
current logged in.
Syntax: $write /talk username<terminal
Talk command just like chat facility. It divides the screen into two partition and
provides two way online communication.
2) $mesg: It allows Or allows to accept any messages from any user
Syntax: $mesg [Y/N]
Y: Accept message on terminal.
N: Do not allow any message.
3) $news: It is invoked by the user any time after getting logged into the system to read
any current news sent by the system administrator. All users can create news items in
a file in the directory.
Syntax: $news
Options:
-s: Displays the count of unread messages.
-n: Displays the name of unread messages (i.e, filenames).
-a: Displays the contents of all news items read or unread.
4) $wall: It is used to send message to all the users currently logged in.
Syntax: $wall
5) $mail: It is used to send message even if the user is not logged in The message is
saved into the mailbox of the communicating user option.
Syntax: $mail
Option:
+: Displays text message.
-: Displays the previous message.
Q: Quits from mail.
!<cmd>: Runs UNIX command.
S<file>: current message is saved in the file with all headers.
W<file>: saves the message without header information.

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 Assignment No 3: Numerical
Question: Consider the following set of processes assumed to have arrived at time 0,in the
order P1,P2,P3,P4,P5 with the length of the CPU burst times given in milliseconds.
Find average waiting time and turnaround time using FCFS and priority scheduling.
Process Burst Time Priority
P1 10 3
P2 6 5
P3 2 2
P4 4 1
P5 8 4

• FCFS:-

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
0 10 16 18 24 30

Arrival Burst Completion TAT Response WT Throughput

Process
Time Time Time
P1 0 10 10 10 0 0
P2 0 6 16 16 10 10
5/30=0.166
P3 0 2 18 18 16 16
P4 0 4 22 22 18 18
P5 0 8 30 30 22 22

Answer:
Average Turnaround Time Is 19.2
Average Waiting Time Is 13.2

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 • Priority Scheduling

P2 P5 P1 P3 P4
0 6 14 24 26 30

Arrival Burst Priority Completion TAT WT Response Throughput

Process
Time Time Time
P1 0 10 3 24 24 14 14
P2 0 6 5 6 6 0 0
5/30=0.166
P3 0 2 2 26 26 24 24
P4 0 4 1 30 30 26 26
P5 0 8 4 14 14 6 6

Average Turnaround Time Is 20

Average Waiting Time Is 14

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