Introduction
Mobile/Introduhand phones are powerful communication devices, first demonstrated by
Motorola in 1973, and made commercially available from 1984. [1] In the last few years, hand
phones have become an integral part of our lives. The number of mobile cellular subscriptions is
constantly increasing every year. In 2016, there were more than seven billion users worldwide.
The percentage of internet usage also increased globally 7-fold from 6.5% to 43% between 2000
and 2015. The percentage of households with internet access also increased from 18% in 2005 to
46% in 2015. [2] Parlay, the addiction behavior to mobile phone is also increasing. In 2012, new
Time Mobility Poll reported that 84% people “couldn't go a single day without their mobile
devices.”[3] Around 206 published survey reports suggest that 50% of teens and 27% of parents
feel that they are addicted to mobiles.[4] The recent studies also reported the increase of mobile
phone dependence, and this could increase internet addiction.[5] Over usage of mobile phones
may cause psychological illness such as dry eyes, computer vision syndrome, weakness of thumb
and wrist, neck pain and rigidity, increased frequency of De Quatrain’s tenosynovitis, tactile
hallucinations, nomophobia, insecurity, delusions, auditory sleep disturbances, insomnia,
hallucinations, lower self-confidence, and mobile phone addiction disorders.[6] In animals,
chronic exposure to Wi-Fi radiation caused behavioral alterations, liver enzyme impairment,
pyknotic nucleus, and apoptosis in brain cortex.[7] Kesari et al. concluded that the mobile phone
radiation may increase the reactive oxygen species, which plays an important role in the
development of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.[8]
In recent years, most of the global populations (especially college and university students), use
smartphones, due to its wide range of applications. While beneficial in numerous ways,
smartphones have disadvantages such as reduction in work efficacy, personal attention social
nuisance, and psychological addiction. Currently, the addiction to smartphones among students is
24.8%–27.8%, and it is progressively increasing every year.[9] Mobile phone is becoming an
integral part to students with regard to managing critical situations and maintaining social
relationships.[10] This behavior may reduce thinking capabilities, affect cognitive functions, and
induce dependency. The signs of smartphone addiction are constantly checking the phone for no
reason, feeling anxious or restless without the phone, waking up in the middle of night to check
the mobile and communication updates, delay in professional performance as a result of
prolonged phone activities, and distracted with smartphone applications.[11]
Mobile phone is the most dominant portal of information and communication technology. A
mental impairment resulting from modern technology has come to the attention of sociologists,
psychologists, and scholars of education on mobile addiction.[12] Mobile phone addiction and
withdrawal from mobile network may increase anger, tension, depression, irritability, and
restlessness which may alter the physiological behavior and reduce work efficacy. Hence, the
present study was planned to study the addiction behavior of mobile phone usage using an online
survey.[ CITATION Int17 \l 1033 ]
The wireless technology was invented in the year 1880 by Alexander Graham Bell and Summer
Tainted when first time the photo phone was invented [1]. In the recent era, there are dissimilar
types of mobile phone devices which are utilized for communicating with each other. The mobile
telephone sets are also a part and parcel of everyday life all over the globe. The Wi-Fi devices
are connected to the exchange of information and data by using the mobile telephones. The Wi-
Fi devices also emit the radio waves. There are so many wireless devices like cell phones, tablet
PCs, audio players, digital cameras and the PC, all devices being used Wi-Fi. The mobile phone
devices are based IEEE standard 802.11.
The mobile radiations utilize the frequency range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which consists of
different wireless devices. For instance, a laptop is connected to the Wi-Fi and it is placed on
laps in the distance of 60 cm, it is very harmful [2]. With the rapid growth of mobile phone
device, the technology developed an alarming situation for the normal functioning of the
biological systems of the human body and lead to serious ailments such as: diseases of brain like
cancer, brain tumor, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and so on. Also the short term
effects (hormone disruption, sleep disruption, on cent ration, impairment of cognitive function,
behavior, attention) and long term effects (DNA damage, Male infertility) [3].
For children, the wireless devices are more serious because they have thinner bony skulls and
their neural systems are thin. The network developed during the installation of WLAN by using
the router, transmitter, receiver and the admission levels are solid and all the devices
communicate with each other through it. The mobile phone devices also communicate by
utilizing the electronic radiations which are more hazardous and cannot protect the human
physical structure [4].[ CITATION Abd16 \l 1033 ]
Theoretical Framework
Our results support some interesting implications, namely the predominant influence of enjoyment.
Concerning the degree of smartphone addiction, the positive effect evidenced on perceived
enjoyment is higher, compared to the effect on perceived usefulness and perceived security.
However, positive effects on perceived ease of use have not been confirmed. This is in accordance
with considerations by prior research, which also suggested that the relationship between
addiction and perceived ease of use may be weak (Turel et al. 2011). We follow the
argumentation that constant usage may lead to increased smartphone self-efficacy, decreasing at
the same time the importance of ease of use (Turel et al. 2011). This is again in line with our
findings on ease of use having small effects on behavioral usage intention. Concerning perceived
security, we cannot confirm any effects of perceived security on perceived usefulness in the
smartphone context, which contradicts findings in different IS contexts (Leavitt 2011). Security
awareness seems to be perceived as less of an issue in the mobile context (Mylonas et al. 2013).
Not surprisingly, the TAM based hypotheses were all confirmed. The most important variable
is perceived enjoyment, being influenced by the degree of addiction and influencing perceived
ease of use.[ CITATION Edw14 \l 1033 ]
Continued usage of technology is defined as the long-term usage of an innovation or information
Technology (Bhattacherjee, 2001; Premkumar and Bhattacherjee, 2008). Conceptually, this
Continuous usage would occur on a regular or ad hoc basis (Meister & Compeau, 2002). For
Example, users who habitually book hotels through online reservation web sites, but do not visit
These sites regularly, are still considered continuous users. This phenomenon can be regarded as
The post-acceptance stage in the innovation diffusion model, wherein users accept a technology,
Continue using it, and possibly even consider this usage as normal activity (Rogers, 1995; Cooper
And Zmud, 1990).
The concept of continued usage has been examined in such contexts as implementation (Zmud,
1983), system survival (Cooper, 1991), incorporation (Kwon & Zmud, 1987), routinization
(Cooper and Zmud, 1990), and infusion (Meister & Compeau, 2002; Bell, 2004) in the
Information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) implementation literature. These
Studies acknowledge the existence of a post-acceptance stage where using an IS technology or
Service transcends conscious behavior and becomes part of the user’s routine activity.
The main stream of research on the continued usage of technology relies on the cognitive
Dissonance theory, which states that if a person’s attitude and behavior are at odds (in a state of
Dissonance), then that person may change his or her attitude to reduce dissonance (Festinger,
1957). this theory is concerned with the degree to which relevant cognitive elements, such as
Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about the self and the environment, are compatible. In time, the
Cognitive dissonance theory evolved into the expectation-disconfirmation-satisfaction paradigm,
Which in turn gave rise to the expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) (Oliver, 1980;
Bhattacherjee, 2001). EDT was specifically designed to explain post-adoption behavior following
One’s first-hand experience with the target system. It is a process model that utilizes users’
Backward-looking perspectives or retrospective perceptions to explain their intentions and
Behaviors based on their initial expectations and their actual usage experience, which includes
Confirmation and satisfaction. Confirmation refers to a customer’s evaluation or judgment of the
Performance of a service or technology as compared to a pre-purchase comparison standard.
Moreover, user satisfaction is a pleasurable, positive emotional state resulting from a specific
Experience (Locke, 1976; Wixom and Todd, 2005). In this context, satisfaction is an affective
State representing an emotional reaction to the usage of a technology (Oliver, 1992; Spreng et al.,
1996).
EDT predicts that, in theory, continued usage intention depends on the degree of satisfaction and
Confirmation (Bhattacherjee, 2001; Lin et al., 2005). First, users form initial expectations of a
Specific service or technology prior to adoption, after which they compare their perceptions of its
Performance with their prior expectations and determine the extent to which their expectations
Were confirmed. They thus form a feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction based on the degree of
Their confirmation or disconfirmation. Finally, satisfied users form intentions to reuse the service
Or technology in the future (Anderson et al., 1994; Bearden et al., 1983; Churchill et al., 1982;
Fornell et al., 1984; Oliver, 1980; Oliver et al., 1981; Yi, 1990).
Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 21
Thus, EDT suggests that users’ continuance intention is determined by satisfaction. Igbaria, and
Tan (1997) similarly found that satisfaction is a major determinant of continued usage. Bokhari
(2005) performed a meta-analysis and empirically validated a positive relationship between
Satisfaction and system usage. Satisfaction may thus be a determining factor in the users
Intention to continue using a technology, due to the positive reinforcement of his or her attitude
Toward the technology. Therefore, we propose the following hypotheses:
H1. Confirmation has a positive influence on user satisfaction.
H2. Confirmation has a positive influence on CUI.
H3. User satisfaction has a positive influence on CUI.
As suggested by Ling & Yttri (2002), user satisfaction with a smart mobile device is influenced
By the device’s quality, which in turn, depends on its response time, ease of use (Swanson, 1974),
Accuracy, reliability, completeness, and flexibility (Hamilton and Chervany, 1981). Seddon
(1997) employed the IS Success Model (DeLone and McLean, 1992) and found that system
Quality is positively related to satisfaction (Dourish, 2001). The IS Literature (VanDyke et al,
1997) shows that system quality promotes user satisfaction in the marketing field (Collier and
Bienstock, 2006). Thus, we have the following hypotH4. The system quality of a smart mobile
device has a positive influence on the satisfaction of its
User.
H5. The system quality of a smart mobile device has a positive influence on its user’s CUI.
Kakihara and Sorensen (2002), Green (2002), Sorensen and Taitoon (2008), Boase and
Kobayashi (2008), Chatterjee et al., (2009), and LaRue et al., (2010) investigated mobility along
Four dimensions: spatial, temporal, contextual, and social fluidity. The current study investigates
The perceived performance of smart mobile devices in terms of these four dimensions and how
Their performance affects users’ confirmation and satisfaction of using a mobile device.
Spatial mobility denotes physical movement, which is the most immediate aspect of mobility
(Ling and Yttri, 2002). Spatial mobility refers not only to the extensive geographical movement
Of people, but also signifies the global flux of objects, symbols, and space itself, and as such
Evokes complex patterns of human interaction (Kakihara and Sørensen 2002). The rapid diffusion
Of ICT in general and mobile communication technologies—particularly smart mobile phones—
Has further energized human geographical movement, or nomadicity, in urban life, work
Environments, and many other societal milieus (Dahlbom, 2000; Chatterjee et al., 2009).
Furthermore, devices that combine a GPS sensor, Internet access via a 3G or 4G network, and a
Digital camera enable users to integrate spatiality into their daily lives (Egenhofer, 1998).
Location-aware applications, such as google maps, help users position where they are and identify
Nearby resources e.g. banks and restaurants. Thus, smart mobile devices are more likely to be
Used in situations where users experience a high degree of spatial mobility, and are likely to
Increase the satisfaction of these users. Therefore, we hypothesize that:
H6a: Spatial mobility has a positive influence on confirmation after usage of a smart mobile
Device.
H7a: Spatial mobility has a positive influence on user satisfaction after usage of a smart mobile
Device.
Temporal mobility denotes the flexibility of task scheduling and coordination under different
Situations (Ling and Yttri, 2002). Some studies (for example, Barley, 1988) suggest that changes
In work orders are enabled by information and communication technologies. Barley (1988)
Characterizes temporal mobility using the dichotomy of monochronicity and polychronicity.
Monochronicity refers to situations in which people seek to structure their activities and plan for
Events by allocating specific slots of time to each event’s occurrence, whereas polychronicityrefers
to situations in which people place less value on the divergence of structural and
Interpretive attributes of the temporal order.[ CITATION Vin \l 1033 ]
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Smartphones usage
Advantages of Smartphones usage
1. Connect to the world
Mobile phones technology made and still makes the world a small village. With one of
them in your pocket, as long as it is on, you can connect with friends, family or even
make new friends around the globe. Thanks to calling ability, texting, video calls, chats,
and the event full social media, you will remain connected as long as you wish.
2. Entertainment
From the most known Nokia Snake game to the newest fun games, it is almost
impossible to get bored while you have a mobile phone in your pocket. There are many
crossword puzzle games to keep you busy entertained in addition to thousands of online
and offline games applications. Additionally, kids have the opportunity to enjoy cartoons
and games on these mobile devices.
3. Safety
Regarding the case of the advantages and downsides of using a mobile phone,
advantages accrued from having a phone go much behold the intentional ones. When
traveling or going for a hike, your mobile phone offers entertainment and company. But
think of it as a safety gadget. When you forget your direction back home or even get
hijacked, a mobile phone GPRS can help you trace your way home or help authorities to
locate you respectively. Lastly, if any emergency situation happens like an accident or a
car breakdown, you can call for rescue or help.
4. Alarm and reminder
You can manage a to-do list using your mobile phones reminder option. Additionally, if
you are planning to wake up early in the morning, you can set the alarm with a volume
and notification sound of choice. This will help you wake up early enough and avoid
being later for your meeting, class or any scheduled activity.
5. Data transfer
At the current age, with a mobile phone, you do not have to send your credentials, video,
photos or even document through the post office anymore. With a few button presses or
screen touching, your data transfer will be sent and received within a few seconds across
the globe.
6. Various utilities
Your phone is not only a call, entertainment or data transfer gadget. There are other
utility tips of these devices. A mobile phone can act as a torch, a recording device, data
storage, calculator, calendar, camera, and many other utility features.
Disadvantages of smartphones usage
1. Interruptions
Mobile phones are a constant, always available, and real-time communication avenue.
Incoming calls, emails, texts or social media-related notification get into your phone a
few seconds after being sent. It is a convenient thing but how about all those ringing and
notifications when listening to a manager or CEO in a business meeting? That sound
does not interrupt you alone but also the speaker and other members in the room. It does
not end there; mobile phone interruptions happen at weddings, family gatherings, movie
theatres or offices. It is not only an annoying but also a frustrating happening.
2. Distraction
How could distraction to not be among the bads of using a mobile phone? By mobile
phones creating a real-time communication avenue, the compelling feeling to make calls,
text or even video calls while driving or working is very distracting. This does not only
come as a detrimental effect on work or class productivity. The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) say every day close to nine people die in road accidents
caused by a mobile phone-distracted driver.
3. Isolation
It's true mobile phones make people connected and the world a small village. But if not
used carefully, it can isolate you from family and people around you. One of the typical
negative impacts is where you meet a group of youths seated around a coffee table but
not talking to each other; all are glued to their cell or smartphone screens. Additionally,
if a teenager or a partner is too much into their mobile phone, this can hurt their
relationship with the family or partner respectively.
4. Health problems
Late night chats and mobile phone games playing on bright screen results to eye
problems. On a different note, network waves can result in some skin cancers. If you
decide to scrutinize the bad effects of using a mobile phone, there are even more. Eye
cancer, sleeplessness which causes chronic fatigue during the day, and infertility related
to Wi-Fi connectivity are among the worries.
5. Loss of money
Being a mobile phone enthusiast, trend and fashion lover will leave you minus a
considerable amount of money maybe every three to six months. You want to have that
latest brand, that new and nice looking phone accessory; all result in debits to your
pocket. Not to forget airtime credit and internet charges every day. [ CITATION 6Ad19
\l 1033 ]
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