MODULE

GENDER
and SOCIETY

LANIE N. E. AVELINO, LPT, MA

EIMEE D. POTATO, EdD

GENDER AND SOCIETY

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 MODULE TWO

PRELIMINARIES

Module Title: Module Two - BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY

Course Title: Gender and Society

Course Number: GEE 102

Course Description:

This course Gender and Society is an initial attempt to consolidate the body of knowledge on sex,
gender and human sexuality as a social reality. While sex and anything related to it are usually
deemed as a controversial topic to discuss, our experience as helping professionals in various fields
has convinced us that there is a need to engage in discussions and conversations about human
sexuality and how societies view and make sense of it.

In the field of education, a robust understanding of gender issues and concerns provides an anchor in
making the classroom an inclusive one, with due appreciation of the diversity and individual
uniqueness of learners and everyone involved in the educative process. In the field of health, having
a clear gender lens allows us to design gender-responsive interventions that gear towards people’s
well-being. There can never be a genuine well-being if we set aside the gender and sexuality
dimensions of the human person. In the field of law, understanding gender and sexuality as an
essential component of human behavior and motivation helps us advocate for policies and programs
that promote and protect human rights and equity. Surely, a through appreciation of principles,
frameworks, and concepts in gender and sexuality is not limited to the aforementioned fields only,
but to any other fields of inquiry too, as you will see in this module.

Total Learning Time: 1 week

Pre-requisites: N/A

OVERVIEW

This course is divided into five units: (1) Gender and Sexuality as a Social Reality; (2) Biomedical
Perspective; (3) Psychosocial Perspective; (4) Political-Legal Perspective; and (5) Cross-Cutting
Issues. While this approach deserves a whole new tone on its own, in a nutshell, it focuses on the
interrelationship between the human person and the environment (biophysical and sociocultural). in
the context of gender and sexuality, we believe that to have a human ecological view is integral to
appreciate that human sexuality is an interaction among various components: (a) the biomedical
aspect such as anatomy and physiology of the human male and the human female, the process of
reproduction, and all other related topics; (b) the psychosocial aspect, such as the
affective/emotional, cognitive, behavioral experiences and manifestations of our human sexuality,
both as individual and as part of the group (e.g., family, community), and (c) the political-legal aspect
such as how human societies and laws position women, men, and LGBTQ+ in their policies and
programs for governance and nation building.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

This course/module made a concerted effort to achieve the following learning outcomes;

 Differentiate the female and male reproductive system;

 Understand the basis for physiologic processes in female and males;
 Define fertilization, conception and fertility;
 Explain how pregnancy occurs and its prevention;
 Identify the complications of early pregnancy in the growing adolescents;
 Identify the Important health habits for the developing adolescents;

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 Observe maintaining good hygiene;
 Know when to seek help from a health care professional;
 Understand the risky behaviors of growing adolescents;
 Identify trouble signs that can lead to risky behaviors and its complications; and
 Discuss how to avoid risky behaviors.
INDICATIVE CONTENT
CHAPTER 2 - BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY

Lesson 1. Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction

Lesson 2. The Process of Reproduction
Lesson 3. Sexual Health and Hygiene
Lesson 4. Risky Behaviors of Adolescents

DISSCUSSION
Lesson 1. Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction

Definition of Terms

Reproduction - process of producing offspring.

Genitals - External sex organs.
Primary Sex Characteristics - sex characteristics that are present at birth.
Secondary Sex Characteristics - sex characteristics that emerge during puberty.

INTRODUCTION

Human experiences various physical and emotional changes from childhood to adulthood. These are gradual and
progress at different ages and speed in different people. These stages are based on human growth and
development from childhood, adolescents adulthood and old age.

The adolescents stage of human development is characterized by dynamic changes in physical and behavioral
traits. Despite differences in physical appearance, the sexual organs of men and women arise from the same
structures and fulfill similar functions. Each person has a pair of gonads: ovaries are female gonads; testes are
male gonads. The gonads produce germ cells and sex hormones. The female germ cells are ova (egg) and the
male germ cells are sperm. Ova and sperm are the basic units of reproduction; their union can lead to creation of
a new life.

THE BIOLOGICAL FEMALE

Anatomy is the study of body structure in relation to body parts.

Physiology is branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (such as
organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved.

The female sexual anatomy is designed for the production and fertilization of ovum, as well as carrying and
delivering infant offspring. Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support
reproduction.

A. The female external genitalia consist of the following:

a) Vulva - all the external genital structures taken together;
b) Mons Veneris - pads of fatty tissues between pubic bone and skin;
c) Labia Majora - outer lips surrounding all the other structures;
d) Prepuce - clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris);
e) Clitoris - glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), the clitoris is particularly sensitive to stimulation;
f) Labia Minora - inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil glands, extensive blood
vessels, and nerve ending are located;
g) Vestibule - area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is highly sensitive with extensive
blood vessels and nerve endings;
h) Urethral Opening - end of tube connecting to bladder and used of urination;
i) Vaginal Opening - also called introitus; and
j) Perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus; distance is less in females than males.

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B. The female internal reproductive structures consist of the following as described below:
a) Vagina - collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward into body to cervix and
uterus. During arousal, it is engorged with blood. This aids its expansion and triggers the release of
lubricants from vaginal mucosa;
b) Cervix - small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix leading to interior of
uterus;
c) Uterus - womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried;
d) Fallopian tubes - carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where fertilization occurs; and
e) Ovaries - produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen influences female sex characteristics and
initiates menstrual cycle. Progesterone aids in regulation of menstrual cycle and promotes mature
development of uterine lining to allow for zygote implantation. Also produce ova, egg cells and bring
them to maturity. As many as 0ne million immature ova are present at birth, with about 400,000
surviving to puberty. Of these, only about 400-450 are typically brought to maturity and released into
the fallopian tubes.

Puberty - the menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females. The first period (episode) occurs
between 11-15 years of age referred to as menarche. Menstruation pertains to the sloughing off of the
uterine lining if conception has not occurred. It may last with 2-6 days which follows a cycle ranging from 24-42
days. Regardless of the length of the cycle, menstruation begins about 14 days after ovulation (plus or minus 1-2
days). the overall cycle is governed by the hypothalamus as it monitors hormone levels in the blood stream. It
involves changes in the endometrium in response to the fluctuating blood levels of ovarian hormones. There are
three phases as described and shown in the figure below.

1. Menstrual Phase - this occurs if the ovum is not fertilized and does not implant itself into the uterine lining.
The continued high levels of estrogen and progesterone causes the pituitary to stop releasing follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease causing the
endometrium to be sloughed off, and bleeding ensues. It is during this time that ovarian hormones are not at
their lowest levels.

2. Proliferative Phase - it occurs when the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH that
stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and causes ova to mature in the ovarian follicles. Endometrium is
repaired, thickens, and becomes well-vascularized in response to increasing levels of estrogen.

3. Secretory Phase - it occurs when the primary gland releases LH that causes the ovary to release a mature
ovum and causes the remaining portion of the follicle to develop into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum
then, produces progesterone. Endometrial glands begin to secrete nutrients, and lining becomes more vascular in
response to increasing level of progesterone.

Problems associated with menstruation include premenstrual syndrome (PMS, 80-95% of women experience),
dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation caused by over production of prostaglandins, causing the uterine muscles to
contract), and amenorrhea (disruption or absence of menstruation). All of these involve the fluctuation of
hormone levels associated with menstruation. At menopause (usually around age 45-50), a woman stops

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menstruating as ova are no longer brought to maturity. During the three to four years of this transition women
may experience hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances (resulting in fatigue, irritability, short term memory
loss, difficult concentrating), headaches, anxiety, depression, and difficulty of becoming sexuality aroused.

Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics Emerge after Puberty

1. Widening of hips and pelvis - accommodates giving birth, but also results in downward shift in center of
gravity.
2. Enlargement of breasts - at puberty, both the glandular and fatty tissues of the breasts develop considerably.
Differences in breast size between women are primarily due to differences in the amount of fatty tissue. It is also
not uncommon for one of a woman’s breast to be slightly larger than the other. The glandular tissue of the
breasts respond to sex hormones and the breasts are involved in a woman’s sexual arousal. The glandular tissue
produces milk toward the end of pregnancy and after childbirth in response to hormone levels.

More female characteristics:

 Generally shorter than men;
 Greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men;
 Two X chromosomes reduces expression of many sex-linked conditions; and
 Lower mortality rate at every age and longer projected lifespan than men.

THE BIOLOGICAL MALE

The male sexual anatomy is designed for the production and delivery of sperm for fertilization of the female’s
ovum. Puberty signals the final development of primary and accessory organs that support reproduction.

A. The male external genitalia consist of the following structures:

a) Prepuce - foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision;
b) Penis - glans (head), shaft, and root. The glans is particularly sensitive to stimulation. Running the
length of the penis is the urethra surrounded by the spongy body and two cylindrical chambers known
as the cavernous bodies. During arousal, these becomes engorged with blood, resulting in erection;
c) Corona - rim of glans where it arises from shaft;
d) Frenulum - thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis;
e) Scrotum - sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes;
f) Urethral Opening - found on head of penis, this is the end tube connected to bladder and used for
urination. It is also tube to which internal structures deliver semen by which male ejaculates; and
g) Perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is greater in males than
females.

B. The male internal reproductive organ:

a) Testes - produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which greatly influence male
development and drive sexual motivation; also produce sperms cells in virtually unlimited quantity
over the entire course of the lifespan;
b) Vas deferens - travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm;
c) Seminal vesicles - two glands that produce alkaline fluid rich in fructose sugar, comprising some 70%
of semen volume. Alkaline nature may stimulate sperm to start self - propulsion and sugar may
provide sperm nutrients. Ducts carry fluid and connect with vas deferens forming ejaculatory ducts;
d) Ejaculatory ducts - connect vas deferens to urethra

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 e) Prostate - gland producing alkaline secretions that account for about 30% of semen volume. Alkaline
nature may help counteract otherwise, acidic environment of urethra and vagina making them more
hospitable for sperm. Fluids passes through a series of ducts along wall of urethra; and
f) Urethra - tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to the opening of the
penis.

Male Hormones

The testosterone is the major male hormone produced mainly by the testes, but there are other glands called the
adrenal glands that also produce some testosterone. In case a man has lost his testes, these glands would
continue to produce testosterone to support the male physical appearance. Testosterone is responsible for the
growth and development of a boy during adolescence and for the development of sperm and secondary sexual
characteristics.
Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics Emerge after Puberty

1. No monthly cycle;
2. Elongation of vocal cords (lower voice)
3. Broader shoulder
4. Deeper chest cavity

More male characteristics:

 Generally taller and greater proportion of body weight composed of water;
 Proportionately larger heart and lungs, presumably to handle greater blood fluid volume;
 Exposure to greater levels of testosterone resulting in heavier body and facial hair, but also increased
frequency and degree of baldness; and
 Single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions such as colorblindness and hemophilia.

Lesson 2. The Process of Reproduction

Definition of Terms

Ovulation - the process when a mature ovum is released from the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube for
possible fertilization.
Fertilization - Union of the sperm and the ovum.
Pregnancy - the process when an offspring develops within the other’s womb.

INTRODUCTION

Although human beings are fully sexually differentiated at birth, the differences between males and females are
accentuated at puberty. This is when the reproductive system matures, secondary sexual characteristics develop,
and the bodies of males and females appear more distinctive.

Female puberty usually begins at about 8-13 years of age; the reproduction maturation of boys lags about two
years behind that of girls. The physical changes of female puberty include breast development, rounding of hips
and buttocks, growth of the hair inthe pubic region and the underarm, and the start of menstruation.

HOW DOES ONE OVULATE?

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The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of the menstrual cycle, the monthly ovulation cycle
that leads to menstruation (loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy. The
menstrual cycle is from the first day of a period until the day before the next period starts.

Normally, it has lasts around 28 days, on the average, but can be as short as 21 or as long as 40. Whatever the
length, ovulation will happen about10-16 days before the start of the next period.

HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR

For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm needs to meet up with egg. Pregnancy officially starts when fertilized egg
implants in the lining of the uterus. Pregnancy happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse. This is redundant so
it was it redacted.

Conception is the process that begins with fertilization of an egg by the sperm and ends with implantation.
When a male and female have a sexual intercourse, the penis fits into the woman’s vagina. Ejaculation or coming
releases the sperm via the penis into the vagina. The sperm swims through the females cervix, into the womb,
and finally into the fallopian tubes. Once the egg or ovum has been released into the fallopian tube, hundreds of
sperms swim up to reach it. Finally, the sperm penetrates the egg in the fallopian tube where fertilization takes
place and eventually, becomes an embryo. Once the embryo (fertilized egg) attaches to the inner lining of the
uterus (endothelium), a fetus develops within five to seven days from a ball of cells floating in the uterus, which
officially begins pregnancy.

A normal pregnancy lasts 37-42 weeks (9 months). This is measured from the first day of the last period.
Pregnancy is discussed in terms of trimesters (three-months period), since each trimester is very different from
the rest. After eight weeks, the embryo is officially referred to as fetus.

WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT TEENAGE PREGNANCY

Teenage pregnancy has a tremendous impact on the educational, social and economic lives of young people.
Early parenting reduces the likelihood that a young woman will complete high school and pursue the necessary
post-secondary education needed to complete in today’s economy. Although there is a decline in teenage
pregnancy rates it has been steady over the past two decades. Teens are still engaging in sexual activity and
teen girls are still getting pregnant.

Equipping the youth with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to protect themselves against unwanted
pregnancy and provide them access to reproductive healthcare are needed.

Chart for Contraception

Type of How it Works Effectiveness Benefits Instruction for Use Benefits other
Contraceptive than
Method Contraception
Male Condom: Rolled over the 80-85% Low cost, easily Do not use with oil-based Can be effective
Rubber sheath that fits penis accessible and lubricants such as in prevention of
over the penis reduces risk of creams and lotions STIs and
STDs/STIs. HIV/AIDS
Implantable Continuous Not known Continuous birth Implant of capsule in the None
Hormone Device: release of control for five upper arm; done by the
Continuous release of hormone years doctor
hormone
Calendar Method: Allows the Theoretically No cost and under Woman must keep track None
Woman predict the day woman to keep 85% but in the control of the with the help of a
of ovulation by keeping track of “safe” reality about woman calendar
a calendar of the days for sex 60%
length or each
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 menstrual cycle
Sterilization: Passageway for Theoretically Highly effective, Doctor performs an None
Vasectomy for males the sperm or 100% but permanent and one operation
and tubal ligation for egg is exceptions time expense
females surgically tied have been
known to take
place
Birth Control Pill: Alters natural Theoretically Low cost, easily Taken daily after None
Contains synthetic ovulation cycle 99-100%, but available and menstrual cycle begins
oestrogen women have controlled by the
conceived on woman
the “pill”
Birth Control Not known Given by the doctor None
Injection: Given in
the first days of
menstruation and then
every 2-3 months
Withdrawal: removal Prevents the Theoretically , No cost under the Dependent on the man None
of the penis from the semen from 85% but in control of man and
vagina before going into the reality about the woman
ejaculation vagina 70% involved
Intrauterine Device Inserted inside Theoretically Long-lasting and Inserted by the doctor in Nne
(IUD) the uterus by a 95-98% relatively the first few days of
doctor inexpensive menstruation; should be
examined every few
months

WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE GROWING ADOLESCENT

There are serious health risks associated with early pregnancy because young woman’s body is not mature
enough to handle bearing a child. When women is under 20, the pelvic area (bone surrounding the birth canal) is
still growing and may not be large enough to allow the baby to easily pass through the birth canal. This can
result in what is called “obstructed labor”. Obstructed labor is dangerous to both mother and child and requires
the help of trained medical professionals. Under the best circumstances, the young woman will have an
operation called a “Caesarean Section” in which a cut is made in the abdomen and the baby is removed directly
from the uterus. A major contributor to high maternal mortality rates is adolescent pregnancy. If a young woman
is not physically mature, the uterus may tear during the birth process, and she may die because of loss blood. If
she is lucky and survives during the delivery, she might face fistula due to prolonged labor. A baby’s head can
also tear the vagina causing a hole between the vagina and bladder or between the vagina and the rectum,
resulting in what is known as a fistula. Unless she has an operation to fix her problem, for the rest of her life, she
will not be able to hold her urine or feces and this will make her a social outcast.

In addition, younger women who become pregnant face a higher risk than older women in developing a number
of other complications. These complications can be any or a combination of the following manifestations:

 excessive vomiting
 severe anemia
 hypertension
 convulsions
 difficulty in breast feeding (if the girl is too young to produce milk)
 premature and low birth weight babies
 infection
 prolonged labor; and
 high maternal mortality or death

The risk of having serious complications during pregnancy or childbirth is much higher for girls in their early
teens than for older women. Ages 20-30 years are the safest period of women’s life for child bearing. The major
difference between girls in their early teens and older women is that girls aged 12-16 years are still growing. The
pelvis, or the bony birth canal, of a girl can we grow wider by as much as 20% between the time she begins
menstruating and the time she is 16 years old. This widening of the pelvis can make the crucial difference
between a safe delivery and obstructed labor.

It is not surprising, therefore, to find that obstructed labor, due to disproportion between the size of the infant’s
head and the mother’s pelvis, is most common among very young mothers. The consequences of such
obstructed labor may be due to numerous complications or lifetime crippling conditions of vesico-vaginal fistula.

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Lesson 3. Sexual Health and Hygiene

Definition of Terms

Health - a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
Hygiene - refers to the behaviors that can improve cleanliness and lead to good health, such as frequent hand
washing, face washing, and bathing with soap and water. Practicing personal hygiene etiquette is difficult,
especially in many areas of the world, due to lack of clean water and soap. Inappropriate washing of hands, face
and body can spread many diseases.
Sexual Health - refers to a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well being in relation to sexuality; it
is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful
approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual
experiences, free of coercion, discrimination, and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the
sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected, and fulfilled.
Reproductive Health - refers to the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of diseases or infirmity in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and
processes at all stages of life. It suggests that people with adequate reproductive health have a satisfying and
safe sexual life, can have children, and can make a choice as to whether they would like to have children and
when and how to have them

INTRODUCTION

Puberty causes all kinds of changes in the adolescent’s body. These bodily changes are normal part of
developing into an adult. There are instances when these changes can be a source of anxiety to the growing
teen. Does anyone not worry about smelly breath and underarms? This further puts personal hygiene and
healthy habits being important life skills for the teen.

OILY HAIR

The hormones that creates acne are the sane ones that can make you feel like you’re suddenly styling your hair
with a comb dipped in motor oil. Each strand of hair has its own sebaceous glands produce extra oil, it can make
your hair look too shiny, oily and greasy. Washing your hair everyday or every other day can help control oily
hair. Dozens of shampoos are available in drugstores and supermarkets for you too choose from. Most brands
are pretty similar, although, you might want to try one that specially formulated for oily hair. Use warm water
and a small amount of shampoo to work up a lather.

Do not scrub or rub too hard - this does not get rid of oil any better and can irritate your scalp or damaged your
hair. After you have rinsed, you can follow up with conditioner if you like. When you are styling your hair, pay
close attention to the products you use. Some styling gels or lotions can add extra grease to your hair, which
defeats the purpose of washing it in the first place! Look for formulas that say “greaseless” or oil free.

SWEAT and BODY ODOR

Perspiration, or sweat comes from sweat glands that you have always had in your body , but thanks to puberty,
these glands not only become more active than before, they also begin to secrete different chemicals into the
sweat that has a stronger smelling odor. You might notice this odor under your arms in your armpits. Your feet
and genitals might also have new smells.

The best way to keep clean is to bathe or shower every day using a mild soap and warm water. This will help
was away any bacteria that contributes to the smells. Wearing clean clothes, socks, and underwear each day can
also help you feel clean. If you sweat a lot, you might find that shirts, socks and underwear made from cotton or
other natural materials will help absorb sweat more effectively. If you are concerned about the way your
underarms smell, you can try using a deodorant or deodorant with antiperspirant.

Deodorants get rid of the sweat by covering it up and antiperspirants actually stop or dry up perspiration. They
come in sticks, roll-ons, gels, sprays and creams are available at any drugstore or supermarkets. All brands are
similar (ones that they say they are made for a man or for a woman are similar too, except for some perfumes
that are added). If you choose to use deodorants or antiperspirant, be sure to read directions. Some work better
if you use them at night, whereas others recommend that you put them on in the morning. But keep in mind
that some teens do not need deodorants or antiperspirant. So why use them if you do not have to? Deodorants
and antiperspirant commercials may try to convince you that you will find no date nor friends if you do not use
their product, but if you take daily baths or showers and wear clean clothes, you may be fine without them.

BODY HAIR

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Body hair in new places is something you can count on - again, they are hormones in action, you may want to
start shaving some places where body hair grows, but whether you do is up to you. Some guys who grow facial
hair like to let it develop into a mustache and beard. Some girls may decide to leave the hair on their legs and
under their arms as in. It is all up to you and what you feel comfortable with. If you do decide t shave, you have
a few different choices. You can use traditional razor with a shaving cream or gel or you can use an electric
razor.

Whether you are shaving your legs, armpits or face, go slowly. These are tricky areas of your body with lots of
curves and angles, and it is easy to cut yourself if you move too fast. An adult or older sibling can be a big help
when you are learning to shave. Do not be afraid to ask for tips. You might want to avoid shaving your pubic hair
because when it grows back in, the skin may be irritated and itchy.

DENTAL HYGIENE

Dentist say that the most important part of tooth care happens at home. Brushing and flossing properly, along
with regular dental check ups, can help prevent tooth decay and gum disease. To prevent cavities, you need to
remove plaque, the transparent layer of bacteria that coats the teeth. The best way to do this is by brushing
your teeth twice a day and flossing at least one a day. Brushing also stimulates the gums, which helps to keep
them healthy and prevent gum disease. Brushing and flossing are the most important things that you can do to
keep your teeth and gums healthy. Toothpastes contain abrasives, detergents and foaming agents. Fluoride, the
most common active ingredient in toothpaste, is what prevents cavities. So you should always be sure your
toothpaste contains fluoride.

If you have teeth that are sensitive to heat, cold, and pressure, you may want to try a special toothpaste for
sensitive teeth. However you will still need to talk to your dentist about your sensitive teeth to avoid serious
problem, such as cavity or nerve inflammation (irritation).

Tips on Proper Brushing

Dentist say that the minimum time you should spend brushing your teeth is two minutes twice a day. Here are
some tips on how to brush properly.

 Hold your brush at a 45 degree angle against your gumline. Gently brush from where the tooth and gum
meet to the chewing surface in short (about half-a-tooth-wide) strokes. Brushing too hard can cause
receding gums, tooth sensitivity, and, over time, loose teeth.
 Use the same method to brush all outside and inside surfaces of your teeth.
 To clean the chewing surfaces of your teeth, use short sweeping strokes, tipping the bristles into the pits
and crevices.
 To clean the inside surfaces of your top and bottom front teeth and gums, hold the brush almost vertical.
With back and forth motions, bring the front part of the brush over the teeth and gums.
 Using a forward-sweeping motion, gently brush your tongue and the roof of your mouth to remove the
decay-causing bacteria that exists in these places.
 The main reason to going to the dentist regularly - every six months - is prevention. The goal is to prevent
tooth decay, gum disease and other disorders that put the health of your teeth and mouth at risk.

Healthcare Check for the Female

The best time for a self-breast exam is about a week after the last day of your menstruation, when your breasts
are not tender and swollen. This should be done at the same time each month when you no longer have your
menstrual period.

Keeping the external female genitalia clean:

 Use soap and water to ash the external genitalia and your underarms everyday, especially during
menstruation.
 Use either a disposable pad made of cotton, which has a nylon base, or a clean piece of cloth to absorb
blood during menstruation.
 Properly dispose the pad after each use, or wash and dry the piece of cloth used as a menstrual pad before
reuse.
 Wash only the external genitalia. Do not try to clean the inside part of the vagina.
 While washing, wash starting from the vagina towards the anus. Do not wash from the anus towards
vagina. This will allow germs to enter the inner genitalia easily and cause infection.
 Be aware of abnormal fluids from your vagina. Do not confuse this with normal vagina fluids.
 If you see any changes in the vagina fluid - a change in color or odor, please see a health professional.

Healthcare Check for the Male

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 Keeping the external male genitalia clean:

 Wash the external genitalia at least daily with soap and water, as you wash the rest your body.
 Boys who are not circumcised need to pull back the foreskin and gently wash underneath it with clean
water.
 Be aware of any abnormal fluids coming from your penis. Do not confuse with the presence of normal
fluids.
 If you see any abnormal fluid or wound, please visit health professional.

Lesson 4. Risky Behaviors of Adolescents

Definition of Terms

Risk - the probability that a hazard in the environment can actually negatively affect the individual.
Risk taking - a behavior of doing something regardless of potential loss.

INTRODUCTION

Majority of the youth mature successfully through adolescence without apparent long term problems. All
adolescents should be considered at risk due to prevalence of risk behaviors, the inherent development needs
adolescents, and the various risk factors for their initiation and maintenance.

Risk taking is normal part of adolescent development. Risk taking is defined as participation in potentially health-
comprising activities with little understanding of, or in spite of an understanding of, the possible negative
consequences.

Adolescents experiment with new behaviors as they explore their emerging identity and independence. The
concept of risk has been established as characteristic that exposes adolescents to threats to their health and
well-being. Young people may be exposed to similar risks but respond differently. Some may not sustain any
physical or emotional damage while others may be affected for the rest of their lives. The challenge for health
providers is to distinguish between what may be normal exploratory behaviors and those that are health
comprising. Health behaviors in adolescence continue into adult life and will influence health and morbidity
throughout life. During adolescence, young people begin to explore alternative health behaviors including
smoking, drinking alcohol, drug use, sexual intimacy and violence. The department of Health, in its adolescent
and Youth Policy 2000, has identified the following health risks: substance use, premarital sex, early
childbearing, abortion, HIV/AIDS, violence, accidents, malnutrition and mental health.

Guidance of family is also important as the adolescent develops into a mature adult. Family Arrangement based
on the 2006 McCann Erickson Study, has noted that 53% of adolescents live with both parents, because of OFW
phenomenon, 5% live without mother, 20% live without father and 23% live without both parents.

Data on non-sexual behaviors where adolescents engaging in vices, such as smoking an alcohol drinking show
that the adolescent is the 4th highest in the country who are currently smoking (20.7%). The adolescent is
likewise, the 5th highest in the country who are currently drinking alcohol beverage (38.9%). More than 3 in 100
of adolescents have used drugs, below the national average, while greater than 8 in 100 have ever thought of
suicide. This has decreased from 2002 to 2013 compared to the general population . those who attempted
suicide decrease to 2.4% below the national average level.

Sex and media have been identified as key influences among adolescents engaging in high risk behaviors, as
shown in the studies in NCR and CALABARZON. 3 in 5 have watched X-rated movies and videos, the 4 th highest
in the country. 3 in 10 have sent or received sex videos through cellphones or internet, the 2 nd highest in the
country. 6 in 100 have engaged in phone sex, higher than the national average.

Identified Sexual Risks that were found among the Growing Filipino Adolescents

 One in three has sexual experience - they also engage in sex at younger ages: first sex for boys
(17.6%) years old while first sex for girls (18.1%) years old. One in fifty had sex before age 15 while 1 in 4
had sex before age 18. 7 in 10 had first premarital sex cases are unprotected against unintended pregnancy
and sexually-transmitted infections (STI) including HIV/AIDS. 1.2% have paid for sex and 1.3% have
received payment for sex, this is low but above the national average level; 6.7% have in engaged in casual
sex; 4.1% mostly males have fuck buddy (FUBU) experience; 6.3% have males having sex with males;
2.9% of married youth (including those in live-in) have engaged in extramarital sex.
 Giving birth at younger age - has also been evident in Filipino youth. Such that there is a marked
increase in teenage fertility in the past decade, 7.1% aged 15-19 are already mothers. The proportion of
women who begun childbearing increases with age 2.0% aged 16; 13.2% aged 19. Teenage fertility is the
lowest among all regions of the country.
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 Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections - like HIV and AIDS are increasing in the youth as of
2013, 87.7% have heard of HIV/AIDS with poor understanding and being the highest in the country noting
that 3 in 4 think that they would not get AIDS.
 Trouble signs among teens - sexual promiscuity, regular use of drug and alcohol, repeated violation of
the law or school regulation, running away more than once in three months, skipping school more than
once in three months, aggressive outbursts/impulsiveness, dark drawing or writings, deterioration in
hygiene, oppositional in behavior, refusal to work/non-compliance, chronic lateness, falling asleep in class,
changes in physical appearance, and excessive daydreaming.
 Harmful Practices - Culture and tradition play a significant role in shaping the way young people and
adolescents behave and lead their lives. However, young people have become victims of harmful traditional
practices, which affect their human reproductive rights. These may differ from place to place but primarily
affects women. Here are common drug abused by young people.
 Marijuana
 Mairungi
 Alcohol
 Cigarettes (tobacco, cigars)
 Cocaine
 Heroine
 Amphetamines
 Ecstasy
 Inhalants and solvents

Tips to avoid drugs:

 You do not need to take drugs to be liked by other people

 You do not need to take drugs to feel brave or courageous
 You do not need to take drugs to cope with sorrow or disappointments
 You have inside you the strength and inner resources to deal with any situation and any problem
 Whatever problem you are facing, there are other people available to help you. You can talk to afriend, a
teacher, a parent or a trusted person at your church.

ACTIVITY
Activity 1.
A. Name five physical changes that takes place in female during puberty.
B. Name five physical changes that takes place in male during puberty.
C. Draw a diagram of how pregnancy occur.

Activity 2.
A. Make a research on the advantages and disadvantages of contraception. Paste the results on a table as many
as you can. Then identify from the listed contraceptive which is the ideal one and why?
CONTRACEPTIVE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1
2
3
…
What is the ideal contraceptive? Why?

B. Essay: What do you often hear about sex? How to avoid the pressure to have sex?

Activity 3.
A. List down health and hygiene practices.
B. Present a visual representation on proper brushing and proper health care check for females.

Activity 4.
A. Tabulate the different kinds of drugs and the risks involved/ negative effect in using them.
B. Name at least three technology-based transaction of sex. Identify the reason why adolescents tend to engage
in these transaction.

EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT
Answer comprehensively:
1. What is puberty?
2. Why we need to study anatomy and physiology of reproduction?
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3. What can be done to prevent teenage pregnancy?
4. What is the meaning of a. fertilization? b. chromosome c. conception
5. What is importance of proper hygiene?
6. Why do we need seek advise from a professional health care?
7. Why growing adolescents are at risk?
8. Why risk taking is a normal part of adolescent development?
9. What is the role of culture in shaping the future life of growing adolescents?
10. How could you influence other people to avoid getting involved with drugs?

ADDITIONAL READINGS

* Human Sexuality
* Sexual and Reproductive Health Training for Young People
* Family Planning Association
* Defining Sexual Health
* Teens Health
* Life Planning Education: A youth Development Program
* Peer Education Training Manual on Adolescent Sexuality, Reproductive Health and Teen Pregnancy Prevention

REFERENCES

Gender and Society: A human Ecological Approach

Atty. Eric Paul D. Peralta
Nephtali Joel B. Botor
Dr. Teri Marie P. Laude

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