OPERATING SYSTEMS
Lecture slides are adapted/modified from slides provided by the textbook, Computer
Science: An Overview by J. Glenn Brookshear and Dennis Brylow
publisher Pearson
Contents
The History of Operating Systems
Operating System Architecture
Coordinating the Machine’s Activities
Handling Competition Among Processes
Security
2
Functions of Operating Systems
Oversee operation of computer
Store and retrieve files
Schedule programs for execution
Coordinate the execution of programs
3
Evolution of Shared Computing
Batch processing
Interactive processing
Requires real-time processing
Time-sharing/Multitasking
Implemented by Multiprogramming
Multiprocessor machines
Load balancing
Scaling
Embedded OS
4
5
6
Batch processing
7
Batch processing
8
Interactive processing
9
10
11
Multi tasking processing
P1 Run Wait Run Wait
Wait Run Wait Run Wait
P2
P3 Wait Run Wait Run Wait
P1, P2, P3 Run Run Run Wait Run Run Run Wait
12
Evolution of CPU Utilization
13
Basic functions of operating
systems
Five basic functions
Starts the computer
Manages
applications
Manages memory
Handles input and
output device
messages
Provides a user
interface for
communication
14
Types of Software
Application software
Performs specific tasks for users
System software
Provides infrastructure for application
software
Consists of operating system and utility
software
15
Software classification
16
System Software
Consists of all the programs that enable
the computer and its peripheral devices to
function smoothly
Divided into two main categories:
The operating system
System utilities (utility programs)
17
The Operating System
Operation system (OS)
Set of programs that coordinates:
Interactions of hardware components to each
other
Interaction between application software and
computer hardware
18
OPERATING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Operating System Components
User Interface: Communicates with users
Text based (Shell)
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Kernel: Performs basic required functions
File manager
Device drivers
Memory manager
Scheduler and dispatcher
20
User - User interface - Kernel
21
User interface
Types of user interfaces
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Menu-driven user interface
Command-line user interface
22
Kernel - File Manager
Directory (or Folder): A user-created
bundle of files and other directories
(subdirectories)
Directory Path: A sequence of directories
within directories
23
Kernel - File Manager
Searching for and managing files
File manager—utility software that organizes
and manages data
Copy files
Determine how and where files are stored
Delete files
Search utility—enables you to locate files
24
Kernel - Memory Manager
Allocates space in main memory
May create the illusion that the machine
has more memory than it actually does
(virtual memory) by playing a “shell
game” in which blocks of data (pages)
are shifted back and forth between main
memory and mass storage
25
Kernel - Memory Manager
Virtual memory—uses portion of hard disk to extend RAM
Pages—units of fixed size, contain program instructions and
data
When RAM is full, copies of pages are temporarily stored in a
swap file, a special hard disk file.
Transferring files between RAM and the hard disk—paging
Excessive paging—thrashing
Adding more RAM—best way to improve computer
performance:
Paging slows computer.
Accessing data from hard disk is slower than accessing from
RAM.
26
Kernel - Memory Manager
27
Kernel - Device drivers
Device drivers—enable communication
between computer and devices
Interrupts—signals created by input and
output devices
Notify the OS when actions are taken
Interrupt handlers (also called interrupt
service routines)—mini-programs that
immediately respond when an interrupt
occurs
28
Kernel - Device drivers
Interrupt vector table—holds responses from
multiple interrupts in RAM, where the OS
processes them in highest to lowest priority
order
Interrupt request (IRQ)—actual interrupting of
an event by an interrupt signal
29
GETTING IT STARTED
Bootstrapping
Boot loader: Program in ROM (example
of firmware)
Run by the CPU when power is turned on
Transfers operating system from mass
storage to main memory
Executes jump to operating system
Cold boot: Starting computer when it has not
yet been turned on
Warm boot: Restarting a computer that is
already on
31
The booting process
32
The booting process
The Six Steps of Booting a System
33
The booting process
Step 1: Activate the BIOS and Setup
Program
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) instructions
provide the computer with descriptions of the internal
equipment
BIOS is encoded on ROM (read-only memory)
Does not control external devices
Adjustable energy settings
Setup program
Includes settings that control computer hardware
Do not alter—making incorrect changes to a BIOS device
will cause the system not to boot
34
The booting process
BIOS Settings
Change the Boot Order
Load BIOS Setup Defaults
Remove a BIOS Password
Create a BIOS Password
Change the Date and Time
Change Floppy Drive Settings
Change Hard Drive Settings
Change CD/DVD/BD Drive Settings
View Amount of Memory Installed
Change the Boot Up NumLock Status
Enable or Disable the Computer Logo
Enable or Disable the Quick Power On Self Test (POST)
35
The booting process
Step 2: Initiate the Power-On Self-Test
Power-on self-test (POST)—to confirm that
both the computer and its peripheral devices
are working properly
If the POST fails:
A beep will sound.
An error message will appear on the monitor.
The computer will stop.
36
The booting process
Step 3: Load the Operating System
BIOS
Looks for the operating system
Loads the kernel into memory—the central part of
the operating system
The operating system loads the system
configuration information.
37
The booting process
Step 4: Configure the System
Operating system
Checks the registry
Database that stores information about software and
peripherals choices, for configuration information
Checks the configuration for drivers
Utility programs containing instructions for the proper
functioning of peripheral devices.
Automatically detects plug-and-play (PnP) devices
Checks for conflicts between devices
Installs and loads needed drivers
38
The booting process
Step 5: Load System Utilities
Antivirus software
Speaker volume control
Power management options
39
The booting process
Step 6: Authenticate a User
Verifies authorized users
Enter an authentication/login user name and
password
Profile—a record of a specific user’s preferences
for the desktop theme, icons, and menu styles
Account—for multiuser computer systems each
user has an account
Consists of user name, password, and storage space
Created by server/computer administrator
40
COORDINATING MACHINE’S
ACTIVITIES
Processes
Process: The activity of executing a
program
Process State: Current status of the
activity
Program counter
General purpose registers
Related portion of main memory
42
Process Administration
Scheduler: Adds new processes to the
process table and removes completed
processes from the process table
Dispatcher: Controls the allocation of
time slices to the processes in the
process table
The end of a time slice is signaled by an
interrupt.
43
Time-sharing
44
HANDLING COMPETITION FOR
RESOURCES
Handling Competition for
Resources
Semaphore: A “control flag”
Critical Region: A group of instructions
that should be executed by only one
process at a time
Mutual exclusion: Requirement for
proper implementation of a critical region
46
Deadlock
Processes block each other from
continuing
Conditions required for deadlock
1. Competition for non-sharable resources
2. Resources requested on a partial basis
3. An allocated resource can not be forcibly
retrieved
47
A deadlock resulting from competition
for nonshareable railroad intersections
48
Security
Attacks from outside
Problems
Insecure passwords
password cracker, network sniffer, Trojan horse
login
Sniffing software
spyware, sniffing software
Counter measures
Auditing software
49
Security
Attacks from within
Problem: Unruly processes
Counter measures: Control process activities
via privileged modes and privileged
instructions
50
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
51
Quiz
Which OS is not designed for
smartphones and PDAs?
A. Android
B. Mac OS
C. Symbian
D. Windows Mobile
52
Quiz
What utility program reduces a file size by
as much as 80 percent by substituting
short codes for lengthy data patterns?
A. Defragmentation
B. Compression
C. Interrupt
D. Cleanup
53
Quiz
Which of the following is an OS function?
A. Creating letters
B. Defragmenting a disk
C. Managing memory
D. Writing an e-mail
54
Quiz
Virtual memory is used when:
A. booting fails.
B. an IRQ conflict occurs.
C. RAM is full.
D. a power-on-self-test fails.
55
Quiz
Which test makes sure the computer and
its peripherals are working correctly
during the start-up process?
A. BIOS
B. Upgrade
C. ReadyBoost
D. POST
56
Quiz
Which of following are functions of the
operating system?
A. File management
B. CPU management
C. Task management
D. Booting
E. All of these
57
Quiz
Which of the following refers are
specialized software programs that allow
input and output devices to communicate
with the rest of the computer system?
A. Multitasking
B. Boot-disks
C. Utility programs
D. Device drivers
E. Service packs
58
Quiz
Which is the common consumer computer
interface used today?
A. command-line interface
B. graphical user interface
C. menu-driven interface
D. electronic user interface
E. biometric user interface
59
Quiz
Which type of software can you download
and duplicate without any restrictions
whatsoever and without fear of legal
prosecution?
A. commercial software
B. shareware
C. public-domain software
D. pirated software
E. rentalware
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