UNIT- I Poetry

1. Laurentian Shield

F.R.Scott ( 1899-1985)

Introduction:
F. R. Scott (Francis Reginald Scott) was a multifaceted Canadian figure—
a lawyer, poet, and constitutional scholar. His “Laurentian Shield” is a powerful
reflection on the Canadian landscape, particularly the Canadian Shield (also
known as the Laurentian Shield or Laurentian Plateau).
Summary:
The Laurentian Shield is a mysterious and quiet land, whether it’s
covered in snow or revealed in summer. It watches the sun but stays silent, as if
it has a message we can’t understand. The land feels cold and speechless, like
the Arctic, with no written history—a blank page. Yet, hidden within its lakes
are ancient songs, older than love, distant and hard to reach.
One day, the land will find its own way of speaking, creating a language
full of life and beauty—like poetry that blooms like flowers. At first, the land
speaks through simple, rough sounds—words tied to living here. Slowly, these
sounds form into a strong language, telling stories of how the land was used. It
started with fur hunters, followed by gold-seeking explorers, wanderers, and
workers. Then came big companies with machines, taking land and resources
for themselves. Modern planes fly over the icy landscape, linking distant places
and connecting the Arctic with the global future.
But deeper echoes come from the mines, where workers and mills speak
of survival. The land carries stories of human presence—stories that are still
unfolding. Soon, millions of people will come, shaping the land and its future,
transforming it for generations to come.
In this poem, Scott explores themes of language, history, exploitation, and
the powerful spirit of the Canadian landscape. He invites readers to reflect on
the hidden meaning within the land and how human actions will shape its
future.
Structure & Rhyme scheme:
 F. R. Scott’s poem “Laurentian Shield” is composed of four quatrains,
each containing four lines. The first stanza introduces the Canadian landscape.
The second stanza continues to describe the land. The third stanza delves into
the process of choosing language. The final stanza introduces historical and
industrial elements. The rhyme scheme in “Laurentian Shield” follows an
ABABCC pattern.
Literary Devices:
Imagery: The poem paints vivid images of the Canadian landscape, particularly
the Laurentian Shield. The land is described as “hidden in wonder and snow” or
“sudden with summer.”.
Metaphor: The Laurentian Shield itself serves as a metaphor for Canada.
Personification: The land is personified—it “waits” and “chooses its language.”
Symbolism: The “language of flesh and of roses” (italicized in the poem)
represents an ideal form of communication—
Irony: The poem explores the tension between progress and preservation. The
line “A language of flesh and of roses” hints at the irony that progress often
sacrifices the very beauty it seeks to enhance.
Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds in phrases like “Cabin
syllables” and “steel syntax” adds rhythm and emphasis.
Contrast: The poem contrasts the natural world with human intervention. It
juxtaposes the land’s ancient lakes and songs with the “long sentence of its
exploitation.”
Conclusion:
In the poem "Laurentian Shield," F.R. Scott envisions a land that, through
human toil and ingenuity, is slowly finding its voice. The ancient, silent expanse
transforms as settlers, miners, and workers bring new life and purpose to it. This
enduring land, once untouched and waiting, now speaks with the promise of a
vibrant future shaped by human hands.
Questions
Discuss the Symbolism of the Laurentian Shield / Explore the symbolic
significance of the Laurentian Shield in F. R. Scott’s poem. How does it
represent more than just a geographical feature? / Consider its historical,
cultural, and emotional connotations.
F. R. Scott’s poem “The Laurentian Shield” embodies a rich tapestry of
meaning:
Historical Resilience: The Laurentian Shield, a vast expanse of ancient rock,
has withstood the test of time. Its ruggedness symbolizes resilience and
endurance. Just as the land has endured geological forces over millions of years,
it reflects the endurance of Canadian history—the struggles, triumphs, and
resilience of its people.
Cultural Identity: The Shield is deeply ingrained in Canadian identity. It
represents the northern wilderness, the boreal forests, and the lakes that define
the country. Scott’s poem taps into this cultural identity, invoking a sense of
pride and connection. The Shield becomes a touchstone for Canadians, evoking
memories of exploration and settlement.
Emotional Reverence: Scott infuses the landscape with emotion. The Shield is
not merely a physical entity; it’s a canvas for human feelings. Readers feel a
sense of awe and reverence when contemplating the Shield’s vastness—the
same awe that ancient explorers and indigenous people must have experienced.
Mythical Dimensions: Beyond its geological reality, the Shield takes on
mythical dimensions. It becomes a sacred space, a repository of stories and
legends. Scott hints at this mythic quality, suggesting that the land
holds secrets and echoes of ancient voices. It’s a place where time folds in on
itself.
Environmental Concerns: Scott wrote during a time of growing environmental
awareness. The Shield serves as a warning against exploitation.
As a symbol, it urges us to protect our natural heritage. Scott’s words
resonate with contemporary debates about conservation and sustainable
development.
__________________________
Compare and Contrast the Land’s Mythical and Practical Aspects /How
does Scott navigate between the mythical reverence for the land and the
practical realities of ownership?
Mythical Aspects:
Ancient Origins: The Laurentian Shield, also known as the Canadian Shield, is
steeped in ancient geological history. It represents a primordial landscape,
untouched by the encroachments of the sea. In mythic terms, it is the Earth’s
greatest area of exposed Archean rock, bearing witness to eons of existence.
Symbolic Silence: Scott describes the Shield as “hidden in wonder and snow” or
“sudden with summer.” This silence, like a mythical secret, holds stories older
than love itself. The Shield stares at the sun, inarticulate and empty as paper, yet
resonating with songs in its lakes—songs that echo the mysteries of creation.
Imagery of Balance: The Shield’s imagery mirrors the cosmos: constellations,
heaven, earth, and seas. It symbolizes civilization, human knowledge, and the
delicate equilibrium between war and peace. The Shield becomes a cosmic
canvas, reflecting both the mundane and the divine.
Practical Aspects:
Geological Reality: The Canadian Shield is a vast region of Precambrian rock,
spanning eastern Canada, northeastern United States, and Greenland. Glaciation
has left it with a thin layer of soil, exposing igneous bedrock. Its volcanic
history is visible through these rocky outcrops.
Thin Soils and Uplifted Terrain: The Shield’s thin soils result from glacial
scraping, leaving behind a rugged landscape. Once towering peaks, it now
features rolling hills and monadnocks. Erosion over millions of years has
transformed its jagged mountains into the low relief we see today.
Ancient Core: The Shield forms the North American Craton, the ancient
geological core of the continent. It predates other landforms, remaining elevated
above sea level since time immemorial. Its metamorphic base rocks, shaped by
uplift and erosion, tell a geological saga.
In short, Scott’s poem weaves together the mythical and practical aspects
of the Laurentian Shield—a silent witness to cosmic forces and a rugged reality
shaped by time and ice.
______________________________
Explore the Poem’s Historical Context.
“Laurentian Shield.” poem was written by Frank Reginald Scott. It
provides insights into the impact of human activities on the Canadian landscape,
particularly within the context of the Laurentian Shield (also known as the
Canadian Shield).
Canadian Identity and Settler Perspectives:
F. R. Scott wrote this poem during a time when the collective
understanding of “Canadian identity” was predominantly shaped by French and
British settlers and their descendants. The poem reflects the settler experience
and their interactions with the land. However, it does not fully encompass the
diverse perspectives of indigenous peoples, whose deep connection to the land
predates European colonization.
The Laurentian Shield:
The Laurentian Shield is a vast geological formation covering parts of
Canada and the northern United States. It consists of ancient Precambrian rock,
shaped by glaciation and erosion over millions of years. Scott’s poem portrays
the Shield as a silent witness, hidden in wonder and snow, staring at the sun. Its
lakes hold ancient songs, older than love itself.
__________________________
Analyze the Theme of Human Impact on Nature. / In “Laurentian Shield,”
Scott addresses the tension between preserving natural beauty and
exploiting resources. /Discuss how the poem highlights human impact on
the environment. / What message does Scott convey about our
responsibility toward nature?
Themes in the Poem:
Human Impact: The poem contemplates the impact of human beings on the
natural environment. It acknowledges both exploitation (mining, settlement) and
progress (technological advancements).
Language and Transformation: The Shield waits to choose its language—a
metaphor for how humans shape their environment through words, actions, and
industry. The final line suggests that the “rock” of the land will turn into
“children,” symbolizing regeneration and hope.
Abstract Terms and Values:
The poem uses abstract terms such as “wonder,” “productivity,”
“exploitation,” and “emptiness.” These terms reflect the tension between
progress and preservation.
 The value of “progress” is multifaceted. While industrialization brings
prosperity, it also disrupts the natural balance. Scott leaves room for
interpretation—some elements of progress are negative (exploitation), while
others are positive (advancements).
Sensual Language and Imagery:
The phrase “A language of flesh and of roses,” set in italics, encapsulates
the sensual, “natural” language that poetry should ideally use. It connects the
physical world (flesh) with beauty (roses).
Scott invites readers to imagine a Canadian landscape that speaks this
language—a harmonious blend of human activity and nature.
Overall, “Laurentian Shield” invites reflection on our relationship with
the land, the impact of progress, and the need for balance. Scott’s poetic
exploration resonates beyond its historical context, urging us to consider our
responsibilities as stewards of the Earth.
____________________________
Consider F.R.Scott’s “Laurentian Shield” as a Canadian landscape poem.
Definition:
A Canadian landscape poem typically focuses on the natural features,
climate, and geographical characteristics of Canada, often reflecting the
vastness, beauty, and sometimes the harshness of the Canadian environment.
These poems often emphasize the connection between the land and its people,
as well as the historical and cultural significance of the landscape.
Characteristics of Canadian landscape poetry:
Vivid Imagery: Detailed descriptions of the natural world, capturing the beauty
and uniqueness of the Canadian landscape. Scott employs vivid descriptions of
the land: "Hidden in wonder and snow, or sudden with summer," capturing the
extreme seasonal changes. Phrases like "stares at the sun in a huge silence" and
"songs in its lakes" evoke the vast, silent, and untouched nature of the
landscape.
Sense of Place: A strong sense of location, often evoking a specific region or
feature of Canada. The poem centers on the Laurentian Shield, a significant
geological region in Canada, emphasizing its ancient and enduring presence:
"Older than love and lost in the miles."
Reflection on Nature and Humanity: An exploration of the relationship between
humans and their environment, sometimes highlighting the impact of human
activity on the land. The poem contrasts the natural, untouched state of the land
with the gradual and impactful encroachment of human activity: "Nouns of
settlement / Slowly forming, with steel syntax, / The long sentence of its
exploitation." It highlights the evolving interaction between humans and the
land, from the initial hunters to modern industrial exploitation.
Historical and Cultural References: Inclusion of historical events, cultural
practices, and the presence of Indigenous peoples. The poem alludes to
historical phases of interaction with the land: "The first cry was the hunter,
hungry for fur," "the bold commands of monopoly," and "the drone of the plane,
scouting the ice." It suggests a deeper cultural transformation that is taking
place through the labour of those who live and work on the land: "a deeper note
is sounding, heard in the mines, / The scattered camps and the mills, a language
of life."
Emotional Tone: The mood can range from awe and reverence to melancholy
and contemplation, often reflecting the poet’s personal connection to the land.
There is a sense of awe and reverence for the land's ancient and mysterious
nature, as well as a contemplative and somewhat melancholic reflection on the
changes brought by human exploitation. The poem ends on a hopeful note,
suggesting a future where the land is transformed and enriched by human
activity: "what will be written in the full culture of occupation? / Will come,
presently, tomorrow, / From millions whose hands can turn this rock into
children."
Conclusion:

Overall "Laurentian Shield" embodies the characteristics of a Canadian

landscape poem through its vivid depiction of the natural world, reflection on
the interaction between humans and the land, and evocation of a specific and
significant Canadian region.

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2. Peacock and Nightingale

Robert Finch (1900-1995)

Introduction:
Robert Finch was a Canadian poet and academic. He twice won Canada's
top literary honour, the Governor General's Award, for his poetry. "Peacock and
Nightingale," presents a dialogue, primarily one-sided, between a peacock and a
nightingale.
Summary:

The peacock boasts about its beautiful tail feathers. The eyespots on its
tail are mesmerizing. The peacock suggests that no other creature has such
captivating eyespots. The peacock addresses the nightingale, perhaps seeking
admiration. The peacock describes how its feathers shimmer in the sunlight.
They seem to dance and twist. The peacock challenges anyone to deny the
uniqueness of its colours. The peacock claims that its colours are unparalleled.
Anyone who sees the peacock’s display would be enchanted. The peacock
likens its feathers to precious gems. The colours are compared to rubies, topaz,
and sapphires. The peacock proudly displays its tail like a fan. The peacock
belittles the nightingale. The nightingale is out of place compared to the
peacock’s grandeur. The peacock tells the nightingale that it is just an outdated
bird compared to the peacock's beauty. The peacock advises the nightingale to
be smart. The peacock suggests the nightingale avoids looking at its tail. Now,
it’s the nightingale’s turn to speak.

Theme:
Contrasting Beauty and Expression:
The peacock symbolizes outward beauty, pride, and vanity with its
vibrant and colorful feathers. In contrast, the nightingale represents inner
beauty, creativity, and humility. Its song, heard at night, is considered one of
nature’s most beautiful sounds.
Superiority and Inferiority:
The poem critiques notions of superiority based on external appearances.
The peacock (colonizer) boasts, while the nightingale (colonized) silently
responds. It challenges societal norms and prejudices, emphasizing the value of
inner beauty2.
Postcolonial Interpretation:
 The peacock can be seen as a symbol of India’s colonial past, and the
nightingale as a symbol of India’s postcolonial present. The poem invites
reflection on power dynamics and subjugation.
In short, “Peacock and Nightingale” encourages us to look beyond
appearances and recognize the deeper beauty within.
Rhyme Scheme:
The rhyme scheme of each stanza is AAA BBB CCC DDD EEE.

Literary Devices:
Symbolism:
The peacock symbolizes outward beauty, pride, and vanity with its
vibrant and colorful feathers. The nightingale represents inner beauty,
creativity, and humility. Its song, often heard at night, is considered one of
nature’s most beautiful sounds. The poem contrasts the peacock’s boastful
speech and the nightingale’s silent reply, emphasizing that true worth lies not in
appearance but in action.
Allegory:
The poem can be interpreted as an allegory for colonialism. The peacock
(with its showy appearance) symbolizes the colonizers, while the nightingale
(with its beautiful song) represents the colonized.
_______________________________
Questions.
1.“Peacock and Nightingale”: A Postcolonial Exploration
Introduction:
Robert Finch’s poem “Peacock and Nightingale” invites readers to delve
into the complexities of identity, power dynamics, and cultural heritage.
Through vivid symbolism and allegory, Finch sheds light on the postcolonial
experience, particularly within the context of Canada’s history.
The Allegory of Beauty and Power:
 The poem introduces us to two distinct avian characters: the peacock and
the nightingale. Each embodies contrasting qualities:
Peacock (Colonizer):
The peacock flaunts its vibrant, iridescent feathers, symbolizing outward
beauty. Its eyespots, described as “look from my tail,” represent a display of
superiority. The peacock’s pride and vanity align with the colonizer’s self-
assured stance during the colonial era.
Nightingale (Colonized):
The nightingale, in contrast, lacks the peacock’s flamboyance. Its beauty
lies in its song, heard at night—a subtle, internal expression. The nightingale’s
humility and modesty parallel the colonized, whose worth was often overlooked
by the dominant culture.
The Power Imbalance:
The poem subtly critiques the power dynamics inherent in colonial
relationships:
The peacock’s boastful speech— “Confess that no one, no, no one / Has
ever seen such colour spun”—echoes the colonizer’s arrogance.
The nightingale’s silence in response highlights the marginalized voice,
suppressed by the dominant narrative. The peacock’s dismissal of the
nightingale as an “anachronism” reinforces the notion of superiority.
Postcolonial Identity and Hybridity:
Finch, a Canadian poet, weaves the theme of identity throughout the
poem:
Canada’s history is marked by colonial ties (British colonization) and
subsequent independence. The poem reflects this duality: the peacock (colonial
past) and the nightingale (postcolonial present). The nightingale’s struggle to
find its voice mirrors Canada’s quest for an authentic identity beyond colonial
influence.
Reclaiming History:
Finch encourages readers to reclaim their past:
 The nightingale’s plea— “Let me advise that you be wise, / Avoid the
vision of my eyes”—suggests caution. It implies that understanding history
requires critical awareness, not blind acceptance. Postcolonial theory
emphasizes the importance of acknowledging both the colonizer’s legacy and
the colonized’s resilience.
Conclusion:
“Peacock and Nightingale” serves as a poetic mirror, reflecting the
tensions between those who wielded power and those who silently resisted. As
we explore this postcolonial landscape, we recognize that true beauty lies not
only in external displays but also in the authentic voices that emerge from the
shadows. Finch’s poem invites us to listen—to the nightingale’s song, to our
own histories—and to challenge the narratives that once silenced us.
2.Discuss the contrast between the peacock’s external beauty (vibrant
feathers) and the nightingale’s internal beauty (expressed through song).
The contrasting beauty between the peacock and the nightingale:
The peacock’s vibrant feathers are a visual spectacle. “Look at the eyes
look from my tail!” The peacock here boasts about its mesmerizing tail feathers,
drawing attention to their vibrant colours. Its tail displays a mesmerizing array
of colours—blues, greens, and golds. These external features attract attention
and symbolize pride. The peacock’s feathers shimmer in the sunlight, creating a
dazzling display. The peacock claims that its colours are unparalleled,
emphasizing their visual impact.
The nightingale lacks the peacock’s flamboyance. The nightingale is
dismissed by the peacock, yet its true beauty lies in its song. It expresses beauty
through its song. The nightingale’s melodic notes evoke emotions and connect
with listeners.
The peacock’s beauty is outward, visible to all. The nightingale’s beauty
is inward, touching hearts silently. The poem suggests that true worth lies
beyond appearances—within the soul and its expressions.
Thus, the peacock dazzles the eyes, while the nightingale enchants the
heart with its hidden beauty.
____________________________
3. Like an Old Proud King in a Parable
Arthur James Marshall Smith (1902-1980)
Introduction:
Smith was a member of the Montreal Group of poets, which included
other notable figures like A. M. Klein and F. R. Scott. His poem “Like an Old
Proud King in a Parable “reflects Smith’s modernist sensibilities. This poem
appeared in McGill Fortnightly Review in the year 1926.
Summary:
A king is filled with bitterness. He is fed up with his flattering courtiers
and loving queen. So, he desires to leave behind his courtiers and queen. He
discards his symbolic regalia, the sceptre and crown. He thinks that the sceptre
is hollow, and the crown is only gilt material. So, he escapes the confines of his
kingdom. The king creates a meadow in a rocky, northern area. He constructs an
ethereal palace, impervious to intrusion. This palace holds his joyful heart. He
sleeps alone, pure, and happy. His only companion is his pride. He questions
who the bitter king is and says it’s not him. He asks God to let him die. He
wants to leave his indulgent royal life. He wants to be as free and pure as a
bridegroom with his bride. He wants Pride to be his only companion. He will
sing to the empty, harsh landscape. He will express his heart's challenging,
solitary feelings, just like an old proud king in a story.
Themes:
This poem beautifully captures themes of isolation, pride, and longing.

Structure:
The poem consists of a single stanza. In this case, the poet has chosen
a single-stanza format, allowing the poem’s message to be succinctly conveyed.
Literary Techniques:
Imagery:
The poem employs vivid imagery to evoke emotions and create a mental
picture for the reader. For instance, phrases like “hollow sceptre,” “gilt crown,”
and “meadow in the northern stone” paint a visual landscape of the king’s
transformation.
Metaphor:
The entire poem functions as a metaphor. The bitter king’s actions
symbolize rebellion against societal norms and a desire for solitude. The
“meadow in the northern stone” represents an unconventional refuge, and the
“palace of inviolable air” suggests an ethereal escape.
Parable:
The title itself hints at the parable form. Parables are short stories or
allegorical narratives that convey moral or spiritual lessons. The poem’s
structure mirrors this parable-like quality, emphasizing a timeless message.
Rhyme:
The poem does not strictly adhere to a specific rhyme scheme. Instead, it
relies on free verse, allowing the poet to focus on content rather than
conforming to a predetermined pattern. The absence of rhyme contributes to the
poem’s modern and contemplative tone.
Questions:
Discuss the Transformation of the Bitter King:
In A.J.M. Smith’s poem “Like an Old Proud King in a Parable,” we
encounter a bitter king who undergoes a profound transformation. At the outset,
the king wears the trappings of royalty—a “hollow sceptre” and a “gilt crown.”
These symbols represent his pride and authority. However, beneath the regal
facade lies bitterness. The king’s heart, like a swan, yearns for something more.
The bitter king rebels against convention. He abandons his palace and seeks
refuge in an unconventional place—the “meadow in the northern stone.” Here,
he sheds his royal identity, yearning for authenticity. The meadow becomes his
sanctuary, a realm beyond societal norms. In this meadow, the king finds solace.
The “palace of inviolable air” becomes his haven. Here, he sleeps alone, away
from courtly intrigues and false pretenses. The bitter king contemplates his
existence, stripped of titles and obligations. His heart “carolled like a swan,”
echoing a longing for liberation. The swan’s song represents the king’s
innermost desire—to break free from the constraints of power and expectation.
His rebellion is not against others but against himself. Smith presents this
transformation as a parable—a timeless lesson for all. The bitter king’s journey
mirrors our own struggles with identity and authenticity. We, too, wear crowns
of pride and seek refuge in hidden meadows. In the end, the bitter king’s
rebellion leads to self-discovery. He embraces solitude, rejecting the trappings
of power. His transformation reminds us that true kingship lies not in crowns
but in the courage to be authentic.
________________________
Examine the character of the bitter king. What motivates his actions? How
does he differ from traditional kings?
Introduction:
The bitter king is a complex character whose actions are driven by a
unique blend of personal experiences, desires, and circumstances. Unlike the
archetypal benevolent ruler, this king harbours resentment and bitterness, which
significantly shapes his behaviour.
Motivations:
Betrayal and Loss:
The bitter king’s journey begins with betrayal. Someone close to him—
perhaps a trusted advisor or a family member—has turned against him. This
betrayal leaves a lasting scar, fueling his bitterness. Additionally, the loss of a
loved one—whether through death or abandonment—deepens his emotional
wounds. His heartache drives him to seek vengeance and retribution.
Power Struggles:
Traditional kings often seek power for the betterment of their kingdom.
However, the bitter king’s pursuit of power is personal. He craves dominance
not only over his realm but also over those who wronged him. His bitterness
blinds him to the greater good, leading him down the path of self-interest and
manipulation.
Isolation and Distrust:
Unlike the affable monarch who surrounds themselves with loyal
advisors, the bitter king isolates himself. He trusts no one completely, fearing
further betrayal. His paranoia drives him to make decisions based on suspicion
rather than wisdom, further alienating him from his subjects.
Contrast with Traditional Kings:
Compassion:
 Traditional kings exhibit compassion toward their people. They listen to
their subjects’ grievances, address their needs, and strive for justice. In contrast,
the bitter king lacks empathy. His bitterness has calcified his heart, making him
indifferent to the suffering of others. He views kindness as weakness.
Wisdom vs. Impulsiveness:
A wise king considers long-term consequences and seeks counsel from
trusted advisors. He weighs options carefully before acting. The bitter king,
fueled by emotion, acts impulsively. His decisions are often rash, leading to
unintended consequences. He disregards sage advice, believing he knows best.

Legacy:
Traditional kings aspire to leave a positive legacy—a kingdom
flourishing under their rule, remembered for its prosperity and justice. The bitter
king’s legacy is one of fear and bitterness. His subjects whisper tales of his
cruelty and tyranny, and history will remember him as a cautionary tale.
Conclusion:
The bitter king’s motivations and contrasts with traditional rulers reveal
the depth of his character. His bitterness consumes him, blinding him to the
nobler aspects of leadership. As we reflect on his story, we recognize the
importance of compassion, wisdom, and legacy in shaping the true essence of
kingship.

4. Indian Reservation: Caughnawaga

A. M. Klein (1909-1972)

Introduction:

A.M. Klein is regarded as one of Canada’s foremost literary figures of the

first half of the 20th century. A. M. Klein’s poem “Indian Reservation:
Caughnawaga” is a thought-provoking work that delves into the preservation of
cultural values among the Red Indians.

Summary:
 The speaker wonders where the Native American warriors (“braves”) and
their distinctive features have gone. The warriors were depicted in illustrations
(“colored frontispiece”) that the speaker encountered during childhood. The
chief, known for his brief and direct speech, is also missing. The speaker
questions the whereabouts of the Native American tribes and their rich cultural
heritage. The speaker compares Native American animals to the vividly
described creatures in Aesop’s fables. These animals were named in a way that
connected them to all living beings. The speaker recalls specific Native
American chiefs with evocative names.

The speaker’s childhood desire was to be like an Indian. The speaker

longed to leave the confines of the classroom. The classroom environment is
described with sensory details. The speaker wanted to be part of the natural
world and follow the Iroquois way of life. Despite these desires, the image of
the Native American chief remained in the speaker’s mind. The chief’s image
was persistent, waiting for the speaker. The speaker imagines a mascot (perhaps
a caricature) paddling toward the chief. The transformation from childhood
imagination to reality is abrupt.
The Native Americans are now depicted differently—without traditional
names or paint, wearing practical clothing. Their dignity and nobility have been
erased. The men wear shawls, suggesting poverty or hardship. The women
(squaws) are also impoverished. Tourists give small change as payment. The
children (papooses) play in poverty.
Native American artifacts are commodified and sold. Items like beaded
shoes and baskets are reduced to curiosities. More artifacts are listed. These
artifacts become souvenirs for tourists. Native Americans perform dances for
money. They reluctantly wear feathers as part of the performance. They even
welcome a white mayor.
The Native Americans’ current situation is described as a marginalized
existence. They are like museum exhibits. The powerful have taken over. The
land has become a graveyard for the animals. The animals have faded and lost
their vitality. Their bones are exposed and lifeless. The ghosts of the past
observe this transformation.
Thus, the poem reflects on the loss of Native American culture.
___________________
Themes:
Cultural Erosion: The poem laments the disappearance of traditional
Indigenous culture.
Preservation of Tradition: Klein emphasizes the importance of preserving
Indigenous traditions.
Colonial Impact: The arrival of European colonizers has transformed the
Indigenous way of life. The poem suggests that the colonizers have erased the
nobility and identity of the Red Indians.
Museumization: The Indigenous people are reduced to artifacts in a museum. T
Ghosts of the Past: The poem evokes the ghosts of the prosperous Indigenous
ancestors who watch over the present-day reservation. Their memory lingers,
but their vitality has faded.
Thus “Indian Reservation: Caughnawaga” mourns the loss of Indigenous
culture, critiques colonization, and underscores the need to preserve
tradition. The poem serves as a poignant reflection on cultural heritage and its
transformation over time.
Literary Devices & Rhyme:
A. M. Klein’s poem “Indian Reservation: Caughnawaga” employs
several literary devices and features a distinct rhyme scheme.
Rhyme Scheme: The poem follows an ABAB rhyme scheme in each stanza. This
consistent pattern contributes to the poem’s musical quality.
Imagery: Klein uses vivid imagery to evoke the contrast between the past and
present. For example, the “feathered bestiaries” and the “bronze” figures
represent the lost nobility of the Indigenous people.
Allusion: The mention of Aesop’s animals connects the Indigenous figures to
ancient fables, emphasizing their cultural significance.
Irony: The poem’s irony lies in the fact that the Indigenous people, once proud
and free, are now reduced to performing for tourists and selling their past as
curiosities.
Symbolism:
Moccasin Stealth symbolizes the quiet transformation of the Indigenous way of
life.
Bronze Figures represent both the physical appearance and the loss of nobility.
Papooses Jumping symbolizes the desperation and degradation of the next
generation.
Grassy Ghetto The reservation as a place of confinement and cultural decay.
Fauna in a Museum: The Indigenous people reduced to exhibits.
 _______________________
Questions
Discuss the significance of the child’s perspective in the poem.
In Klein’s evocative poem, the child’s perspective serves as a powerful
lens through which we witness the decline of Indigenous culture. The child
embodies innocence and curiosity, untouched by the harsh realities faced by the
Indigenous people. Through the child’s eyes, readers glimpse a world that once
thrived—a world of brave warriors and monosyllabic chiefs. The child’s longing
for the past bravery of the Indians underscores the theme of nostalgia. Their
yearning becomes a universal symbol for lost heritage and cultural
disintegration. The child’s perspective contrasts sharply with the present reality
of fear and decline. The “colored frontispiece” (depicting heroic figures)
becomes a stark contrast to the robbed moccasins worn by thieves. The child’s
gaze carries metaphorical weight. It represents our collective longing for a
vanished world. Their innocence amplifies the tragedy—the loss of a vibrant
culture reduced to mere memories.
Thus, the child’s perspective in “Indian Reservation: Caughnawaga”
serves as a poignant reminder of what was lost. Through their eyes, we confront
the legacy of colonization, fear, and cultural erosion. Klein invites us to reflect
on our own nostalgia and the urgent need to preserve Indigenous heritage.
________________
Discuss how the disappearance of brave warriors symbolizes the loss of
identity and bravery?
Introduction:
In A.M. Klein’s poignant poem “Indian Reservation:
Caughnawaga,” the gradual disappearance of brave warriors serves as a
powerful symbol of lost identity and diminishing courage within an indigenous
community. Through vivid imagery and subtle commentary, Klein conveys the
tragic impact of cultural erosion and colonial influence.
Historical Context and Cultural Erosion:
The poem opens with a lamenting tone, evoking a sense of nostalgia for a
bygone era. The early natives once inhabited vast lands, their bravery celebrated
in tales of valour. However, colonization disrupted their way of life. The
invaders treated them as “animals to be tamed,” imposing their own norms and
erasing indigenous practices. The disappearance of these warriors signifies the
erosion of a rich cultural heritage—the loss of rituals, language, and communal
bonds.
Diminished Self-Image and Identity:
The child in the poem, likely the poet himself, recalls a childhood
fascination with Indian bravery. The “coloured front piece” of a book depicted
braves and a “monosyllabic chief.” The child yearned to be part of this world,
escaping into nature and adventure. However, reality shattered this illusion. The
chief’s self-esteem, once a source of pride, now exists only as a memory. The
child’s longing to identify with the brave warriors underscores the community’s
struggle to maintain a positive self-image amid cultural decline.
Courage Lost and Silent Despair:
The warriors’ absence extends beyond physical disappearance. Their
courage—once displayed on battlefields and in tribal ceremonies—now remains
unspoken. The poem suggests that their silence echoes through generations. The
moccasin, once worn for protection and stealth, now serves robbers—a quiet
transformation that reflects the community’s gradual surrender. The warriors’
unrecorded stories and unexpressed pain contribute to the overall sense of loss.
Conclusion:
Klein’s poem serves as a poignant reminder. As we witness the fading
embers of indigenous cultures, we must recognize the bravery that once blazed
brightly. The disappearance of these warriors symbolizes not only their
individual fate but also the collective struggle for identity and resilience. By
remembering their stories, we honour their legacy and acknowledge the ongoing
fight to preserve cultural heritage.
In the quietude of Caughnawaga, the echoes of vanished warriors urge us to
listen—to the wind, the rustling leaves, and the silent cries of a community
grappling with its past. Let us heed their call and ensure that their bravery lives
on, even as the shadows lengthen.
___________________
Explore the child’s wish to be an Indian, escaping into nature and
adventure. Contrast this illusion with the reality of the chief’s self-esteem
now being only a memory.
Introduction:
In A.M. Klein’s evocative poem “Indian Reservation:
Caughnawaga,” the child’s longing to be an Indian serve as a poignant
exploration of innocence, escapism, and cultural identity. Through vivid
imagery and contrasting perspectives, Klein delves into the child’s yearning for
adventure and the harsh realities faced by the community.
The Child’s Idealization of Indian Bravery:
 The child, likely the poet himself, gazes at the “coloured front piece” of a
book—a vivid portrayal of Indian braves and a “monosyllabic chief.” This
image captivates the child’s imagination. The braves, with their stoic
expressions and feathered headdresses, embody courage, freedom, and
connection to nature. The child wishes to step into their moccasins, escaping the
mundane world of school and rules. The wilderness beckons—an untamed
realm where bravery thrives.
Escapism and the Allure of Nature:
The child’s desire to be an Indian reflects a universal longing for escape.
The reservation, with its “dull schoolroom” and “duller teacher,” stifles
creativity. The child yearns for the vastness of forests, rivers, and open skies.
The illusion of Indian life promises adventure, where every tree holds secrets,
and the wind whispers ancient stories. The child seeks refuge in this
romanticized vision, where bravery is tangible and self-esteem unshaken.
The Chief’s Silent Descent:
Contrasting the child’s dream, we encounter the chief—a once-proud
figure. His “monosyllabic” speech hints at a silenced voice. The chief’s self-
esteem, like the warriors’ courage, has faded. He exists now as a memory, a
relic of a vanishing past. The weight of colonization, loss of land, and cultural
erosion has eroded his sense of self. The child’s wish contrasts sharply with this
reality—the gap between youthful idealism and the chief’s silent despair.
Conclusion:
Klein’s poem invites us to reflect on the tension between illusion and
reality.
_____________________

5.Adolescence

P.K.Page (1916-2010)

Introduction:

P.K.Page (Patricia Kathleen Page) was one of the greatest Canadian

poets. She was a novelist, short story writer, poet, and visual artist. Her poem
“Adolescence” is a poem about self-discovery and growth.

Summary:
 The lovers are deeply intertwined in a vibrant, fresh love. A gentle,
almost magical rain enhances their romantic setting in spring. In a serene park,
the girl feeds swans. The boy, feeling nervous, whittles with his unusual hands.
Their world is tinged with the purity and brightness of white. The white seems
to come from the blossoming trees around them. At night, his whistle calls her
to him. She descends a staircase that resembles a waterfall to meet his shy
smile. His smile makes her feel like she is spinning gently in circles. This
spinning makes her feel relaxed and passive. She feels as if she is in a dream,
where reality is uncertain. They walk through dark streets together. The
streetlights seem to sing intensely to them. The intensity of the lights' "song" is
bewildering to them. When they are together, their actions seem incomplete.
Their movements have no clear end or purpose. They only move when
questioning or seeking answers. After parting, they become wild and quick like
seagulls. They are left questioning the emptiness around them. They are sharp
and unfinished, like incomplete sculptures. Onlookers, lost in the moment, are
astonished by them. The lovers appear and disappear, almost magically, in front
of the onlookers.

Themes:

Young Love:

The poem captures the intense and often confusing emotions of young
love. The lovers' actions and interactions are infused with a sense of wonder and
discovery, as well as nervousness and uncertainty.

Nature and Renewal:

Nature imagery, such as the green embrace, silken rain, and flowering
trees, evokes a sense of freshness, renewal, and the blossoming of new feelings
associated with spring and youth.

Dreamlike Quality of Adolescence:

The poem conveys the surreal and dreamlike nature of adolescence,

where reality often seems blurred, and emotions are heightened. The lovers'
experiences are described as if they are in a dream, where things "are and
aren't."
Intensity and Confusion:

The intense emotions of adolescence are depicted through the "singing"

streetlamps and the "violence" they represent. The lovers' movements are
without clear direction or conclusion, highlighting the confusion and
uncertainty of this stage of life.

Ephemeral Nature of Youth:

The fleeting and transient nature of youth is emphasized by the imagery

of the lovers forming and fading before the eyes of onlookers. This suggests
the temporary and ever-changing experiences of adolescence.

Search for Identity and Meaning:

The lovers' questioning and the "hostile emptiness" they confront reflect
the adolescent search for identity and meaning. Their sharpness, like "partly
sculptured stone," symbolizes their still-developing sense of self.

Contrast between togetherness and separation:

The poem contrasts the unity and shared experience of lovers when they
are together with the wild, swift, and separate actions they take when apart.
This highlights the duality of adolescent relationships, which can oscillate
between intense connection and abrupt separation.

Structure and form:

The poem "Adolescence" by P.K. Page has a free verse structure,

meaning it does not adhere to a specific rhyme scheme or consistent meter.
However, it possesses several notable structural elements and stylistic features:

Line Length and Enjambment:

The poem consists of 22 lines of varying lengths.

Imagery and Symbolism:

Rich imagery and symbolism are prevalent throughout the poem.

References to nature (green embrace, silken rain, flowering trees) and artistic
imagery (sculptured stone) evoke a vivid and symbolic portrayal of young love
and growth.

Use of Metaphor and Simile:

The poem employs metaphors and similes to deepen its meaning. For
example, the comparison of the girl's descent down the stairs to a waterfall and
the boy's smile to an eddy enhance the dreamlike quality and emotional
turbulence of the lovers' experiences.

Lack of Punctuation:

Minimal punctuation contributes to the poem's fluidity and openness. The

absence of periods or commas at the end of most lines allows thoughts and
images to merge, reflecting the continuity of adolescent emotions and actions.

Repetition and Parallelism:

The poem uses repetition and parallel structures to emphasize certain

themes. Phrases like "asking and asking" and the parallel actions of the lovers
(together and apart) highlight the ongoing search for meaning and the duality
of their relationship.

Overall, the free verse structure, rich imagery, and fluid use of language
in "Adolescence" effectively convey the complex and multifaceted nature of
adolescent experiences.

Questions:

How does P.K. Page depict the nature of young love in "Adolescence”?

How does the poet use elements of nature to reflect the emotions and
experiences of adolescent lovers?

Discuss the dreamlike quality of the poem. How does the poet create a sense of
surrealism and ambiguity in the lovers' experiences?

How does the poem capture the intensity and confusion of adolescence?

Examine the theme of the ephemeral nature of youth in "Adolescence". How

does P.K. Page convey the fleeting and transient aspects of adolescent
experiences?
How does "Adolescence" reflect the adolescent search for identity and
meaning?

Analyze the contrasts between togetherness and separation in the poem. How do
these contrasts contribute to the overall meaning and impact of "Adolescence"?

Discuss the structure and form of "Adolescence".

What is the significance of the onlookers in the poem? How do their reactions to
the lovers enhance the themes and messages of "Adolescence"?

6. Journey to the Interior

Margaret Atwood (1939- )

The speaker begins by noting similarities in their observations. The hills appear
flat and close together from a distance, but as the speaker moves, they reveal
depth and space, illustrating how perspective changes with movement. The hills
transform into vast prairies, and the trees, though spindly and rooted in swamps,
reveal the barrenness of the land. This could imply a difficult or challenging
environment. The roughness of a cliff can only be truly known through touch,
making it inaccessible in a literal and figurative sense. This suggests that some
experiences cannot be understood without direct interaction. Travel is not a
simple, straightforward journey as it appears on a map. The journey is complex
and tangled, surrounded by shifting light and dark, symbolizing the constant
changes and challenges faced. The journey itself is the destination; there are no
fixed endpoints. Despite the similarities, there are significant differences, such
as the absence of reliable guides and the constant distractions of small details.
Mundane objects and occurrences (a misplaced shoe, mushrooms, a knife)
distract the speaker, akin to how thoughts and memories can recur and obstruct
progress. The speaker questions if they are repeating the same paths, suggesting
a feeling of being stuck or lost. The main concern is the danger of the journey;
many have attempted it, but only a few have returned unscathed. Traditional
tools and methods (a compass, the sun) are unreliable, and words are ineffective
in this landscape, emphasizing the isolation and difficulty of navigating this
terrain. The speaker resolves to stay focused and composed, recognizing the
heightened risk of getting permanently lost in this challenging and confusing
environment.

This poem uses the metaphor of physical landscape to explore the

complexities and challenges of navigating life's journey or perhaps the mind's
inner landscape, highlighting the fluid and often disorienting nature of such
experiences.