1. Write C Program to multiply two 16 bit numbers.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
unsigned int a = 0x0005, b=0x0002; //a & b are two 16 bit variables
unsigned long int prod; //32 bit prod variable for result
prod = a*b; //16bit multiplication can give 32bit result
while(1);
2. Write C Program to perform 8 bit Addition & Subtraction.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
unsigned char a = 05, b=02,sum,diff; //8 bit variables are declared
sum = a+b;
diff = a-b;
while(1);
3. Write C Program to perform following 8 bit logical operations.
i) ANDing ii) Oring iii) Ex-Oring iv) 1st Compliment
v) Left shift vi) Right shift
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
unsigned char a = 0x3A; // Example 8-bit value
unsigned char b = 0xC5; // Example 8-bit value
unsigned char r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6; // To store results of operations
1
r1 = a & b; // Perform AND operation
r2 = a | b; // Perform OR operation
r3 = a ^ b; // Perform XOR operation
r4= ~a; // Perform 1's Complement on 'a'
r5 = a << 1; // Left shift 'a' by 1 bit
r6 = a >> 1; // Right shift 'a' by 1 bit
while (1); // Infinite loop to hold the program
ANDing
a=0x3A = 0011 1010 , b=0XC5 = 1100 0101
a = 0011 1010
b = 1100 0101
----------------------
r1= 0000 0000 = 0x00
----------------------
ORing
a = 0011 1010
b = 1100 0101
----------------------
r2= 1111 1111 = 0xFF
----------------------
EXORing
a = 0011 1010
b = 1100 0101
----------------------
r3= 1111 1111 = 0xFF
----------------------
1’s Complement
a = 0011 1010 = 0x3A
~ a = 1100 0101 = 0XC5
2
Left Shifting
a = 0011 1010 = 0x3A
0 0111 0100 1 zero is inputted = 0x74
1zero is taken out
Right Shifting
a = 0011 1010 = 0x3A
1 zero is inputted 0001 1101 0 1 zero is taken out = 0x1D
4. Write 'C' program to read data from port 1 and output it to port 2.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
unsigned char data; // 8bit Variable to hold data read from Port 1
while (1)
data = P1; // Read data from Port 1
P2 = data; // Output the data to Port 2
5. Write 'C' program to add two 8 bit numbers and output result on port 2.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
unsigned char num1 = 0x25; // First 8-bit number (example value)
unsigned char num2 = 0x38; // Second 8-bit number (example value)
unsigned char result; // Variable to store the result
result = num1 + num2; // Add the two numbers
P2 = result; // Output the result to Port 2
3
while (1); // Infinite loop to hold the program
6. Write 'C' program to toggle all bits of P2 continuously every 50ms.Use timer 0
in mode 1 to create delay.
#include <reg51.h>
void delay_50ms(); // Function Declaration for 50ms delay
void main()
P2 = 0x00; // Initialize Port 2 to 0
while (1)
P2 = ~P2; // Toggle all bits of Port 2
delay_50ms(); // Call 50ms delay function
void delay_50ms()
TMOD = 0x01; // Timer 0, Mode 1 (16-bit timer mode)
TH0 = 0x3C; // Load high byte for 50ms delay
//(calculated for 11.0592 MHz)
TL0 = 0xB0; // Load low byte for 50ms delay
TR0 = 1; // Start Timer 0
while (TF0 == 0); // Wait for Timer 0 overflow
TR0 = 0; // Stop Timer 0
TF0 = 0; // Clear Timer 0 overflow flag
7. Write 'C' Program to create square wave of frequency 1KHz on P2.7, use
timer 1 mode 1 to create delay.
4
Refer Notes program
8. Write 'C' Program to receiver bytes of data serially and put them in P1, set
baud rate of 4800, 8-bit data and 1 stop bit.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
{
unsigned char received_data; // Variable to hold received data
TMOD = 0x20; // Timer 1 in Mode 2 (auto-reload mode)
TH1 = 0xF3; // Load TH1 for 4800 baud rate (11.0592 MHz clock)
SCON = 0x50; // Serial mode 1 (8-bit UART), REN enabled
TR1 = 1; // Start Timer 1
while (1)
{
while (RI == 0); // Wait for reception to complete (RI flag set)
RI = 0; // Clear RI flag
P1 = SBUF; // Output the received data to Port 1
}
}
5
9. Write ‘C’ program for 89C51 to read data from port p1 and p2 . compare the
data and send bigger data on port p3.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
{
unsigned char data1, data2; // Variables to store data from P1& P2
while (1)
{
data1 = P1; // Read data from Port 1
data2 = P2; // Read data from Port 2
if (data1 > data2)
{
P3 = data1; // Send the larger value (data1) to Port 3
}
else
{
P3 = data2; // Send the larger value (data2) to Port 3
}
}
}
10. Write ‘C’ program for 89C51 to read data from port P1 and P2.Compare the
data and send smaller data on port P3.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
unsigned char data1, data2; // Variables to store data from P1& P2
while (1)
{
data1 = P1; // Read data from Port 1
data2 = P2; // Read data from Port 2
if (data1 < data2)
{
P3 = data1; // Send the larger value (data1) to Port 3
}
else
{
P3 = data2; // Send the larger value (data2) to Port 3
}
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}
}
11. Write 89C51 ‘C’ program to receive data serially from RX pin and send the
data on port 1 continuously .Assume baud rate to be 9600 and crystal
frequency as 11.0592 MHz.
#include <reg51.h>
#define FREQ 11059200UL // Crystal frequency in Hz
#define BAUD 9600 // Baud rate
void main()
char rx ;
TMOD = 0x20; // Timer1 in Mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload)
TH1 = 256 - (FREQ / (12* 32 * BAUD)); // Load Timer1 for baud rate
SCON = 0x50; // Mode 1 (8-bit UART), REN=1
TR1 = 1; // Start Timer1
while (1)
while (!RI); // Wait for data to be received
RI = 0; // Clear receive interrupt flag
rx = SBUF; // Receive data serially
P1=rx; // Send received data to Port 1
12. Write 89C51 ‘C’ language program to generate square wave program of 1
KHz on pin P2.0 using timer 0. Assume crystal frequency as 12MHz.
7
Calculations
12
65036
0
0XFE0C
For Program Go to next page
8
P2^0
~port
0XFE
0X0C
13. Write 89C51 ‘C’ language program to generate square wave program of 10
KHz on pin P2.0 using timer 0. Assume crystal frequency as 11.0592MHz.
Refer next Page
9
10Khz
10 x 103
0.1 x 10-3
0.1 msec
0.05 msec
P2.0
0.05 msec 0.05 msec
0.05
65490
FFD2H = 0XFFD2
10
P2.0
10Khz
P2^0; P2.0
~port;
P2.0
0xFF;
0XD2;
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14. Write 89C51 ‘C’ program to rotate stepper motor 900 in clockwise direction.
Motor has step angle of 1.80. Use the stepper motor in full step sequence.
Solution: To rotate the stepper motor 90 degrees, we need to calculate the
number of steps.
Calculations:
• Step angle: 1.80
• To rotate 900
Hexadecimal Codes for Full-Step Sequence:
0x03 , 0x06, 0x0C , 0x09
12
Note: For Anti clock wise direction change the sequence of code output to
0x09, 0x0C, 0X06, 0X03
15. Write 89C51 ‘C’ program to rotate stepper motor 1800 in clockwise direction.
Motor has step angle of 1.80. Use the stepper motor in full step sequence.
Solution: To rotate the stepper motor 180 degrees, we need to calculate the
number of steps.
Calculations:
• Step angle: 1.80
• To rotate 1800 1800
100
Number of times for loop executes for Four codes = 100 / 4 = 25
Hexadecimal Codes for Full-Step Sequence:
0x03 , 0x06, 0x0C , 0x09
#include <reg51.h>
// Delay function for the motor step timing
void delay(unsigned int m)
unsigned int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 1275; j++); // Adjust for ~1 ms delay
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// main program to rotate the stepper motor 180° in the clockwise direction
void main()
unsigned int i;
for(i=0 ;i<25 ;i++)
P2 = 0x03; // Step 1
delay(5);
P2 = 0x06; // Step 2
delay(5);
P2= 0x0C; // Step 3
delay(5);
P2= 0x09; // Step 4
delay(5);
while (1); // Infinite loop to keep the program running
Note: For Anti clock wise direction change the sequence of code output to
0x09, 0x0C, 0X06, 0X03
16. Write a programing ‘C’ language for generating sawtooth(ramp) waveform
using DAC 0808.
Refer Notes
17. Write C Program to convert Analog voltage into digital data using ADC 0808.
Refer Notes
14
18. Write 'C' Program to transfer message "ESY" serially at 9600 baud rate, 8 bit
data and 1 stop bit, do this continuously.
#include <reg51.h>
// Function to send a character serially
void SendChar(char ch)
{
SBUF = ch; // Load character into Serial Buffer
while (TI == 0); // Wait for transmission to complete
TI = 0; // Clear TI flag for next transmission
}
void main()
{
// Initialize UART
TMOD = 0x20; // Timer 1 in Mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload)
TH1 = 0xFD; // Load TH1 for 9600 baud rate
TR1 = 1; // Start Timer 1
SCON = 0x50; // Serial Mode 1, 8-bit UART
while (1)
{
SendChar('E'); // Send 'E'
SendChar('S'); // Send 'S'
SendChar('Y'); // Send 'Y'
}
}
253
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19. Write 'C' Program to transfer message "MSBTE" serially at 9600 baud rate, 8
bit data and 1 stop bit, do this continuously.
#include <reg51.h>
// Function to send a character serially
void SendChar(char ch)
{
SBUF = ch; // Load character into Serial Buffer
while (TI == 0); // Wait for transmission to complete
TI = 0; // Clear TI flag for next transmission
}
void main()
{
// Initialize UART
TMOD = 0x20; // Timer 1 in Mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload)
TH1 = 0xFD; // Load TH1 for 9600 baud rate
TR1 = 1; // Start Timer 1
SCON = 0x50; // Serial Mode 1, 8-bit UART
while (1)
{
SendChar('M'); // Send 'M'
SendChar('S'); // Send 'S'
SendChar('B'); // Send 'B'
SendChar(‘T’); //Send ‘T’
SendChar(‘E’); //Sent ‘E’
}
}
20. Write ‘C’ language program for 89C51 to read number from port 1 , mask the
upper four bits of number and output on port 2.
#include <reg51.h>
void main()
{
unsigned char num; // Variable to hold the number
16
while (1)
{
num = P1; // Read number from Port 1
num=num & 0x0F; // Mask upper four bits (clear bits 4-7)
P2 = num; // Output the result to Port 2
}
}
& -> ANDing
num = P1 = P1.7 P1.6 P1.5 P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 P1.0
0X0F = 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 -> ANDing
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 0 0 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 P1.0
---------------------------------------------------------------
Masking Upper four bits
21. Write C Program to display “Embedded” on 16 *2 LCD.
Refer Notes
17
