Smartphone

A smartphone is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone
with advanced computing capabilities. It typically has a touchscreen interface, allowing users to
access a wide range of applications and services, such as web browsing, email, and social
media, as well as multimedia playback and streaming. Smartphones have built-in cameras, GPS
navigation, and support for various communication methods, including voice calls, text
messaging, and internet-based messaging apps. Smartphones are distinguished from older-
design feature phones by their more advanced hardware capabilities and extensive mobile
operating systems, access to the internet, business applications, mobile payments, and
multimedia functionality, including music, video, gaming, radio, and television.

A Nexus 6, an Android smartphone,

displaying the Main Page of the
English Wikipedia

Smartphones typically feature metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chips,

various sensors, and support for multiple wireless communication protocols. Examples of
smartphone sensors include accelerometers, barometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers; they
can be used by both pre-installed and third-party software to enhance functionality. Wireless
communication standards supported by smartphones include LTE, 5G NR, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
satellite navigation. By the mid-2020s, manufacturers began integrating satellite messaging and
emergency services, expanding their utility in remote areas without reliable cellular coverage.
Smartphones have largely replaced personal digital assistant (PDA) devices, handheld/palm-
sized PCs, portable media players (PMP),[1] point-and-shoot cameras, camcorders, and, to a
lesser extent, handheld video game consoles, e-reader devices, pocket calculators, and GPS
tracking units.

Following the rising popularity of the iPhone in the late 2000s, the majority of smartphones have
featured thin, slate-like form factors with large, capacitive touch screens with support for multi-
touch gestures rather than physical keyboards. Most modern smartphones have the ability for
users to download or purchase additional applications from a centralized app store. They often
have support for cloud storage and cloud synchronization, and virtual assistants. Since the early
2010s, improved hardware and faster wireless communication have bolstered the growth of the
smartphone industry. As of 2014, over a billion smartphones are sold globally every year. In 2019
alone, 1.54 billion smartphone units were shipped worldwide.[2] As of 2020, 75.05 percent of the
world population were smartphone users.[3]

History

Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market, attempting to bridge
the functionality of standalone PDA devices with support for cellular telephony, but were limited
by their bulky form, short battery life, slow analog cellular networks, and the immaturity of
wireless data services. These issues were eventually resolved with the exponential scaling and
miniaturization of MOS transistors down to sub-micron levels (Moore's law), the improved
lithium-ion battery, faster digital mobile data networks (Edholm's law), and more mature software
platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers.

In the 2000s, NTT DoCoMo's i-mode platform, BlackBerry, Nokia's Symbian platform, and
Windows Mobile began to gain market traction, with models often featuring QWERTY keyboards
or resistive touchscreen input and emphasizing access to push email and wireless internet.

Forerunner

IBM Simon and charging

base (1994)[4]

In the early 1990s, IBM engineer Frank Canova considered that chip-and-wireless technology was
becoming small enough to use in handheld devices.[5] The first commercially available device
that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler"
developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the
COMDEX computer industry trade show.[6][7][8] A refined version was marketed to consumers in
1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. In addition to placing and
receiving cellular calls, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and
emails. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time
clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps, stock reports
and news.[9]

The IBM Simon was manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric, which integrated features with its own
cellular radio technologies.[10] It featured a liquid-crystal display (LCD) and PC Card support.[11]
The Simon was commercially unsuccessful, particularly due to its bulky form factor and limited
battery life,[12] using NiCad batteries rather than the nickel–metal hydride batteries commonly
used in mobile phones in the 1990s, or lithium-ion batteries used in modern smartphones.[13]

The term "smart phone" (in two words) was not coined until a year after the introduction of the
Simon, appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.[14]

The term "smartphone" (as one word) was first used by Ericsson in 1997 to describe a new
device concept, the GS88.[15]

PDA/phone hybrids

Beginning in the mid-to-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate
dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, Newton OS,
Symbian or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into early
mobile operating systems. Most of the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that
combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with basic phone hardware. The results were devices
that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of
cellular Internet access. PDA and mobile phone manufacturers competed in reducing the size of
devices. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost and expensive data plans,
plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life compared to
separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "early adopters" and business
users who needed portable connectivity.

In March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC
with a Nokia 2110 mobile phone piggybacked onto it and ROM-based software to support it. It
had a 640 × 200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used
to place and receive calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes. It was also
100% DOS 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early
versions of Windows.
 The Nokia 9110 Communicator,
opened for access to keyboard

In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a digital cellular PDA based on
the Nokia 2110 with an integrated system based on the PEN/GEOS 3.0 operating system from
Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what became known as a clamshell
design, with the display above and a physical QWERTY keyboard below. The PDA provided e-mail;
calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications; text-based Web browsing; and
could send and receive faxes. When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular
telephone.

In June 1999, Qualcomm released the "pdQ Smartphone", a CDMA digital PCS smartphone with
an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity.[16]

Subsequent landmark devices included:

The Ericsson R380 (December 2000)[17] by Ericsson Mobile Communications,[18] the first
phone running the operating system later named Symbian (it ran EPOC Release 5, which was
renamed Symbian OS at Release 6). It had PDA functionality and limited Web browsing on a
resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus.[19] While it was marketed as a "smartphone",[20] users
could not install their own software on the device.

The Kyocera 6035 (February 2001),[21] a dual-nature device with a separate Palm OS PDA
operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing with
the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.[22][23]

The Nokia 9210 Communicator (June 2001),[24] the first phone running Symbian (Release 6)
with Nokia's Series 80 platform (v1.0). This was the first Symbian phone platform allowing the
installation of additional applications. Like the Nokia 9000 Communicator, it is a large
clamshell device with a full physical QWERTY keyboard inside.

Handspring's Treo 180 (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the Palm OS on a GSM
mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built into the OS. The 180
model had a thumb-type keyboard and the 180g version had a Graffiti handwriting recognition
area, instead.[25]
Japanese cell phones

In 1999, Japanese wireless provider NTT DoCoMo launched i-mode, a new mobile internet
platform which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kilobits per second, and access web
services available through the platform such as online shopping. NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used
cHTML, a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing
data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed
for phones to use the slower data speeds available. The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo
accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001, and ranked first in market
capitalization in Japan and second globally.[26]

Japanese cell phones increasingly diverged from global standards and trends to offer other
forms of advanced services and smartphone-like functionality that were specifically tailored to
the Japanese market, such as mobile payments and shopping, near-field communication (NFC)
allowing mobile wallet functionality to replace smart cards for transit fares, loyalty cards, identity
cards, event tickets, coupons, money transfer, etc., downloadable content like musical ringtones,
games, and comics, and 1seg mobile television.[27][28] Phones built by Japanese manufacturers
used custom firmware, however, and did not yet feature standardized mobile operating systems
designed to cater to third-party application development, so their software and ecosystems were
akin to very advanced feature phones. As with other feature phones, additional software and
services required partnerships and deals with providers.

The degree of integration between phones and carriers, unique phone features, non-standardized
platforms, and tailoring to Japanese culture made it difficult for Japanese manufacturers to
export their phones, especially when demand was so high in Japan that the companies did not
feel the need to look elsewhere for additional profits.[29][30][31]

The rise of 3G technology in other markets and non-Japanese phones with powerful
standardized smartphone operating systems, app stores, and advanced wireless network
capabilities allowed non-Japanese phone manufacturers to finally break in to the Japanese
market, gradually adopting Japanese phone features like emojis, mobile payments, NFC, etc. and
spreading them to the rest of the world.
Early smartphones

Several BlackBerry smartphones,

which were highly popular in the mid-
late 2000s

Phones that made effective use of any significant data connectivity were still rare outside Japan
until the introduction of the Danger Hiptop in 2002, which saw moderate success among U.S.
consumers as the T-Mobile Sidekick. Later, in the mid-2000s, business users in the U.S. started to
adopt devices based on Microsoft's Windows Mobile, and then BlackBerry smartphones from
Research In Motion. American users popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the
BlackBerry's addictive nature.[32] In the U.S., the high cost of data plans and relative rarity of
devices with Wi-Fi capabilities that could avoid cellular data network usage kept adoption of
smartphones mainly to business professionals and "early adopters."

Outside the U.S. and Japan, Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on Symbian,
originally developed by Psion for their personal organisers, and it was the most popular
smartphone OS in Europe during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian smartphones
were focused on business with the Eseries,[33] similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices
at the time. From 2002 onwards, Nokia started producing consumer-focused smartphones,
popularized by the entertainment-focused Nseries. Until 2010, Symbian was the world's most
widely used smartphone operating system.[34]

The touchscreen personal digital assistant (PDA)–derived nature of adapted operating systems
like Palm OS, the "Pocket PC" versions of what was later Windows Mobile, and the UIQ interface
that was originally designed for pen-based PDAs on Symbian OS devices resulted in some early
smartphones having stylus-based interfaces. These allowed for virtual keyboards and
handwriting input, thus also allowing easy entry of Asian characters.[35]

By the mid-2000s, the majority of smartphones had a physical QWERTY keyboard. Most used a
"keyboard bar" form factor, like the BlackBerry line, Windows Mobile smartphones, Palm Treos,
and some of the Nokia Eseries. A few hid their full physical QWERTY keyboard in a sliding form
factor, like the Danger Hiptop line. Some even had only a numeric keypad using T9 text input, like
the Nokia Nseries and other models in the Nokia Eseries. Resistive touchscreens with stylus-
based interfaces could still be found on a few smartphones, like the Palm Treos, which had
dropped their handwriting input after a few early models that were available in versions with
Graffiti instead of a keyboard.

Form factor and operating system shifts

The LG Prada with a large

capacitive touchscreen
introduced in 2006

The original Apple iPhone;

following its introduction in
2007, the common
smartphone form factor
shifted to large touchscreen
software interfaces without
physical keypads[36]

The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smartphone interfaces away from devices with
physical keyboards and keypads to ones with large finger-operated capacitive touchscreens.[36]
The first phone of any kind with a large capacitive touchscreen was the LG Prada, announced by
LG in December 2006.[37] This was a fashionable feature phone created in collaboration with
Italian luxury designer Prada with a 3" 240 x 400 pixel screen, a 2-Megapixel digital camera with
144p video recording ability, an LED flash, and a miniature mirror for self portraits.[38][39]

In January 2007, Apple Computer introduced the iPhone.[40][41][42] It had a 3.5" capacitive
touchscreen with twice the common resolution of most smartphone screens at the time,[43] and
introduced multi-touch to phones, which allowed gestures such as "pinching" to zoom in or out
on photos, maps, and web pages. The iPhone was notable as being the first device of its kind
targeted at the mass market to abandon the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical of
contemporary smartphones, instead using a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main
means of interaction.[35]

The iPhone's operating system was also a shift away from older operating systems (which older
phones supported and which were adapted from PDAs and feature phones) to an operative
system powerful enough to not require using a limited, stripped down web browser that can only
render pages specially formatted using technologies such as WML, cHTML, or XHTML and
instead ran a version of Apple's Safari browser that could render full websites[44][45][46] not
specifically designed for mobile phones.[47]

Later Apple shipped a software update that gave the iPhone a built-in on-device App Store
allowing direct wireless downloads of third-party software.[48][49] This kind of centralized App
Store and free developer tools[50][51] quickly became the new main paradigm for all smartphone
platforms for software development, distribution, discovery, installation, and payment, in place of
expensive developer tools that required official approval to use and a dependence on third-party
sources providing applications for multiple platforms.[36]

The advantages of a design with software powerful enough to support advanced applications
and a large capacitive touchscreen affected the development of another smartphone OS
platform, Android, with a more BlackBerry-like prototype device scrapped in favor of a
touchscreen device with a slide-out physical keyboard, as Google's engineers thought at the time
that a touchscreen could not completely replace a physical keyboard and buttons.[52][53][54]
Android is based around a modified Linux kernel, again providing more power than mobile
operating systems adapted from PDAs and feature phones. The first Android device, the
horizontal-sliding HTC Dream, was released in September 2008.[55]

In 2012, Asus started experimenting with a convertible docking system named PadFone, where
the standalone handset can when necessary be inserted into a tablet-sized screen unit with
integrated supportive battery and used as such.

In 2013 and 2014, Samsung experimented with the hybrid combination of compact camera and
smartphone, releasing the Galaxy S4 Zoom and K Zoom, each equipped with integrated 10×
optical zoom lens and manual parameter settings (including manual exposure and focus) years
before these were widely adapted among smartphones. The S4 Zoom additionally has a rotary
knob ring around the lens and a tripod mount.

While screen sizes have increased, manufacturers have attempted to make smartphones thinner
at the expense of utility and sturdiness, since a thinner frame is more vulnerable to bending and
has less space for components, namely battery capacity.[56][57]

Operating system competition

A Meizu MX4 with Flyme OS

The iPhone and later touchscreen-only Android devices together popularized the slate form
factor, based on a large capacitive touchscreen as the sole means of interaction, and led to the
decline of earlier, keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms.[36] Later, navigation keys such as the
home, back, menu, task and search buttons have also been increasingly replaced by nonphysical
touch keys, then virtual, simulated on-screen navigation keys, commonly with access
combinations such as a long press of the task key to simulate a short menu key press, as with
home button to search.[58] More recent "bezel-less" types have their screen surface space
extended to the unit's front bottom to compensate for the display area lost for simulating the
navigation keys. While virtual keys offer more potential customizability, their location may be
inconsistent among systems depending on screen rotation and software used.

Multiple vendors attempted to update or replace their existing smartphone platforms and
devices to better-compete with Android and the iPhone; Palm unveiled a new platform known as
webOS for its Palm Pre in late-2009 to replace Palm OS, which featured a focus on a task-based
"card" metaphor and seamless synchronization and integration between various online services
(as opposed to the then-conventional concept of a smartphone needing a PC to serve as a
"canonical, authoritative repository" for user data).[59][60] HP acquired Palm in 2010 and released
several other webOS devices, including the Pre 3 and HP TouchPad tablet. As part of a proposed
divestment of its consumer business to focus on enterprise software, HP abruptly ended
development of future webOS devices in August 2011, and sold the rights to webOS to LG
Electronics in 2013, for use as a smart TV platform.[61][62]

Research in Motion introduced the vertical-sliding BlackBerry Torch and BlackBerry OS 6 in 2010,
which featured a redesigned user interface, support for gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, and a
new web browser based on the same WebKit rendering engine used by the iPhone.[63][64] The
following year, RIM released BlackBerry OS 7 and new models in the Bold and Torch ranges,
which included a new Bold with a touchscreen alongside its keyboard, and the Torch 9860—the
first BlackBerry phone to not include a physical keyboard.[65] In 2013, it replaced the legacy
BlackBerry OS with a revamped, QNX-based platform known as BlackBerry 10, with the all-touch
BlackBerry Z10 and keyboard-equipped Q10 as launch devices.[66]

In 2010, Microsoft unveiled a replacement for Windows Mobile known as Windows Phone,
featuring a new touchscreen-centric user interface built around flat design and typography, a
home screen with "live tiles" containing feeds of updates from apps, as well as integrated
Microsoft Office apps.[67] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it had entered into a major
partnership with Microsoft, under which it would exclusively use Windows Phone on all of its
future smartphones, and integrate Microsoft's Bing search engine and Bing Maps (which, as part
of the partnership, would also license Nokia Maps data) into all future devices. The
announcement led to the abandonment of both Symbian, as well as MeeGo—a Linux-based
mobile platform it was co-developing with Intel.[68][69][70] Nokia's low-end Lumia 520 saw strong
demand and helped Windows Phone gain niche popularity in some markets,[71] overtaking
BlackBerry in global market share in 2013.[72][73]

In mid-June 2012, Meizu released its mobile operating system, Flyme OS.

Many of these attempts to compete with Android and iPhone were short-lived. Over the course of
the decade, the two platforms became a clear duopoly in smartphone sales and market share,
with BlackBerry, Windows Phone, and other operating systems eventually stagnating to little or
no measurable market share.[74][75] In 2015, BlackBerry began to pivot away from its in-house
mobile platforms in favor of producing Android devices, focusing on a security-enhanced
distribution of the software. The following year, the company announced that it would also exit
the hardware market to focus more on software and its enterprise middleware,[76] and began to
license the BlackBerry brand and its Android distribution to third-party OEMs such as TCL for
future devices.[77][78]

In September 2013, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire Nokia's mobile device business for
$7.1 billion, as part of a strategy under CEO Steve Ballmer for Microsoft to be a "devices and
services" company.[79] Despite the growth of Windows Phone and the Lumia range (which
accounted for nearly 90% of all Windows Phone devices sold),[80] the platform never had
significant market share in the key U.S. market,[71] and Microsoft was unable to maintain
Windows Phone's momentum in the years that followed, resulting in dwindling interest from
users and app developers.[81] After Balmer was succeeded by Satya Nadella (who has placed a
larger focus on software and cloud computing) as CEO of Microsoft, it took a $7.6 billion write-
off on the Nokia assets in July 2015, and laid off nearly the entire Microsoft Mobile unit in May
2016.[82][83][79]

Prior to the completion of the sale to Microsoft, Nokia released a series of Android-derived
smartphones for emerging markets known as Nokia X, which combined an Android-based
platform with elements of Windows Phone and Nokia's feature phone platform Asha, using
Microsoft and Nokia services rather than Google.[84]

Camera advancements

Xiaomi 13 Ultra featured a Leica

Summicron camera system

Oppo Find X6 features software-

based tuning co-developed with
Hasselblad

The first commercial camera phone was the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in
May 1999.[85] It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time,[86] and had a 110,000-pixel front-
facing camera.[85] It could send up to two images per second over Japan's Personal Handy-
phone System (PHS) cellular network, and store up to 20 JPEG digital images, which could be
sent over e-mail.[85] The first mass-market camera phone was the J-SH04, a Sharp J-Phone
model sold in Japan in November 2000.[87][88] It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone
telecommunication.[89]

By the mid-2000s, higher-end cell phones commonly had integrated digital cameras. In 2003
camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital
stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than
half of the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras
peaked in 2008.[90]

Many early smartphones did not have cameras at all, and earlier models that had them had low
performance and insufficient image and video quality that could not compete with budget pocket
cameras and fulfill user's needs.[91] By the beginning of the 2010s almost all smartphones had an
integrated digital camera. The decline in sales of stand-alone cameras accelerated due to the
increasing use of smartphones with rapidly improving camera technology for casual
photography, easier image manipulation, and abilities to directly share photos through the use of
apps and web-based services.[92][93][94][95] By 2011, cell phones with integrated cameras were
selling hundreds of millions per year. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35.395 million units or
only less than a third of digital camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than
film camera sold number at their peak.[96][97]

Contributing to the rise in popularity of smartphones being used over dedicated cameras for
photography, smaller pocket cameras have difficulty producing bokeh in images, but nowadays,
some smartphones have dual-lens cameras that reproduce the bokeh effect easily, and can even
rearrange the level of bokeh after shooting. This works by capturing multiple images with
different focus settings, then combining the background of the main image with a macro focus
shot.

In 2007, the Nokia N95 was notable as a smartphone that had a 5.0 Megapixel (MP) camera,
when most others had cameras with around 3 MP or less than 2 MP. Some specialized feature
phones like the LG Viewty, Samsung SGH-G800, and Sony Ericsson K850i, all released later that
year, also had 5.0 MP cameras. By 2010, 5.0 MP cameras were common; a few smartphones had
8.0 MP cameras and the Nokia N8, Sony Ericsson Satio,[98] and Samsung M8910 Pixon12[99]
feature phone had 12 MP. The main camera of the 2009 Nokia N86 uniquely features a three-
level aperture lens.[100]

The Altek Leo, a 14-megapixel smartphone with 3x optical zoom lens and 720p HD video camera
was released in late 2010.[101]

In 2011, the same year the Nintendo 3DS was released, HTC unveiled the Evo 3D, a 3D phone
with a dual five-megapixel rear camera setup for spatial imaging, among the earliest mobile
phones with more than one rear camera.

The 2012 Samsung Galaxy S3 introduced the ability to capture photos using voice
commands.[102]

In 2012, Nokia announced and released the Nokia 808 PureView, featuring a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-
inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 Zeiss all-aspherical one-group lens. The high resolution
enables four times of lossless digital zoom at 1080p and six times at 720p resolution, using
image sensor cropping.[103] The 2013 Nokia Lumia 1020 has a similar high-resolution camera
setup, with the addition of optical image stabilization and manual camera settings years before
common among high-end mobile phones, although lacking expandable storage that could be of
use for accordingly high file sizes.

Mobile optical image stabilization was first introduced by Nokia in 2012 with the Lumia 920, and
the earliest known smartphone with an optically stabilized front camera is the HTC 10 from
2016.[104] Optical image stabilization enables prolonged exposure times for low-light
photography and smoothing out handheld video shaking, since the appearance of shakes
magnifies over a larger display such as a monitor or television set, which would be detrimental to
the watching experience.

Since 2012, smartphones have become increasingly able to capture photos while filming. The
resolution of those photos resolution may vary between devices. Samsung has used the highest
image sensor resolution at the video's aspect ratio, which at 16:9 is 6 Megapixels (3264 × 1836)
on the Galaxy S3 and 9.6 Megapixels (4128 × 2322) on the Galaxy S4.[105][106] The earliest
iPhones with such functionality, iPhone 5 and 5s, captured simultaneous photos at 0.9
Megapixels (1280 × 720) while filming.[107]

Starting in 2013 on the Xperia Z1, Sony experimented with real-time augmented reality camera
effects such as floating text, virtual plants, volcano, and a dinosaur walking in the scenery.[108]
Apple later did similarly in 2017 with the iPhone X.[109]

In the same year, iOS 7 introduced the later widely implemented viewfinder intuition, where
exposure value can be adjusted through vertical swiping, after focus and exposure has been set
by tapping, and even while locked after holding down for a brief moment.[110] On some devices,
this intuition may be restricted by software in video/slow motion modes and for front camera.

In 2013, Samsung unveiled the Galaxy S4 Zoom smartphone with the grip shape of a compact
camera and a 10× optical zoom lens, as well as a rotary knob ring around the lens, as used on
higher-end compact cameras, and an ISO 1222 tripod mount. It is equipped with manual
parameter settings, including for focus and exposure. The successor 2014 Samsung Galaxy K
Zoom brought resolution and performance enhancements, but lacks the rotary knob and tripod
mount to allow for a more smartphone-like shape with less protruding lens.[111]

The 2014 Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1 was another attempt at mixing mobile phone with
compact camera, so much so that it inherited the Lumix brand. While lacking optical zoom, its
image sensor has a format of 1", as used in high-end compact cameras such as the Lumix DMC-
LX100 and Sony CyberShot DSC-RX100 series, with multiple times the surface size of a typical
mobile camera image sensor, as well as support for light sensitivities of up to ISO 25600, well
beyond the typical mobile camera light sensitivity range. As of 2021, no successor has been
released.[112][113]

In 2013 and 2014, HTC experimentally traded in pixel count for pixel surface size on their One M7
and M8, both with only four megapixels, marketed as UltraPixel, citing improved brightness and
less noise in low light, though the more recent One M8 lacks optical image stabilization.[114]

The One M8 additionally was one of the earliest smartphones to be equipped with a dual camera
setup. Its software allows generating visual spatial effects such as 3D panning, weather effects,
and focus adjustment ("UFocus"), simulating the postphotographic selective focusing capability
of images produced by a light-field camera.[115] HTC returned to a high-megapixel single-camera
setup on the 2015 One M9.

Meanwhile, in 2014, LG Mobile started experimenting with time-of-flight camera functionality,

where a rear laser beam that measures distance accelerates autofocus.

Phase-detection autofocus was increasingly adapted throughout the mid-2010s, allowing for
quicker and more accurate focusing than contrast detection.

In 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone 7 Plus, one of the phones to popularize a dual camera
setup. The iPhone 7 Plus included a main 12 MP camera along with a 12 MP telephoto
camera.[116] In early 2018 Huawei released a new flagship phone, the Huawei P20 Pro, one of the
first triple camera lens setups with Leica optics.[117] In late 2018, Samsung released a new mid-
range smartphone, the Galaxy A9 (2018) with the world's first quad camera setup. The Nokia 9
PureView was released in 2019 featuring a penta-lens camera system.[118]

2019 saw the commercialization of high resolution sensors, which use pixel binning to capture
more light. 48 MP and 64 MP sensors developed by Sony and Samsung are commonly used by
several manufacturers. 108 MP sensors were first implemented in late 2019 and early 2020.

Video resolution

With stronger getting chipsets to handle computing workload demands Timeline (rear camera)
at higher pixel rates, mobile video resolution and framerate has caught
Resolution First year
up with dedicated consumer-grade cameras over years.
720p (HD) 2009

In 2009, the Samsung Omnia HD became the first mobile phone with 720p at 60fps 2012

720p HD video recording. In the same year, Apple brought video 1080p (Full HD) 2011
recording initially to the iPhone 3GS, at 480p, whereas the 2007 original 1080p at 60fps 2013
iPhone and 2008 iPhone 3G lacked video recording entirely. 2160p (4K) 2013

2160p at 60fps 2017

720p was more widely adapted in 2010, on smartphones such as the
4320p (8K) 2020
original Samsung Galaxy S, Sony Ericsson Xperia X10, iPhone 4, and
HTC Desire HD.

The early 2010s brought a steep increase in mobile video resolution. 1080p mobile video
recording was achieved in 2011 on the Samsung Galaxy S2, HTC Sensation, and iPhone 4s.

In 2012 and 2013, select devices with 720p filming at 60 frames per second were released: the
Asus PadFone 2 and HTC One M7, unlike flagships of Samsung, Sony, and Apple. However, the
2013 Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom does support it.

In 2013, the Samsung Galaxy Note 3 introduced 2160p (4K) video recording at 30 frames per
second, as well as 1080p doubled to 60 frames per second for smoothness.

Other vendors adapted 2160p recording in 2014, including the optically stabilized LG G3. Apple
first implemented it in late 2015 on the iPhone 6s and 6s Plus.

The framerate at 2160p was widely doubled to 60 in 2017 and 2018, starting with the iPhone 8,
Galaxy S9, LG G7, and OnePlus 6.

Sufficient computing performance of chipsets and image sensor resolution and its reading
speeds have enabled mobile 4320p (8K) filming in 2020, introduced with the Samsung Galaxy
S20 and Redmi K30 Pro, though some upper resolution levels were foregone (skipped)
throughout development, including 1440p (2.5K), 2880p (5K), and 3240p (6K), except 1440p on
Samsung Galaxy front cameras.

Mid-class

Among mid-range smartphone series, the introduction of higher video resolutions was initially
delayed by two to three years compared to flagship counterparts. 720p was widely adapted in
2012, including with the Samsung Galaxy S3 Mini, Sony Xperia go, and 1080p in 2013 on the
Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini and HTC One mini.

The proliferation of video resolutions beyond 1080p has been postponed by several years. The
mid-class Sony Xperia M5 supported 2160p filming in 2016, whereas Samsung's mid-class
series such as the Galaxy J and A series were strictly limited to 1080p in resolution and 30
frames per second at any resolution for six years until around 2019, whether and how much for
technical reasons is unclear.

Setting

A lower video resolution setting may be desirable to extend recording time by reducing space
storage and power consumption.

The camera software of some smartphones is equipped with separate controls for resolution,
frame rate, and bit rate. An example of a smartphone with these controls is the LG V10.[119]
Slow motion video

A distinction between different camera software is the method used to store high frame rate
video footage, with more recent phones[a] retaining both the image sensor's original output frame
rate and audio, while earlier phones do not record audio and stretch the video so it can be played
back slowly at default speed.

While the stretched encoding method used on earlier phones enables slow motion playback on
video player software that lacks manual playback speed control, typically found on older devices,
if the aim were to achieve a slow motion effect, the real-time method used by more recent
phones offers greater versatility for video editing, where slowed down portions of the footage
can be freely selected by the user, and exported into a separate video. A rudimentary video
editing software for this purpose is usually pre-installed. The video can optionally be played back
at normal (real-time) speed, acting as usual video.

Development

The earliest smartphone known to feature a slow motion mode is the 2009 Samsung i8000
Omnia II, which can record at QVGA (320×240) at 120 fps (frames per second). Slow motion is
not available on the Galaxy S1, Galaxy S2, Galaxy Note 1, and Galaxy S3 flagships.

In early 2012, the HTC One X allowed 768×432 pixel slow motion filming at an undocumented
frame rate. The output footage has been measured as a third of real-time speed.[120]

In late 2012, the Galaxy Note 2 brought back slow motion, with D1 (720 × 480) at 120 fps. In early
2013, the Galaxy S4 and HTC One M7 recorded at that frame rate with 800 × 450, followed by the
Note 3 and iPhone 5s with 720p (1280 × 720) in late 2013, the latter of which retaines audio and
original sensor frame rate, as with all later iPhones. In early 2014, the Sony Xperia Z2 and HTC
One M8 adapted this resolution as well. In late 2014, the iPhone 6 doubled the frame rate to 240
fps, and in late 2015, the iPhone 6s added support for 1080p (1920 × 1080) at 120 frames per
second. In early 2015, the Galaxy S6 became the first Samsung mobile phone to retain the
sensor framerate and audio, and in early 2016, the Galaxy S7 became the first Samsung mobile
phone with 240 fps recording, also at 720p.

In early 2015, the MT6795 chipset by MediaTek promised 1080p@480 fps video recording. The
project's status remains indefinite.[121]

Since early 2017, starting with the Sony Xperia XZ, smartphones have been released with a slow
motion mode that unsustainably records at framerates multiple times as high, by temporarily
storing frames on the image sensor's internal burst memory. Such a recording lasts a few real-
time seconds at most.
In late 2017, the iPhone 8 brought 1080p at 240 fps, as well as 2160p at 60 fps, followed by the
Galaxy S9 in early 2018. In mid-2018, the OnePlus 6 brought 720p at 480 fps, sustainable for one
minute.

In early 2021, the OnePlus 9 Pro became the first phone with 2160p at 120 fps.

HDR video

The first smartphones to record HDR video were the early 2013 Sony Xperia Z and mid-2013
Xperia Z Ultra, followed by the early 2014 Galaxy S5, all at 1080p.

Audio recording

Mobile phones with multiple microphones usually allow video recording with stereo audio for
spaciality, with Samsung, Sony, and HTC initially implementing it in 2012 on their Samsung
Galaxy S3, Sony Xperia S, and HTC One X.[105][122][123] Apple implemented stereo audio starting
with the 2018 iPhone Xs family and iPhone XR.[124]

Front cameras

Photo

Emphasis is being put on the front camera since the mid-2010s, where front cameras have
reached resolutions as high as typical rear cameras, such as the 2015 LG G4 (8 megapixels),
Sony Xperia C5 Ultra (13 megapixels), and 2016 Sony Xperia XA Ultra (16 megapixels, optically
stabilized). The 2015 LG V10 brought a dual front camera system where the second has a wider
angle for group photography. Samsung implemented a front-camera sweep panorama
(panorama selfie) feature since the Galaxy Note 4 to extend the field of view.

Video

In 2012, the Galaxy S3 and iPhone 5 brought 720p HD front video recording (at 30 fps). In early
2013, the Samsung Galaxy S4, HTC One M7 and Sony Xperia Z brought 1080p Full HD at that
framerate, and in late 2014, the Galaxy Note 4 introduced 1440p video recording on the front
camera. Apple adapted 1080p front camera video with the late 2016 iPhone 7.

In 2019, smartphones started adapting 2160p 4K video recording on the front camera, six years
after rear camera 2160p commenced with the Galaxy Note 3.
Display advancements

A Moto G7 Power; its display

uses a tall aspect ratio and
includes a "notch".

In the early 2010s, larger smartphones with screen sizes of at least 140 millimetres (5.5 in)
diagonal, dubbed "phablets", began to achieve popularity, with the 2011 Samsung Galaxy Note
series gaining notably wide adoption.[125][126] In 2013, Huawei launched the Huawei Mate series,
sporting a 155 millimetres (6.1 in) HD (1280 x 720) IPS+ LCD display, which was considered to
be quite large at the time.[127]

Some companies began to release smartphones in 2013 incorporating flexible displays to create
curved form factors, such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex.[128][129][130]

By 2014, 1440p displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.[131] In 2015, Sony released
the Xperia Z5 Premium, featuring a 4K resolution display, although only images and videos could
actually be rendered at that resolution (all other software was shown at 1080p).[132]

New trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in 2017, with both LG and Samsung
releasing flagship smartphones (LG G6 and Galaxy S8), utilizing displays with taller aspect ratios
than the common 16:9 ratio, and a high screen-to-body ratio, also known as a "bezel-less design".
These designs allow the display to have a larger diagonal measurement, but with a slimmer
width than 16:9 displays with an equivalent screen size.[133][134][135] Another trend popularized in
2017 were displays containing tab-like cut-outs at the top-centre—colloquially known as a
"notch"—to contain the front-facing camera, and sometimes other sensors typically located along
the top bezel of a device.[136][137] These designs allow for "edge-to-edge" displays that take up
nearly the entire height of the device, with little to no bezel along the top, and sometimes a
minimal bottom bezel as well. This design characteristic appeared almost simultaneously on the
Sharp Aquos S2 and the Essential Phone,[138] which featured small circular tabs for their
cameras, followed just a month later by the iPhone X, which used a wider tab to contain a
camera and facial scanning system known as Face ID.[139] The 2016 LG V10 had a precursor to
the concept, with a portion of the screen wrapped around the camera area in the top-left corner,
and the resulting area marketed as a "second" display that could be used for various
supplemental features.[140]

A Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus,

featuring a "hole-punch"
camera

Other variations of the practice later emerged, such as a "hole-punch" camera (such as those of
the Honor View 20, and Samsung's Galaxy A8s and Galaxy S10)—eschewing the tabbed "notch"
for a circular or rounded-rectangular cut-out within the screen instead,[141] while Oppo released
the first "all-screen" phones with no notches at all,[142] including one with a mechanical front
camera that pops up from the top of the device (Find X),[143] and a 2019 prototype for a front-
facing camera that can be embedded and hidden below the display, using a special partially-
translucent screen structure that allows light to reach the image sensor below the panel.[144] The
first implementation was the ZTE Axon 20 5G, with a 32 MP sensor manufactured by
Visionox.[145]

Displays supporting refresh rates higher than 60 Hz (such as 90 Hz or 120 Hz) also began to
appear on smartphones in 2017; initially confined to "gaming" smartphones such as the Razer
Phone (2017) and Asus ROG Phone (2018), they later became more common on flagship phones
such as the Pixel 4 (2019) and Samsung Galaxy S21 series (2021). Higher refresh rates allow for
smoother motion and lower input latency, but often at the cost of battery life. As such, the device
may offer a means to disable high refresh rates, or be configured to automatically reduce the
refresh rate when there is low on-screen motion.[146][147]

Multi-tasking

An early implementation of multiple simultaneous tasks on a smartphone display are the picture-
in-picture video playback mode ("pop-up play") and "live video list" with playing video thumbnails
of the 2012 Samsung Galaxy S3, the former of which was later delivered to the 2011 Samsung
Galaxy Note through a software update.[148][149] Later that year, a split-screen mode was
implemented on the Galaxy Note 2, later retrofitted on the Galaxy S3 through the "premium suite
upgrade".[150]

The earliest implementation of desktop and laptop-like windowing was on the 2013 Samsung
Galaxy Note 3.[151]

Foldable smartphones

Smartphones utilizing flexible displays were theorized as possible once manufacturing costs and
production processes were feasible.[152] In November 2018, the startup company Royole unveiled
the first commercially available foldable smartphone, the Royole FlexPai. Also that month,
Samsung presented a prototype phone featuring an "Infinity Flex Display" at its developers
conference, with a smaller, outer display on its "cover", and a larger, tablet-sized display when
opened. Samsung stated that it also had to develop a new polymer material to coat the display
as opposed to glass.[153][154][155] Samsung officially announced the Galaxy Fold, based on the
previously demonstrated prototype, in February 2019 for an originally-scheduled release in late-
April.[156] Due to various durability issues with the display and hinge systems encountered by
early reviewers, the release of the Galaxy Fold was delayed to September to allow for design
changes.[157]

In November 2019, Motorola unveiled a variation of the concept with its re-imagining of the Razr,
using a horizontally-folding display to create a clamshell form factor inspired by its previous
feature phone range of the same name.[158] Samsung would unveil a similar device known as the
Galaxy Z Flip the following February.[159]

Other developments in the 2010s

The first smartphone with a fingerprint reader was the Motorola Atrix 4G in 2011.[160] In
September 2013, the iPhone 5S was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier
since the Atrix to feature this technology.[161] Once again, the iPhone popularized this concept.
One of the barriers of fingerprint reading amongst consumers was security concerns, however
Apple was able to address these concerns by encrypting this fingerprint data onto the A7
Processor located inside the phone as well as make sure this information could not be accessed
by third-party applications and is not stored in iCloud or Apple servers[162]

In 2012, Samsung introduced the Galaxy S3 (GT-i9300) with retrofittable wireless charging, pop-
up video playback, 4G-LTE variant (GT-i9305) quad-core processor.
In 2013, Fairphone launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival
to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing[163] followed by
Shiftphone in 2015.[164] In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed
entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[165]

In October 2013, Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara, a concept for a modular smartphone
platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules
that attached magnetically to a frame.[166][167] Ara was retained by Google following its sale of
Motorola Mobility to Lenovo,[168] but was shelved in 2016.[169] That year, LG and Motorola both
unveiled smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories; the LG G5 allowed
accessories to be installed via the removal of its battery compartment,[170] while the Moto Z
utilizes accessories attached magnetically to the rear of the device.[171]

Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality
for its Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for
use with a PC-styled desktop environment.[172][173]

Samsung and LG used to be the "last standing" manufacturers to offer flagship devices with user-
replaceable batteries. But in 2015, Samsung succumbed to the minimalism trend set by Apple,
introducing the Galaxy S6 without a user-replaceable battery. In addition, Samsung was criticised
for pruning long-standing features such as MHL, MicroUSB 3.0, water resistance and MicroSD
card support, of which the latter two came back in 2016 with the Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge.

As of 2015, the global median for smartphone ownership was 43%.[174] Statista forecast that
2.87 billion people would own smartphones in 2020.[175]

Within the same decade, rapid deployment of LTE cellular network and general availability of
smartphones have increased popularity of the streaming television services, and the
corresponding mobile TV apps.[176]

Major technologies that began to trend in 2016 included a focus on virtual reality and augmented
reality experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced USB-C connector, and
improving LTE technologies.[177]

In 2016, adjustable screen resolution known from desktop operating systems was introduced to
smartphones for power saving, whereas variable screen refresh rates were popularized in
2020.[178][179]

In 2018, the first smartphones featuring fingerprint readers embedded within OLED displays were
announced, followed in 2019 by an implementation using an ultrasonic sensor on the Samsung
Galaxy S10.[180][181]
In 2019, the majority of smartphones released have more than one camera, are waterproof with
IP67 and IP68 ratings, and unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners.[182]

This layout of the camera viewfinder

was first introduced by Apple with iOS
7 in 2013. Towards the late 2010s,
several other smartphone vendors
have ditched their layouts and
implemented variations of this layout.

Designs first implemented by Apple have been replicated by other vendors several times. These
include a sealed body that does not allow replacing the battery, a lack of the physical audio
connector (since the iPhone 7 from 2016), a screen with a cut-out area at the top for the
earphone and front-facing camera and sensors (colloquially known as "notch"; since the iPhone X
from 2017), the exclusion of a charging wall adapter from the scope of delivery (since the iPhone
12 from 2019), and a camera user interface with circular and usually solid-colour shutter button
and a camera mode selector using perpendicular text and separate camera modes for photo and
video (since iOS 7 from 2013).[183][184][185][186][187][188]

Other developments in the 2020s

In 2020, the first smartphones featuring high-speed 5G network capability were announced.[189]

Since 2020, smartphones have decreasingly been shipped with rudimentary accessories like a
power adapter and headphones that have historically been almost invariably within the scope of
delivery. This trend was initiated with Apple's iPhone 12, followed by Samsung and Xiaomi on the
Galaxy S21 and Mi 11 respectively, months after having mocked the same through
advertisements. The reason cited is reducing environmental footprint, though reaching raised
charging rates supported by newer models demands a new charger shipped through separate
packaging with its own environmental footprint.[190]
 Mobile/desktop convergence: the
Librem 5 smartphone can be used as
a basic desktop computer

With the development of the PinePhone and Librem 5 in the 2020s, there are intensified efforts to
make open source GNU/Linux for smartphones a major alternative to iOS and
Android.[191][192][193] Moreover, associated software enabled convergence (beyond
convergent[194] and hybrid apps) by allowing the smartphones to be used like a desktop
computer when connected to a keyboard, mouse and monitor.[195][196][197][198]

In the early 2020s, manufacturers began to integrate satellite connectivity into smartphone
devices for use in remote areas, where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as
landline and cellular networks, are not available. Due to the antenna limitations in the
conventional phones, in the early stages of implementation satellite connectivity would be
limited to the satellite messaging and satellite emergency services.[199][200]

Hardware

Smartphone with infrared transmitter

on top for use as remote control

A typical smartphone contains a number of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated

circuit (IC) chips,[201] which in turn contain billions of tiny MOS field-effect transistors
(MOSFETs).[202] A typical smartphone contains the following MOS IC chips:[201]

Application processor (CMOS system-on-a-chip)

Flash memory (floating-gate MOS memory)

Cellular modem (baseband RF CMOS)

RF transceiver (RF CMOS)

Phone camera image sensor (CMOS image sensor)

 Power management integrated circuit (power MOSFETs)

Display driver (LCD or LED driver)

Wireless communication chips (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS receiver)

Sound chip (audio codec and power amplifier)

Gyroscope

Capacitive touchscreen controller (ASIC and DSP)[201][203][204]

RF power amplifier (LDMOS)[205][206][207]

Some are also equipped with an FM radio receiver, a hardware notification LED, and an infrared
transmitter for use as remote control. A few models have additional sensors such as
thermometer for measuring ambient temperature, hygrometer for humidity, and a sensor for
ultraviolet ray measurement.

A few smartphones designed around specific purposes are equipped with uncommon hardware
such as a projector (Samsung Beam i8520 and Samsung Galaxy Beam i8530), optical zoom
lenses (Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom and Samsung Galaxy K Zoom), thermal camera, and even
PMR446 (walkie-talkie radio) transceiver.[208][209]

Central processing unit

Smartphones have central processing units (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised
to operate in low power environments. In smartphones, the CPU is typically integrated in a CMOS
(complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) system-on-a-chip (SoC) application
processor.[201]

The performance of mobile CPU depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples
of hertz)[210] but also on the memory hierarchy. Because of these challenges, the performance of
mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various
standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.
Buttons

"Device options" menu of

Samsung Mobile's TouchWiz
user interface as of 2013,
accessed by holding the
power button for a second

The HTC Desire, a 2010 smartphone

with optical trackpad and search
button

Smartphones are typically equipped with a power button and volume buttons. Some pairs of
volume buttons are unified. Some are equipped with a dedicated camera shutter button. Units for
outdoor use may be equipped with an "SOS" emergency call and "PTT" (push-to-talk button). The
presence of physical front-side buttons such as the home and navigation buttons has decreased
throughout the 2010s, increasingly becoming replaced by capacitive touch sensors and
simulated (on-screen) buttons.[211]

As with classic mobile phones, early smartphones such as the Samsung Omnia II were equipped
with buttons for accepting and declining phone calls. Due to the advancements of functionality
besides phone calls, these have increasingly been replaced by navigation buttons such as
"menu" (also known as "options"), "back", and "tasks". Some early 2010s smartphones such as
the HTC Desire were additionally equipped with a "Search" button ( 🔍) for quick access to a web
search engine or apps' internal search feature.[212]

Since 2013, smartphones' home buttons started integrating fingerprint scanners, starting with
the iPhone 5s and Samsung Galaxy S5.

Functions may be assigned to button combinations. For example, screenshots can usually be
taken using the home and power buttons, with a short press on iOS and one-second holding
Android OS, the two most popular mobile operating systems. On smartphones with no physical
home button, usually the volume-down button is instead pressed with the power button. Some
smartphones have a screenshot and possibly screencast shortcuts in the navigation button bar
or the power button menu.[213][214][215]

Display

A smartphone touchscreen

One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the screen. Depending on the device's design,
the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone
displays have an aspect ratio of 16:9, but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017, as
well as the aim to eliminate bezels by extending the display surface to as close to the edges as
possible.

Screen sizes

Screen sizes are measured in diagonal inches. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are
often called "phablets". Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult
to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they
may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or
used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large
screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics,
while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst
maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.[216][217][218]

Panel types

Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are the most
common. Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those
developed by Wacom and Samsung,[219] and Apple's Force Touch system. A few phones, such as
the YotaPhone prototype, are equipped with a low-power electronic paper rear display, as used in
e-book readers.
Alternative input methods

Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a Google

Chromium derivative, reveals the full
URL by hovering over the tab list using
the stylus on a Samsung Galaxy Note
4.

Optical track pad sensor of an HTC

Legend, 2010.

Some devices are equipped with additional input methods such as a stylus for higher precision
input and hovering detection or a self-capacitive touch screens layer for floating finger detection.
The latter has been implemented on few phones such as the Samsung Galaxy S4, Note 3, S5,
Alpha, and Sony Xperia Sola, making the Galaxy Note 3 the only smartphone with both so far.

Hovering can enable preview tooltips such as on the video player's seek bar, in text messages,
and quick contacts on the dial pad, as well as lock screen animations, and the simulation of a
hovering mouse cursor on web sites.[220][221][222]

Some styluses support hovering as well and are equipped with a button for quick access to
relevant tools such as digital post-it notes and highlighting of text and elements when dragging
while pressed, resembling drag selection using a computer mouse. Some series such as the
Samsung Galaxy Note series and LG G Stylus series have an integrated tray to store the stylus
in.[223]

Few devices such as the iPhone 6s until iPhone Xs and Huawei Mate S are equipped with a
pressure-sensitive touch screen, where the pressure may be used to simulate a gas pedal in
video games, access to preview windows and shortcut menus, controlling the typing cursor, and
a weight scale, the latest of which has been rejected by Apple from the App Store.[224][225]

Some early 2010s HTC smartphones such as the HTC Desire (Bravo) and HTC Legend are
equipped with an optical track pad for scrolling and selection.[226]
Notification light

Many smartphones except Apple iPhones are equipped with low-power light-emitting diodes
besides the screen that are able to notify the user about incoming messages, missed calls, low
battery levels, and facilitate locating the mobile phone in darkness, with marginial power
consumption.

To distinguish between the sources of notifications, the colour combination and blinking pattern
can vary. Usually three diodes in red, green, and blue (RGB) are able to create a multitude of
colour combinations.

Sensors

Smartphones are equipped with a multitude of sensors to enable system features and third-party
applications.

Common sensors

Accelerometers and gyroscopes enable automatic control of screen rotation. Uses by third-party
software include bubble level simulation. An ambient light sensor allows for automatic screen
brightness and contrast adjustment, and an RGB sensor enables the adaption of screen colour.

Many mobile phones are also equipped with a barometer sensor to measure air pressure, such
as Samsung since 2012 with the Galaxy S3, and Apple since 2014 with the iPhone 6. It allows
estimating and detecting changes in altitude.

A magnetometer can act as a digital compass by measuring Earth's magnetic field.

Rare sensors

Samsung equips their flagship smartphones since the 2014 Galaxy S5 and Galaxy Note 4 with a
heart rate sensor to assist in fitness-related uses and act as a shutter key for the front-facing
camera.[227]

So far, only the 2013 Samsung Galaxy S4 and Note 3 are equipped with an ambient temperature
sensor and a humidity sensor, and only the Note 4 with an ultraviolet radiation sensor which
could warn the user about excessive exposure.[228][229]
A rear infrared laser beam for distance measurement can enable time-of-flight camera
functionality with accelerated autofocus, as implemented on select LG mobile phones starting
with LG G3 and LG V10.

Due to their currently rare occurrence among smartphones, not much software to utilize these
sensors has been developed yet.

Storage

While eMMC (embedded multi media card) flash storage was most commonly used in mobile
phones, its successor, UFS (Universal Flash Storage) with higher transfer rates emerged
throughout the 2010s for upper-class devices.[230]

Capacity

While the internal storage capacity of mobile phones has been near-stagnant during the first half
of the 2010s, it has increased steeper during its second half, with Samsung for example
increasing the available internal storage options of their flagship class units from 32 GB to 512
GB within only 21⁄2 years between 2016 and 2018.[231][232][233][234]

Memory cards

Inserted memory and SIM cards

The space for data storage of some mobile phones can be expanded using MicroSD memory
cards, whose capacity has multiplied throughout the 2010s (→ SD card § 2009–2019: SDXC).
Benefits over USB on the go storage and cloud storage include offline availability and privacy, not
reserving and protruding from the charging port, no connection instability or latency, no
dependence on voluminous data plans, and preservation of the limited rewriting cycles of the
device's permanent internal storage. Large amounts of data can be moved immediately between
devices by changing memory cards, large-scale data backups can be created offline, and data
can be read externally should the smartphone be inoperable.[235][236][237]

In case of technical defects which make the device unusable or unbootable as a result of liquid
damage, fall damage, screen damage, bending damage, malware, or bogus system updates,[238]
etc., data stored on the memory card is likely rescueable externally, while data on the
inaccessible internal storage would be lost. A memory card can usually[b] immediately be re-used
in a different memory-card-enabled device with no necessity for prior file transfers.

Some dual-SIM mobile phones are equipped with a hybrid slot, where one of the two slots can be
occupied by either a SIM card or a memory card. Some models, typically of higher end, are
equipped with three slots including one dedicated memory card slot, for simultaneous dual-SIM
and memory card usage.[239]

Physical location

The location of both SIM and memory card slots vary among devices, where they might be
located accessibly behind the back cover or else behind the battery, the latter of which denies
hot swapping.[240][241]

Mobile phones with non-removable rear cover typically house SIM and memory cards in a small
tray on the handset's frame, ejected by inserting a needle tool into a pinhole.[242]

Some earlier mid-range phones such as the 2011 Samsung Galaxy Fit and Ace have a sideways
memory card slot on the frame covered by a cap that can be opened without tool.[243]

File transfer

Originally, mass storage access was commonly enabled to computers through USB. Over time,
mass storage access was removed, leaving the Media Transfer Protocol as protocol for USB file
transfer, due to its non-exclusive access ability where the computer is able to access the storage
without it being locked away from the mobile phone's software for the duration of the
connection, and no necessity for common file system support, as communication is done
through an abstraction layer.

However, unlike mass storage, Media Transfer Protocol lacks parallelism, meaning that only a
single transfer can run at a time, for which other transfer requests need to wait to finish. This, for
example, denies browsing photos and playing back videos from the device during an active file
transfer. Some programs and devices lack support for MTP. In addition, the direct access and
random access of files through MTP is not supported. Any file is wholly downloaded from the
device before opened.[244]

Sound

Some audio quality enhancing features, such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice have appeared and
are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the
design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in long-
distance calls.[245][246] Audio quality can be improved using a VoIP application over Wi-Fi.[247]
Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a speakerphone feature and talk to a
person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen
to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without
holding the phone close to the ear. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted
sound quality to conserve space.

Some mobile phones such as the HTC One M8 and the Sony Xperia Z2 are equipped with
stereophonic speakers to create spacial sound when in horizontal orientation.[248]

Audio connector

The 3.5mm headphone receptible (coll. "headphone jack") allows the immediate operation of
passive headphones, as well as connection to other external auxiliary audio appliances. Among
devices equipped with the connector, it is more commonly located at the bottom (charging port
side) than on the top of the device.

The decline of the connector's availability among newly released mobile phones among all major
vendors commenced in 2016 with its lack on the Apple iPhone 7. An adapter reserving the
charging port can retrofit the plug.

Battery-powered, wireless Bluetooth headphones are an alternative. Those tend to be costlier

however due to their need for internal hardware such as a Bluetooth transceiver and a battery
with a charging controller, and a Bluetooth coupling is required ahead of each operation.[249]

Battery

Smartphones typically feature lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries due to their high energy
densities.

Batteries chemically wear down as a result of repeated charging and discharging throughout
ordinary usage, losing both energy capacity and output power, which results in loss of
processing speeds followed by system outages.[250] Battery capacity may be reduced to 80%
after few hundred recharges, and the drop in performance accelerates with time.[251][252] Some
mobile phones are designed with batteries that can be interchanged upon expiration by the end
user, usually by opening the back cover. While such a design had initially been used in most
mobile phones, including those with touch screen that were not Apple iPhones, it has largely
been usurped throughout the 2010s by permanently built-in, non-replaceable batteries; a design
practice criticized for planned obsolescence.[253]
Charging

A high-capacity portable battery

charger (power bank)

Due to limitations of electrical currents that existing USB cables' copper wires could handle,
charging protocols which make use of elevated voltages such as Qualcomm Quick Charge and
MediaTek Pump Express have been developed to increase the power throughput for faster
charging, to maximize the usage time without restricted ergonomy and to minimize the time a
device needs to be attached to a power source.

The smartphone's integrated charge controller (IC) requests the elevated voltage from a
supported charger. "VOOC" by Oppo, also marketed as "dash charge", took the counter approach
and increased current to cut out some heat produced from internally regulating the arriving
voltage in the end device down to the battery's charging terminal voltage, but is incompatible
with existing USB cables, as it requires the thicker copper wires of high-current USB cables. Later,
USB Power Delivery (USB-PD) was developed with the aim to standardize the negotiation of
charging parameters across devices of up to 100 Watts, but is only supported on cables with
USB-C on both endings due to the connector's dedicated PD channels.[254]

While charging rates have been increasing, with 15 watts in 2014,[255] 20 Watts in 2016,[256] and
45 watts in 2018,[257] the power throughput may be throttled down significantly during operation
of the device.[258][c]

Wireless charging has been widely adapted, allowing for intermittent recharging without wearing
down the charging port through frequent reconnection, with Qi being the most common
standard, followed by Powermat. Due to the lower efficiency of wireless power transmission,
charging rates are below that of wired charging, and more heat is produced at similar charging
rates.

By the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally adequate;[259] however, earlier
smartphone battery life was poor due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant
power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and color screens.[260][261][262]

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside the home, at work, and in cars
and by buying portable external "battery packs". External battery packs include generic models
which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-made models that "piggyback"
onto a smartphone's case. In 2016, Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7
smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.[263] For consumer convenience, wireless
charging stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and other public spaces.[264]

Power management

A technique to minimize power consumption is the panel self-refresh, whereby the image to be
shown on the display is not sent at all times from the processor to the integrated controller (IC)
of the display component, but only if the information on screen is changed. The display's
integrated controller instead memorizes the last screen contents and refreshes the screen by
itself. This technology was introduced around 2014 and has reduced power consumption by a
few hundred milliwatts.[265]

Cameras

Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. As of 2019 phone cameras are now a
highly competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns
commonly based on a focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format; some high-end phones since the mid-2010s
also have RAW imaging capability.[266][267]

Space constraints

Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-
facing camera for "selfies" and video chat. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones
for image sensors and optics, rear-facing cameras are often housed in a "bump" that is thicker
than the rest of the phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal
space than the depth that is necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there is
additionally a trend for phone manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized
for a different purpose (telephoto, wide angle, etc.).

Viewed from back, rear cameras are commonly located at the top center or top left corner. A
cornered location benefits by not requiring other hardware to be packed around the camera
module while increasing ergonomy, as the lens is less likely to be covered when held horizontally.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with optical image stabilisation (OIS), larger
sensors, bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus RAW images. HDR, "Bokeh mode" with multi
lenses and multi-shot night modes are now also familiar.[268] Many new smartphone camera
features are being enabled via computational photography image processing and multiple
specialized lenses rather than larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available
inside phones that are being made as slim as possible.

Dedicated camera button

Some mobile phones such as the Samsung i8000 Omnia 2, some Nokia Lumias and some Sony
Xperias are equipped with a physical camera shutter button.

Those with two pressure levels resemble the point-and-shoot intuition of dedicated compact
cameras. The camera button may be used as a shortcut to quickly and ergonomically launch the
camera software, as it is located more accessibly inside a pocket than the power button.

Back cover materials

Back covers of smartphones are typically made of polycarbonate, aluminium, or glass.

Polycarbonate back covers may be glossy or matte, and possibly textured, like dotted on the
Galaxy S5 or leathered on the Galaxy Note 3 and Note 4.

While polycarbonate back covers may be perceived as less "premium" among fashion- and trend-
oriented users, its utilitarian strengths and technical benefits include durability and shock
absorption, greater elasticity against permanent bending like metal, inability to shatter like glass,
which facilitates designing it removable; better manufacturing cost efficiency, and no blockage of
radio signals or wireless power like metal.[269][270][271][272]

Accessories

A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including cases, memory cards, screen
protectors, chargers, wireless power stations, USB On-The-Go adapters (for connecting USB
drives and or, in some cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), MHL adapters, add-on
batteries, power banks, headphones, combined headphone-microphones (which, for example,
allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without holding it to the ear), and
Bluetooth-enabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from their
smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate
protection from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases
that combine a rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a "book"-like form, with
a cover that the user opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen.
Some "book"-like cases have additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use
them as wallets.
Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible
products made by other manufacturers.

However, some companies, like Apple, stopped including chargers with smartphones in order to
"reduce carbon footprint", etc., causing many customers to pay extra for charging adapters.

Software

Mobile operating systems

A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for phones, tablets,
smartwatches, or other mobile devices. Globally, Android and IOS are the two most used mobile
operating systems based on usage share, with the former having been the best selling OS
globally on all devices since 2013.

Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other
features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following
considered essential in modern mobile systems; a touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi
Protected Access, Wi-Fi, Global Positioning System (GPS) mobile navigation, video- and single-
frame picture cameras, speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, near-field
communication, and infrared blaster. By Q1 2018, over 383 million smartphones were sold with
85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS and a negligible number of smartphones
running other OSes.[273] Android alone is more popular than the popular desktop operating
system Windows, and in general, smartphone use (even without tablets) exceeds desktop use.
Other well-known mobile operating systems are Flyme OS and Harmony OS.

The Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra has an

artificial intelligence-powered feature
Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile
operating systems—the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-
level proprietary real-time operating system which operates the radio and other hardware.
Research has shown that these low-level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities
permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.[274]

Mobile apps

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone.
The term "app" is a short-form of the term "software application".[275]

Application stores

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized
manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software and computer
programs) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including video games,
music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution
depended on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar,
Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear. Following the success of the App Store, other
smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later
renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's BlackBerry App World, Android-related app stores
like Aptoide, Cafe Bazaar, F-Droid, GetJar, and Opera Mobile Store. In February 2014, 93% of
mobile developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.[276]

List of current smartphone brands

Asus HTC Lava Nothing Redmi Tecno

Gionee Huawei Lenovo Nubia Samsung Umidigi

Galaxy
Google Infinix LG OnePlus Vivo
Pixel Sharp
iPhone Meizu Oppo Xiaomi
Hisense Sony Xperia
iQOO Motorola POCO ZTE
Honor TCL
Itel Nokia Realme

Sales

Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all
photographs created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.[277] In September 2012, a
study concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use
the device to shop online.[278] Global smartphone sales
surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early
2013.[279] Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped
1 billion units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million,
while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone
market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013,
smartphone sales began to decline for the first
time.[280][281] In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments
dropped by 3 percent year on year. The situation was
caused by the maturing China market.[282] A report by
NPD shows that fewer than 10% of US citizens have
spent $1,000 or more on smartphones, as they are too
expensive for most people, without introducing
particularly innovative features, and amid Huawei, Oppo
and Xiaomi introducing products with similar feature sets
for lower prices.[283][284][285] In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the largest in
smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales
worldwide.[286] It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone
sales.[287][288]

By manufacturer

In 2011, Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide, followed by Apple. In 2013,
Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at
15.3%, a decrease from 18.7% in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5% each,
significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous
years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by
12.9%; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92%.[289]

In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.[290] In Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4%
share and Samsung had 19.9%.[291] In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3% share and Apple had
12.9%.[292] In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80 million units,
followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, Oppo with 25.5 million and Vivo
with 22.7 million.[293]

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very
rapidly in the years 2013 to 2017.[294] Realme, a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing
phone brand worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and Honor, a brand owned by Huawei,
have 46% of market share combined and posted 66% annual growth as of 2019, amid growing
Chinese nationalism.[295] In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share of 5G smartphones in South
Korea.[296]

In the first quarter of 2024, global smartphone shipments rose by 7.8% to 289.4 million units.
Samsung, with a 20.8% market share, overtook Apple to become the leading smartphone
manufacturer. Apple's smartphone shipments dropped 10%. Xiaomi secured the third spot with a
14.1% market share.[297]

By operating system

Use

Contemporary use and convergence

Some technologic devices whose markets have declined by the popularity of smartphones: (from top-left) portable
media players (inc. "MP3 players"); compact digital cameras; in-car satellite navigation systems; personal digital
assistants (inc. electronic organizers)

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores
along with rapidly advancing network, mobile processor, and storage technologies led to a
convergence where separate mobile phones, organizers, and portable media players were
replaced by a smartphone as the single device most people carried.[298][299][300][301][1][302]
Advances in digital camera sensors and on-device image processing software more gradually led
to smartphones replacing simpler cameras for photographs and video recording.[92] The built-in
GPS capabilities and mapping apps on smartphones largely replaced stand-alone satellite
navigation devices, and paper maps became less common.[90] Mobile gaming on smartphones
greatly grew in popularity,[303] allowing many people to use them in place of handheld game
consoles, and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based on phone
hardware and software.[304][305] People frequently have chosen not to get fixed-line telephone
service in favor of smartphones.[306][307] Music streaming apps and services have grown rapidly
in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite radio.
Streaming video services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of
watching television. People have often stopped wearing wristwatches in favor of checking the
time on their smartphones, and many use the clock features on their phones in place of alarm
clocks.[308] Mobile phones can also be used as a digital note taking, text editing and
memorandum device whose computerization facilitates searching of entries.

Additionally, in many lesser technologically developed regions smartphones are people's first and
only means of Internet access due to their portability,[309] with personal computers being
relatively uncommon outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to
photograph documents and send them via email or messaging in place of using fax (facsimile)
machines. Payment apps and services on smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets,
purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. Mobile banking apps can allow people to deposit
checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to take the physical check to an ATM
or teller. Guide book apps can take the place of paper travel and restaurant/business guides,
museum brochures, and dedicated audio guide equipment.

Mobile banking and payment

Mobile payment system.

In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may
include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M-PESA
mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom
to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or
withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located throughout the country and
can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

Branchless banking has been successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in
Bali was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank,
Bank Mandiri.[310]

Another application of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit micro-lending

platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web
users worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments,
transferring funds from lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile
phones and can use the Internet.[311]

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in
Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the
Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile
operators Globe and Smart.

Some mobile phones can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes, or through
contactless payments if the phone and the point of sale support near-field communication
(NFC).[312] Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-
operation of manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.[313][314]

Facsimile

Some apps allows for sending and receiving facsimile (fax), over a smartphone, including
facsimile data (composed of raster bi-level graphics) generated directly and digitally from
document and image file formats.

Films

Films are increasingly made using smartphones and tablets, leading to the rise of dedicated film
festivals for such films, including the SmartFone Flick Fest in Sydney, Australia;[315][316] Dublin
Smartphone Film Festival; the International Mobil Film Festival based in San Diego; the Spanish
festival Cinephone – Festival Internacional de Cine con Smartphone; the African Smartphone
International Film Festival;[317] Toronto Smartphone Film Festival; New York Mobile Film Festival;
and others.[318]

Criticism and issues

Social impacts

Manufacture

Cobalt is needed in order to manufacture smartphones' rechargeable batteries. Workers,

including children, suffer injuries, amputations, and death as the result of the hazardous working
conditions and mine tunnel collapses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during artisanal
mining of cobalt.[319] In 2019 a lawsuit was filed against Apple and other tech companies for the
use of child labor in mining cobalt;[320][321] in 2024 the court ruled that the companies were not
liable.[322] Apple announced it would convert to using recycled cobalt by 2025.[323]

Use

In 2012, University of Southern California study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity
was more common among owners of smartphones.[324]

A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC)
concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect sleep cycles.[325]

Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones, resulting in anxiety

when separated from the devices.[326]

A "smombie" (a combination of "smartphone" and "zombie") is a walking person using a

smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly risking an accident in the process, an
increasing social phenomenon.[327] The issue of slow-moving smartphone users led to the
temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in Chongqing, China.[328] The issue of
distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg, Germany, to embed pedestrian traffic
lights in the pavement.[329]

While driving

A New York City driver holding two

phones

A user consulting a mapping app on a

phone
Mobile phone use while driving—including calling, text messaging, playing media, web browsing,
gaming, using mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but controversial,
since it is widely considered dangerous due to what is known as distracted driving. Being
distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. In
September 2010, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that
995 people were killed by drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company,
State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed
accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving.[330] Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of
mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and
hands-free calling on a mobile phone (which uses a speakerphone) is banned. In other countries,
including the UK and France, and in many US states, calling is only banned on handheld phones,
while hands-free calling is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read)
while driving.[331] The scientific literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message
from a mobile phone, or texting while driving, is limited. A simulation study at the University of
Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.[332] Due to the
complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this has introduced additional
difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another
in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and
hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell
which function of the phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers
being stopped for using their device illegally for a call when, in fact, they were using the device
legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, GPS or satnav.
 A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in
Southside Place, Texas (Greater
Houston) states that using mobile
phones while driving is prohibited
from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from
2:00 pm to 4:15 pm.

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and
safety.[333] In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using
their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.[334] A study
conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and
problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while driving.[335]

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on a phone have begun to be
prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007,
motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving will have three penalty points
added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.[336] This increase was introduced to try to
stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law.[337] Japan prohibits all use of phones while driving,
including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1
November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned text messaging on phones while
driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law.[338] As of July 2010, 30
states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on
July 15.[339]

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This
database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of
mobile devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when
first law was passed through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22
dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated
(e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted
populations, and exemptions.[340]

Legal

A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original
Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface‍—‌and possibly the hardware‍—‌of Apple's iOS for the
iPhone 3GS. There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile,
Google, Apple Inc., Samsung, Microsoft, Nokia, Motorola, HTC, Huawei and ZTE, among others.
The conflict is part of the wider "patent wars" between multinational technology and software
corporations. To secure and increase market share, companies granted a patent can sue to
prevent competitors from using the methods the patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of
lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on patents and designs in the market for
smartphones, and devices based on smartphone OSes such as Android and iOS, has increased
significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and other major events began
in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

Medical

With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory
agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were
transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from
untrusted medical advice.[341] According to the findings of these medical experts in recent years,
excessive smartphone use in society may lead to headaches, sleep disorders and insufficient
sleep, while severe smartphone addiction may lead to physical health problems, such as
hunchback, muscle relaxation and uneven nutrition.[342]

Impacts on cognition and mental health

There is a debate about beneficial and detrimental impacts of smartphones or smartphone-uses

on cognition and mental health.

Security

Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.[343][344] Often, malware
is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party
app stores.[345][346] Malware risk also comes from what is known as an "update attack", where a
legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install
when they are notified that the app has been updated.[347] As well, one out of three robberies in
2012 in the United States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged
smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices.[348] In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone"
and Google's "Android Device Manager" can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that
have been lost or stolen. With BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered
unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly
authenticated or dissociated from their account.[349]

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed Vault 7 detail the capabilities of the United
States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,
including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones (including iOS
and Android).[350][351] In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of spyware,
called Pegasus, developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to
infect iOS and Android smartphones often—partly via use of 0-day exploits—without the need for
any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user
locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.[352] Analysis
of data traffic by popular smartphones running variants of Android found substantial by-default
data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this pre-installed software.[353][354]

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST[355] and many other organizations. For
conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the
smartphone off and disconnect the battery.[356]

Sleep

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen,
which affects melatonin levels and sleep cycles. In an effort to alleviate these issues, "Night
Mode" functionality to change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the
time of day to reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps
for Android and the f.lux software for jailbroken iPhones.[357] iOS 9.3 integrated a similar, system-
level feature known as "Night Shift." Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google's
initial reluctance to make Night Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it
on their hardware under varying names, before Android Oreo added it to the OS for compatible
devices.[358]

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before
they go to bed, can result in "ego depletion." Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks,
which can also lead to loss of sleep.[359][360][361][362][363]
Replacement of dedicated digital cameras

As the 2010s decade commenced, the sale figures of dedicated compact cameras decreased
sharply since mobile phone cameras were increasingly perceived as serving as a sufficient
surrogate camera.[364]

Increases in computing power in mobile phones enabled fast image processing and high-
resolution filming, with 1080p Full HD being achieved in 2011 and the barrier to 2160p 4K being
breached in 2013.

However, due to design and space limitations, smartphones lack several features found even on
low-budget compact cameras, including a hot-swappable memory card and battery for nearly
uninterrupted operation, physical buttons and knobs for focusing and capturing and zooming, a
bolt thread tripod mount, a capacitor-charged xenon flash that exceeds the brightness of
smartphones' LED flashlights, and an ergonomic grip for steadier holding during handheld
shooting, which enables longer exposure times. Since dedicated cameras can be more spacious,
they can house larger image sensors and feature optical zooming.

Since the late 2010s, smartphone manufacturers have bypassed the lack of optical zoom to a
limited extent by incorporating additional rear cameras with fixed magnification levels.[365][366]

Lifespan

E-waste in Agbogbloshie

In mobile phones released since the second half of the 2010s, operational life span commonly is
limited by built-in batteries which are not designed to be interchangeable. The life expectancy of
batteries depends on usage intensity of the powered device, where activity (longer usage) and
tasks demanding more energy expire the battery earlier.

Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries, those commonly powering portable electronics,

additionally wear down more from fuller charge and deeper discharge cycles, and when unused
for an extended amount of time while depleted, where self-discharging may lead to a harmful
depth of discharge.[367][368][369]

Manufacturers have prevented some smartphones from operating after repairs, by associating
components' unique serial numbers to the device so it will refuse to operate or disable some
functionality in case of a mismatch that would occur after a replacement. Locking of the serial
number was first documented in 2015 on the iPhone 6, which would become inoperable from a
detected replacement of the "home" button. Later, some functionality was restricted on Apple
and Samsung smartphones when a battery replacement not authorized by the vendor was
detected.[370][371]

See also

Telephones portal

Internet portal

Modern history portal

Comparison of smartphones

Lists of mobile computers

List of mobile app distribution platforms

Media Transfer Protocol

Mobile Internet device

Portable media player

Second screen

Smartphone kill switch

Smartphone zombie

Notes

a. For example, Samsung starting with the Galaxy S6

b. Presuming common file system support, which is usually given. Some software-specific
data left over from a previous device might not be relevant on the new device.
 c. I.e. while the device is not in stand-by mode or charging while the main operating system is
powered off.

References

1. Islam, Zak (December 30, 2012). "Smartphones Heavily Decrease Sales of iPod, MP3
Players" (http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Smartphones-iPod-MP3-Players-Sales,2006
2.html) . Tom's Hardware. Retrieved May 3, 2013.

2. "Smartphone sales worldwide 2007-2022" (https://www.statista.com/statistics/263437/glo

bal-smartphone-sales-to-end-users-since-2007/) . Statista. Retrieved January 24, 2024.

3. "Topic: Smartphones" (https://www.statista.com/topics/840/smartphones/#topicOvervie

w) .

4. Meyers, Justin (May 5, 2011). "From Backpack Transceiver to Smartphone: A Visual History
of the Mobile Phone" (https://smartphones.gadgethacks.com/news/from-backpack-transce
iver-smartphone-visual-history-mobile-phone-0127134/) . Gadget Hacks. Retrieved
June 28, 2022.

5. Sager, Ira (June 29, 2012). "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone"
(https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-
simon-the-first-smartphone) . Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. Retrieved August 18,
2019.

6. Sager, Ira (June 29, 2012). "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphones"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034025/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/20
12-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone) . Bloomberg
Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/ar
ticles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone) on July
1, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012. "Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it
envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax
machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick."

7. Schneidawind, John (November 23, 1992). "Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue
unveiling". USA Today. p. 2B.

8. Connelly, Charlotte (August 15, 2014). "World's first 'smartphone' celebrates 20 years" (http
s://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28802053) . BBC News. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

9. History of first touchscreen smartphone (http://www.spinfold.com/first-touchscreen-phon

e/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160501230834/http://www.spinfold.com/fir
st-touchscreen-phone/) May 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Spinfold.com
10. Jin, Dal Yong (2017). Smartland Korea: Mobile Communication, Culture, and Society (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=SjKNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34) . University of Michigan Press.
pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780472053377.

11. Nochkin, Alexandr (July 10, 2013). "IBM Simon. The first smartphone in the World. What's
inside" (https://habrahabr.ru/company/ibm/blog/184490/) . IBM blog (in Russian).
Habrahabr.ru. Retrieved June 5, 2017.

12. "First Smartphone Turns 20: Fun Facts About Simon" (https://time.com/3137005/first-smart
phone-ibm-simon/) . Time. August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2019.

13. Mostefaoui, Ghita K.; Tariq, Faisal (2018). Mobile Apps Engineering: Design, Development,
Security, and Testing (https://books.google.com/books?id=r4V7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16) .
CRC Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781351681438.

14. Savage, Pamela (January 1995). "Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users" (http://dl.a
cm.org/citation.cfm?id=208157) . Interactions. 2. Association for Computing Machinery:
32–41. doi:10.1145/208143.208157 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F208143.208157) .
ISSN 1072-5520 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-5520) . S2CID 19863684 (https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19863684) . Retrieved September 13, 2014. "...It is at
this point that early usability test participants met impasse. The switch connected to our
"smart phone" is expecting the typical "dumb end-point"... AT&T's PhoneWriter was
demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show..."

15. Andersen, Kim Normann; Francesconi, Enrico; Grönlund, Ake; Engers, Tom M. van (August
19, 2011). Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective: Second
International Conference, EGOVIS 2011, Toulouse, France, August 29 -- September 2, 2011,
Proceedings (https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd6HDE5wUIoC&pg=PA278) . Springer
Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-22960-2.

16. "Qualcomm's pdQ Smartphone" (http://www.qualcomm.com/media/releases/1999/06/15/q

ualcomm-s-pdq-smartphone-provides-ideal-platform-wireless-business) (Press release).
Qualcomm.

17. "Ericsson R380 / R380s | Device Specs" (http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1062&

c=ericsson_r380__r380s) . PhoneDB. January 25, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2019.

18. "PDA Review: Ericsson R380 Smartphone" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110712081211/

http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/) . Geek.com. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.geek.com/hwswrev/pda/ericr380/) on July 12, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

19. Brown, Bruce (April 24, 2001). "Ericsson R380 World Review & Rating" (http://uk.pcmag.co
m/ericsson-r380-world/31723/review/ericsson-r380-world) . PC Magazine.
20. "Ericsson Introduces The New R380e" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120325060908/htt
p://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-introduces-the-new-r380e/) . Mobile
Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.mobilemag.com/2001/09/25/ericsson-int
roduces-the-new-r380e) on March 25, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

21. "Kyocera QCP 6035 | Device Specs" (http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=1163&c=k

yocera_qcp_6035) . PhoneDB. February 29, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2019.

22. "Kyocera QCP 6035 Smartphone Review" (https://www.palminfocenter.com/view_story.asp?

ID=1707) . Palm Infocenter. March 16, 2001. Retrieved September 7, 2011.

23. Segan, Sascha (March 23, 2010). "Kyocera Launches First Smartphone In Years | News &
Opinion" (https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2361664,00.asp) . PCmag.com.
Retrieved September 7, 2011.

24. "Nokia 9210 Communicator Device Specs" (http://phonedb.net/index.php?m=device&id=88

6&c=nokia_9210_communicator) . PhoneDB. October 16, 2007. Retrieved September 28,
2019.

25. "Handspring Treo Communicator 180" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160617023521/htt

p://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm) . mobiletechreview.com. Archived
from the original (http://www.mobiletechreview.com/handspring_treo.htm) on June 17,
2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.

26. Rose, Frank (September 2001). "Pocket Monster: How DoCoMo's wireless Internet service
went from fad to phenom - and turned Japan into the first post-PC nation" (https://www.wire
d.com/wired/archive/9.09/docomo_pr.html) . Wired. Vol. 9, no. 9. Retrieved January 24,
2014.

27. Huff, Sid L.; Barnes, Stuart J (November 1, 2003). Rising Sun: iMode and the Wireless
Internet, Vol. 46, No. 1. Communications of the ACM. pp. 79–84.

28. Anwar, Sayid Tariq. "NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion
and Global Strategy" (http://www.itu.dk/~rold/1_sem/B1/Cases/DoCoMo.pdf) (PDF). The
American Graduate School of International Management. Retrieved February 16, 2014.

29. Tabuchi, Hiroko (July 20, 2009). "Why Japan's Smartphones Haven't Gone Global" (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/technology/20cell.html) . The New York Times. Retrieved
October 6, 2018.

30. Budmar, Patrick (July 11, 2012). "Why Japanese smartphones never went global" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20180612162436/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/430254/wh
y_japanese_smartphones_never_went_global/) . PC World AU. Archived from the original (h
ttps://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/430254/why_japanese_smartphones_never_went_gl
obal/) on June 12, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
31. Stewart, Devin (April 29, 2010). "Slowing Japan's Galapagos Syndrome" (http://www.huffingt
onpost.com/devin-stewart/slowing-japans-galapagos_b_557446.html) . Huffington Post.
Retrieved June 24, 2010. " 'Galapagos syndrome', a phrase originally coined to describe
Japanese cell phones that were so advanced they had little in common with devices used in
the rest of the world, could potentially spread to other parts of society. Indeed signs
suggest it is happening already."

32. "Info Addicts Are All Thumbs: Crackberry Is the 2006 Word of the Year" (http://www.prnews
wire.com/news-releases/websters-new-worldr-college-dictionary-info-addicts-are-all-thumb
s-55824847.html) . PR Newswire. November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2014.

33. "The Nokia E Series Range of Smartphones" (http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/symbian-pl

atform/articles/88622.aspx) . Brighthub.com. September 27, 2010. Retrieved
September 6, 2017.

34. Schroeder, Stan (February 23, 2010). "Smartphones in 2009: Symbian Dominates, iPhone,
RIM and Android Rising Fast" (http://mashable.com/2010/02/23/gartner-smartphones/) .
Mashable. Retrieved September 3, 2013.

35. Whitwam, Ryan (October 7, 2011). "How Steve Jobs killed the stylus and made
smartphones usable" (https://www.extremetech.com/computing/98923-how-steve-jobs-kill
ed-the-stylus-and-made-smartphones-usable) . ExtremeTech. Retrieved April 4, 2018.

36. Elgan, Mike (July 2, 2011). "How iPhone Changed the World" (https://www.cultofmac.com/1
03229/how-iphone-changed-the-world/) . Cult of Mac. Retrieved October 17, 2019.

37. "LG, Prada to Start Selling Mobile Phone at Start of Next Year" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20070108070435/http://www.lge.com/about/press_archive/detail/AB_NARCH%7CMENU
_1_20302.jhtml) (Press release). December 11, 2006. Archived from the original (http://w
ww.lge.com/about/press_archive/detail/AB_NARCH%7CMENU_1_20302.jhtml) on
January 8, 2007.

38. Temple, Stephen. "Vintage Mobiles: LG Prada - First mobile with a capacitive touchscreen
(May 2007)" (http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#prada) . History of GMS: Birth
of the mobile revolution.

39. "LG KE850 Prada review: Sophistication made simple" (https://www.gsmarena.com/lg_ke85

0_prada-1828.php) . May 27, 2007. p. 4. Retrieved June 23, 2021.

40. Jobs, Steve (January 19, 2007). Macworld San Francisco 2007 Keynote Address (https://web.
archive.org/web/20101222223204/http://www.apple.com/quicktime/qtv/mwsf07/) . San
Francisco: Apple, Inc. Archived from the original (https://www.apple.com/quicktime/qtv/m
wsf07/) on December 22, 2010.
41. Cohen, Peter (March 13, 2007). "Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update" (http://www.macworl
d.com/article/54764/2007/01/liveupdate.html) . Macworld. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20100724170414/http://www.macworld.com/article/54764/2007/01/liveupdate.h
tml) from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.

42. "Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone" (https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/01/09A

pple-Reinvents-the-Phone-with-iPhone/) (Press release). Apple Inc. January 9, 2007.
Retrieved October 16, 2019.

43. Louis, Tristan (January 9, 2007). "The iPhone is here" (https://www.tnl.net/blog/2007/01/0

9/the-iphone-is-here/) . TNL.net. Retrieved October 16, 2019.

44. Mossberg, Walter S.; Boehret, Katherine (June 26, 2007). "The iPhone Is a Breakthrough
Handheld Computer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195245/http://solution.allthin
gsd.com/20070626/the-iphone-is-breakthrough-handheld-computer/) . The Mossberg
Solution. Archived from the original (http://solution.allthingsd.com/20070626/the-iphone-is-
breakthrough-handheld-computer/) on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2019. "The
iPhone is the first smart phone we've tested with a real, computer-grade Web browser, a
version of Apple's Safari. It displays entire Web pages, in their real layouts, and allows you to
zoom in quickly by either tapping or pinching with your finger."

45. Levy, Steven (June 25, 2007). "First Look: Test Driving the iPhone" (https://www.newsweek.c
om/first-look-test-driving-iphone-102625) . Newsweek. Retrieved October 16, 2019. "Web-
browsing is where the iPhone leaves competitors in the dust. It does the best job yet of
compressing the World Wide Web on a palm-size device. The screen can nicely display an
entire Web page, and by dragging, tapping, pinching and stretching your fingers you can
zero in on the part of the page you want to read. Web pages you wouldn't dare go to on
other phones are suddenly accessible"

46. Baig, Ed (June 26, 2007). "iPhone Review" (https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/edw

ardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-review_N.htm) . USA Today. Retrieved October 16, 2019. "This
is the closest thing to the real-deal Internet that I've seen on a pocket-size device ... IPhone
runs Apple's Safari browser. You can view full Web pages, then double-tap the screen to
zoom in. Or pinch to make text larger. Sliding your finger moves the page around. Rotating
iPhone lets you view a page widescreen."

47. Shea, Dave (January 9, 2007). "iMobile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191017062248/htt

p://mezzoblue.com/archives/2007/01/09/imobile/) . mezzoblue.com. Archived from the
original (http://mezzoblue.com/archives/2007/01/09/imobile/) on October 17, 2019.
Retrieved October 16, 2019. "It doesn't run a stripped-down mobile browser that delivers a
sub-par experience, it runs Safari - a customized version with special UI tweaks, but that's
still WebKit under the hood. It will render your site the same way your desktop does."
48. Duncan, Geoff (October 17, 2007). "Apple confirms iPhone SDK coming next year" (https://w
ww.digitaltrends.com/apple/apple-confirms-iphone-sdk-coming-next-year/) . Digital
Trends. Retrieved June 11, 2017.

49. "Steve Jobs confirms native iPhone SDK by February" (http://appleinsider.com/articles/07/1

0/17/steve_jobs_confirms_native_iphone_sdk_by_february) . AppleInsider. October 17,
2007. Retrieved June 11, 2017.

50. Dalrymple, Jim (March 6, 2008). "Apple unveils iPhone SDK" (http://www.macworld.com/arti
cle/1132400/iphonesdk.html) . Macworld. International Data Group. Retrieved June 11,
2017.

51. Block, Ryan (March 6, 2008). "Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference" (https://ww
w.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/) . Engadget.
AOL. Retrieved June 11, 2017.

52. "The Day Google Had to 'Start Over' on Android" (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/a

rchive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/) . The Atlantic.
December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.

53. Elgin, Ben (August 17, 2005). "Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal" (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20110205190729/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug200
5/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm) . Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg. Archived from the
original (http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_t
c024.htm) on February 5, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2012.

54. Block, Ryan (August 28, 2007). "Google is working on a mobile OS, and it's due out shortly"
(https://www.engadget.com/2007/08/28/google-is-working-on-a-mobile-os-and-its-due-out-
shortly) . Engadget. Retrieved February 17, 2012.

55. Cha, Bonnie (January 23, 2009). "All T-Mobile retail stores to carry G1" (https://www.cnet.co
m/news/all-t-mobile-retail-stores-to-carry-g1/) . CNET. Retrieved December 28, 2021.

56. "Bendgate: Is the iPhone 6 Plus bending too easily or is it a st" (https://www.pocket-lint.co
m/phones/news/131105-bendgate-is-the-iphone-6-plus-bending-too-easily-or-is-it-a-storm-i
n-a-teacup) . www.pocket-lint.com. September 24, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2022.

57. Oreskovic, Alexei (January 23, 2017). "Here's Samsung's infographic that explains why the
Note 7 phones exploded" (https://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-infographic-explains-
why-galaxy-note-7-phones-exploded-2017-1) . Business Insider. Retrieved January 26,
2022.

58. "How to access the hardware menu button on Samsung Galaxy S5?" (https://galaxys5guide.
com/samsung-galaxy-s5-how-to-guides/how-to-access-the-hardware-menu-button/) .
Samsung Galaxy S5 Guide. May 7, 2014.
59. Stokes, Jon (January 8, 2009). "Palm strikes back with new OS, pre handset at CES" (https://
arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/palm-launches-new-handset-pre-operating-system-at-c
es/) . Ars Technica. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

60. Stokes, Jon (January 12, 2009). " "Synergy" means no need to "save" or "sync" on Palm's pre"
(https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/01/of-clouds-palms-webos-and-cutting-the-cor
d/) . Ars Technica. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

61. Iwatani, Yukari (August 19, 2011). "Pioneering Firm Bows to 'Post-PC World' " (https://www.
wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904070604576516770382416428) . The Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2011.

62. "HP sells Palm WebOS assets to LG" (https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-21587666) .

BBC News. February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2020.

63. Cha, Bonnie. "BlackBerry Torch 9800 review: BlackBerry Torch 9800" (https://www.cnet.co
m/reviews/blackberry-torch-9800-review/) . CNET. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

64. "Can Blackerry Torch compete with iPhone?" (https://www.ocregister.com/2010/09/21/can-

blackerry-torch-compete-with-iphone/) . Orange County Register. September 21, 2010.
Retrieved February 25, 2020.

65. "RIM launches BlackBerry Torch 9810, Torch 9860 and Bold 9900, we go hands-on!" (https://
www.engadget.com/2011/08/03/rim-launches-blackberry-torch-9810-torch-9850-and/) .
Engadget. August 3, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

66. Topolsky, Joshua (January 30, 2013). "BlackBerry Z10 review: a new life, or life support?" (ht
tps://www.theverge.com/2013/1/30/3929760/blackberry-z10-review) . The Verge.
Retrieved February 25, 2020.

67. "Windows Phone 7: An In-depth Look at the Features and Interface" (https://www.pcworld.c
om/article/189347/Windows_Phone_7_An_Indepth_Look_at_the_Features_and_Interface.ht
ml) . PCWorld. February 15, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

68. "Nokia and Microsoft form partnership" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-1242768

0) . BBC News. February 11, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2018.

69. Weintraub, Seth (February 8, 2011). "Nokia's Elop drops bomb: the platform is on fire" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130627165328/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/08/nokia
s-elop-drops-bomb-the-platform-is-on-fire/) . CNN. Archived from the original (http://tech.f
ortune.cnn.com/2011/02/08/nokias-elop-drops-bomb-the-platform-is-on-fire/) on June
27, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.

70. ben-Aaron, Diana (February 11, 2011). "Nokia Falls Most Since July 2009 After Microsoft
Deal" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-11/nokia-joins-forces-with-microsoft-to-
challenge-dominance-of-apple-google.html) . Bloomberg. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
71. Bright, Peter (October 9, 2017). "Windows Phone is now officially dead: A sad tale of what
might have been" (https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/10/windows-phone-is-now-officia
lly-dead-a-sad-tale-of-what-might-have-been/) . Ars Technica. Retrieved February 26, 2020.

72. Tung, Liam. "Lumia 520 extends lead as most popular Windows Phone, as Nokia takes 90
percent of the market" (https://www.zdnet.com/article/lumia-520-extends-lead-as-most-pop
ular-windows-phone-as-nokia-takes-90-percent-of-the-market/) . ZDNet. Retrieved
February 26, 2020.

73. Miller, Matthew. "IDC: Windows Phone sees largest year-over-year increase, Android still
dominates" (https://www.zdnet.com/article/idc-windows-phone-sees-largest-year-over-year
-increase-android-still-dominates/) . ZDNet. Retrieved February 26, 2020.

74. Vincent, James (February 16, 2017). "99.6 percent of new smartphones run Android or iOS"
(https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/16/14634656/android-ios-market-share-blackberry-201
6) . The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

75. Savov, Vlad (August 20, 2015). "96.8 percent of new smartphones sold are either iPhone or
Android devices" (https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/20/9181269/gartner-q2-2015-smartp
hone-sales) . The Verge. Retrieved March 2, 2020.

76. "BlackBerry bails on building its own phones" (https://www.cnet.com/au/news/blackberry-t

o-stop-building-its-own-smartphones/) . CNET. Retrieved June 21, 2017.

77. "TCL signs an exclusive deal to build BlackBerry-branded phones" (https://techcrunch.com/

2016/12/15/blackberry/) . TechCrunch. December 15, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.

78. "BlackBerry bets on Android's apps to buoy new Priv" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/te

chnology/tech-news/blackberry-revenue-falls-short-adjusted-loss-more-than-expected/articl
e26539263/) . The Globe & Mail. Retrieved September 26, 2015.

79. Warren, Tom (July 8, 2015). "Microsoft writes off $7.6 billion from Nokia deal, announces
7,800 job cuts" (https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/8/8910999/microsoft-job-cuts-2015-no
kia-write-off) . The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.

80. Rivera, Jaime (October 18, 2013). "Nokia owns 90% of the Windows Phone market share" (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20171116181156/http://pocketnow.com/2013/10/18/nokia-ow
ns-90-of-the-windows-phone-market-share) . PocketNow. Archived from the original (http
s://pocketnow.com/2013/10/18/nokia-owns-90-of-the-windows-phone-market-share) on
November 16, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2020.

81. Warren, Tom (October 23, 2015). "Windows Phone has a new app problem" (https://www.the
verge.com/2015/10/23/9602350/microsoft-windows-phone-app-removal-windows-stor
e) . The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
82. Warren, Tom (May 25, 2016). "Microsoft lays off hundreds as it guts its phone business" (htt
ps://www.theverge.com/2016/5/25/11766344/microsoft-nokia-impairment-layoffs-may-20
16) . The Verge. Retrieved February 26, 2020.

83. Savov, Vlad (October 10, 2017). "Windows Phone was a glorious failure" (https://www.thever
ge.com/2017/10/10/16452162/windows-phone-history-glorious-failure) . The Verge.
Retrieved February 26, 2020.

84. Warren, Tom (February 24, 2014). "This is Nokia X: Android and Windows Phone collide" (htt
ps://www.theverge.com/2014/2/24/5440498/nokia-x-android-phone-hands-on) . The
Verge. Retrieved March 2, 2020.

85. Yegulalp, Serdar (May 11, 2012). "Camera phones: A look back and forward" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20191009064125/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2473084/camer
a-phones--a-look-back-and-forward.html) . Computerworld. Archived from the original (http
s://www.computerworld.com/article/2473084/camera-phones--a-look-back-and-forward.ht
ml) on October 9, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.

86. "First mobile videophone introduced" (http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/ptech/9905/18/japan.p

honetv/) . CNN. May 18, 1999. Retrieved September 15, 2019.

87. Wan, Hoi (February 28, 2012). "Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia
808 Pureview" (http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-fr
om-sharp-j-sh04-to) . Hoista.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013073105324
6/http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh
04-to) from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.

88. "From J-Phone to Lumia 1020: A complete history of the camera phone" (https://www.digita
ltrends.com/mobile/camera-phone-history/) . Digital Trends. August 11, 2013. Retrieved
September 15, 2019.

89. "Taking pictures with your phone" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1550622.stm) .

BBC News. BBC. September 18, 2001. Retrieved September 15, 2019.

90. O'Brien, Kevin J. (November 15, 2010). "Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices" (htt
ps://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html) . The New York
Times.

91. "Nokia 6111 review: Venus and maybe Mars too" (https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_6111-r
eview-61.php) . GSMArena.com.
 92. Ogg, Erica (December 22, 2011). "Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost
1/3 of photos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065702/https://gigaom.com/2011/1
2/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/) . Gigaom.
Archived from the original (https://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-
shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/) on July 14, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.

93. Siegler, MG (April 17, 2011). "iPhone 4 About To Be Flickr's Top Camera. Point & Shoots?
Pretty Much The Opposite" (https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/17/iphone-4-camera/) .
TechCrunch. Retrieved November 4, 2019.

94. Cooke, Alex (October 30, 2017). "Nikon Closes China Camera Factory, Cites Smartphones as
Cause" (https://fstoppers.com/news/nikon-closes-china-camera-factory-cites-smartphones
-cause-201773) . Fstoppers. Retrieved August 23, 2019.

95. "Smile, and Say 'Android' " (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/technology/personaltec

h/androidcameras-from-nikon-and-samsung-go-beyond-cellphones-review.html?pagewante
d=all&_r=1&) . The New York Times. December 20, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2013.

96. Stirr, Thomas (April 2, 2016). "Digital Camera Sales Continued To Decline In 2015" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20161031212454/http://tomstirrphotography.com/digital-camera-sales
-continued-decline) . Archived from the original (http://tomstirrphotography.com/digital-ca
mera-sales-continued-decline) on October 31, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.

97. "Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras from 2011 to 2016 (in millions)" (https://www.stati
sta.com/statistics/269927/sales-of-analog-and-digital-cameras-worldwide-since-2002/) .
Retrieved March 28, 2017.

98. "Sony Ericsson Satio – A Phone with Ultimate multimedia experience" (http://www.newtech
nology.co.in/sony-ericsson-satio-a-phone-with-ultimate-multimedia-experience/) .
Newtechnology.co.in. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120714020642/http://www.
newtechnology.co.in/sony-ericsson-satio-a-phone-with-ultimate-multimedia-experience/)
from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2013.

99. "Samsung Pixon12 M8910 Price in India - 12 megapixel camera-phone" (http://www.newtec

hnology.co.in/samsung-pixon12-m8910-worlds-first-12-megapixel-camera-phone/) .
Newtechnology.co.in. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120424142402/http://www.
newtechnology.co.in/samsung-pixon12-m8910-worlds-first-12-megapixel-camera-phone/)
from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2013.

100. "Nokia N86 8MP review: Lens wide open" (https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_n86_8mp-revi

ew-366p7.php) . GSMArena.com. June 24, 2009. p. 7.
101. Chan, John (June 15, 2010). "Hands-on with the 14-megapixel Altek Leo" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20120403042848/http://asia.cnet.com/crave/hands-on-with-the-14-megapixel-a
ltek-leo-62111524.htm) . CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original (http://asia.cne
t.com/crave/hands-on-with-the-14-megapixel-altek-leo-62111524.htm) on April 3, 2012.

102. Cozma, Nicole. "Use your voice to take pictures with the Samsung Galaxy S III" (https://ww
w.cnet.com/how-to/use-your-voice-to-take-pictures-with-the-samsung-galaxy-s-iii/) . CNET.
Retrieved May 29, 2021.

103. "Nokia 808 PureView review: Photo Finnish" (https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_808_purevi

ew-review-776p7.php) . GSMArena.com. June 22, 2012. p. 7.

104. Dobie, Alex (April 19, 2016). "HTC 10 review: Iconic, impressive, imperfect" (https://www.and
roidcentral.com/htc-10) . Android Central. Retrieved May 16, 2023.

105. "Samsung I9300 Galaxy S III review: S to the third" (https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_i

9300_galaxy_s_iii-review-761p9.php) . GSMArena.com. May 20, 2012. p. 9.

106. "Samsung Galaxy S4 review: Supernova" (https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_s4-

review-914p9.php) . GSMArena.com. March 28, 2013. p. 9.

107. Costello, sam (January 22, 2020). "Snap Photos and Record Video on an iPhone at the
Same Time" (https://www.lifewire.com/take-photo-while-recording-video-iphone-199962
1) . Lifewire.

108. "Sony Xperia Z1 review: A smartphone with a camera-sized sensor" (https://www.dpreview.c

om/reviews/sony-xperia-z1-camera-review/5) . DPReview. November 1, 2013.

109. Carson, Biz (September 12, 2017). "Tim Cook Isn't Wrong: Why The iPhone X Could Change
How We Use Phones Forever" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2017/09/12/tim-c
ook-isnt-wrong-why-the-iphone-x-could-change-how-we-use-phones-forever/) . Forbes.

110. "How to control focus and depth of field on your iPhone camera" (https://www.macworld.co
m/article/222584/how-to-control-focus-and-depth-of-field-on-your-iphone-camera.html) .
Macworld. January 5, 2014.

111. "Samsung Galaxy K Zoom vs Galaxy S4 Zoom: What's the difference?" (https://www.pocket-l
int.com/phones/buyers-guides/samsung/128613-samsung-galaxy-k-zoom-vs-galaxy-s4-zo
om-what-s-the-difference) . www.pocket-lint.com. April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2021.

112. "Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1 camera review" (https://www.dpreview.com/reviews/panasoni

c-lumix-dmc-cm1-camera-review/10) . DPReview. May 27, 2015. p. 10. Retrieved April 20,
2021.

113. Brawley, William (April 27, 2015). "Panasonic CM1 Review" (https://www.imaging-resource.c
om/PRODS/panasonic-cm1/panasonic-cm1A.HTM) . Imaging Resource. Retrieved April 20,
2021.
114. "UltraPixel Camera Image Quality Review" (https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/htc-on
e-m8-ultrapixel-camera-image-quality-page-7) . Trusted Reviews. November 18, 2016. p. 7.

115. Savvides, Lexy (April 10, 2014). "HTC One M8: the camera review" (https://www.cnet.com/n
ews/htc-one-m8-the-camera-review/) . CNET.

116. Cade, DL (October 24, 2016). "Apple Just Released Their Fake Bokeh Portrait Mode to
Everyone" (https://petapixel.com/2016/10/24/apple-just-released-fake-bokeh-portrait-mode
-everyone/) . PetaPixel. Retrieved November 5, 2019.

117. Boxall, Andy (June 4, 2018). "Huawei P20 Pro review" (https://www.digitaltrends.com/cell-p
hone-reviews/huawei-p20-pro-review/#/2/1) .

118. "Nokia 9 PureView - Full phone specifications" (https://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_9_purevi

ew-8867.php) . GSMarena.com. Retrieved May 20, 2019.

119. La, Lynn. "The dual-display LG V10 offers ultimate camera and video control (review)" (http
s://www.cnet.com/reviews/lg-v10-review/) . CNET.

120. "HTC One X review: eXtra special" (https://www.gsmarena.com/htc_one_x-review-747p6.ph

p) . GSMArena.com. April 12, 2012.

121. "MediaTek shows off 480fps super slow-motion 1080p video recording on the MT6795" (htt
ps://www.neowin.net/news/mediatek-shows-off-480fps-super-slow-motion-1080p-video-re
cording-on-the-mt6795/) . Neowin. February 17, 2015.

122. "Sony Xperia S review: NXT of kin" (https://www.gsmarena.com/sony_xperia_s-review-741p

6.php) . GSMArena.com. p. 6.

123. "HTC One X review: eXtra special" (https://www.gsmarena.com/htc_one_x-review-747.ph

p) . GSMArena.com. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

124. "Apple iPhone XS review" (https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_xs-review-1827p7.ph

p) . GSMArena.com. p. 7.

125. Smith, Mat (December 29, 2011). "1 million Galaxy Notes shipped worldwide, US fans throw
money at their screens" (https://www.engadget.com/2011/12/29/1-million-galaxy-notes-shi
pped-worldwide-us-fans-throw-money-at/) . Engadget.

126. "Samsung: 10M Galaxy Notes sold in nine months" (http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-574

93718-94/samsung-10m-galaxy-notes-sold-in-nine-months/) . CNET. Retrieved January 18,
2013.

127. History Of The Huawei Mate Flagships (https://www.androidheadlines.com/2019/05/huaw

ei-mate-flagships-history.html/amp) 2 May 2019.
128. "Samsung's Galaxy Round is the first phone with a curved display" (https://www.theverge.co
m/2013/10/8/4818572/samsung-galaxy-round-curved-oled-smartphone-official) . The
Verge. Vox Media. October 8, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2017.

129. "LG G Flex appears on the FCC with AT&T-friendly LTE" (https://www.engadget.com/2013/1
1/15/lg-g-flex-att-lte/) . Engadget. November 15, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2014.

130. "LG G Flex announced with vertically curved 6-inch 720p screen, 'self-repairing' back cover"
(https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/27/lg-g-flex/) . Engadget. Verizon Media. October
28, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2014.

131. Dent, Steve (February 18, 2014). "Do you really need a 4K smartphone screen?" (https://ww
w.engadget.com/2014/02/18/do-you-really-need-a-4k-smartphone-screen/) .

132. "Sony's 4K smartphone shows most content in 1080p" (https://www.engadget.com/2015/0

9/15/sony-xperia-z5-premium-not-so-4k/) . Engadget. September 15, 2015. Retrieved
March 21, 2017.

133. "LG G6 With 5.7-Inch FullVision Display, Google Assistant Launched at MWC 2017" (http://g
adgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/lg-g6-launched-at-mwc-2017-price-release-date-specificati
ons-and-more-1663697) . Gadgets360. NDTV. February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26,
2017.

134. "The LG G6 is sleek, solid, and surprisingly sensible" (https://www.theverge.com/circuitbrea

ker/2017/2/26/14741886/lg-g6-announced-specs-features-mwc-2017) . The Verge. Vox
Media. February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.

135. "This is the Samsung Galaxy S8, coming April 21st" (https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/29/
15087530/samsung-galaxy-s8-announced-features-release-date-video-specifications) .
The Verge. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

136. Mathur, Vishal (April 29, 2018). "Why do Android phones want a notch?" (https://www.livemi
nt.com/Technology/YFHDoI8YuK4SkZqViPN4VN/Why-do-Android-phones-want-a-notch.ht
ml) . Livemint. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

137. "Google thankfully bans Android phones with three notches or other exotic configurations"
(https://www.pcworld.com/article/3293447/android/android-phone-notch-requirements.ht
ml) . PCWorld. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

138. Petrov, Daniel. "What was the first phone with a notch? Answer may surprise you" (https://w
ww.phonearena.com/news/First-notch-phone-Sharp-not-Essential_id105608) . Phone
Arena. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
139. Axon, Samuel (November 25, 2017). "How app developers and designers feel about the
iPhone X—and the notch" (https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/11/how-devs-updated-th
eir-apps-for-the-iphone-xs-screen-and-the-notch/2/) . Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved
December 4, 2017.

140. Williams, Andrew (November 14, 2018). "Cut it out: how the smartphone notch became 'a
thing' " (https://www.techradar.com/news/cut-it-out-a-brief-history-of-the-smartphone-notc
h) . TechRadar. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

141. "Is the hole-punch camera here to stay? We look at the pros and cons of the front camera
design" (https://www.pocket-lint.com/phones/news/146822-hole-punch-camera-vs-notch-v
s-slider-honor-samsung) . Pocket-lint. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

142. Low, Aloysius (August 20, 2019). "Oppo Find X review: Sexier and more innovative than the
Galaxy S9" (https://www.cnet.com/reviews/oppo-find-x-review/) . CNET. Retrieved
February 26, 2020.

143. Seifert, Dan (June 19, 2018). "Oppo's Find X ditches the notch for pop-up cameras" (https://
www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/6/19/17476338/oppo-find-x-phone-announcement
-specs-price) . The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

144. Byford, Sam (June 26, 2019). "Oppo unveils the world's first under-screen selfie camera" (htt
ps://www.theverge.com/2019/6/26/18759380/under-display-selfie-camera-first-oppo-anno
uncement) . The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

145. Peters, Jay (August 19, 2020). "Here's your best look yet at ZTE's first smartphone with an
under-display camera" (https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/19/21376546/zte-smartphone-u
nder-display-camera-axon-20-5g-renders-images) . The Verge. Retrieved September 1,
2020.

146. Jansen, Mark (July 19, 2020). "What does a 90Hz or 120Hz refresh rate mean for your
smartphone screen?" (https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/refresh-rate-smartphone-scre
en-explainer/) . Digital Trends. Retrieved July 23, 2020.

147. Savov, Vlad (June 7, 2018). "Android gaming phones have a lot of growing up to do" (https://
www.theverge.com/2018/6/7/17436168/android-gaming-rog-phone-computex-2018) .
The Verge. Retrieved May 26, 2021.

148. "Samsung I9300 Galaxy S III review: S to the third" (https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_i

9300_galaxy_s_iii-review-761p8.php) . GSMArena.com. May 20, 2012. p. 8. Retrieved
May 29, 2021.

149. "N7000UBLS4 – Galaxy Note Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean TEST firmware From Tel Cel Mexico"
(https://www.sammobile.com/2012/12/13/n7000bls4tce-%E2%80%93-galaxy-note-android-
4-1-2-jelly-bean-test-firmware/) . SamMobile. February 17, 2013.
150. Reisinger, Don (December 7, 2012). "Samsung's Galaxy S3 to get Premium Suite upgrade" (h
ttps://www.cnet.com/news/samsungs-galaxy-s3-to-get-premium-suite-upgrade/) . CNET.

151. "Samsung Galaxy Note 3 User Guide" (https://www.tomsguide.com/us/samsung-galaxy-not

e-3-guide,review-2906-3.html) . Tom's Guide. September 7, 2013.

152. King, Ian (December 15, 2013). "Bendable smartphones aren't coming anytime soon" (http
s://www.smh.com.au/technology/bendable-smartphones-arent-coming-anytime-soon-2013
1213-2zbtq.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved February 5, 2019.

153. Warren, Tom (November 8, 2018). "The foldable phones are coming" (https://www.theverge.
com/2018/11/8/18074838/samsung-foldable-phone-infinity-flex-display-technology-repor
t) . The Verge. Retrieved February 5, 2019.

154. Statt, Nick (November 5, 2018). "We tried the world's first folding phone, and it actually
works" (https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/11/5/18067116/royole-flexpai-flexi
ble-display-foldable-smartphone-tablet-pricing-features-release-date) . The Verge.
Retrieved February 5, 2019.

155. Warren, Tom (November 7, 2018). "This is Samsung's foldable smartphone" (https://www.th
everge.com/2018/11/7/18072514/samsung-foldable-phone-screen-features-photos-sdc-20
18) . The Verge. Retrieved February 5, 2019.

156. Dunn, Jeff (February 20, 2019). "Samsung's foldable phone is finally official—meet the
Galaxy Fold" (https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/02/samsungs-foldable-phone-is-finall
y-official-meet-the-galaxy-fold/) . Ars Technica. Retrieved February 23, 2019.

157. Warren, Tom (September 5, 2019). "How Samsung fixed the Galaxy Fold" (https://www.theve
rge.com/2019/9/5/20850693/samsung-galaxy-fold-hands-on-ifa-2019-fixed-display-hing
e) . The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2020.

158. Gartenberg, Chaim (November 13, 2019). "Motorola resurrects the Razr as a foldable
Android smartphone" (https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/13/20963294/motorola-razr-ne
w-foldable-smartphone-android-hands-on-flip-phone-photos-video) . The Verge. Retrieved
February 25, 2020.

159. Dolcourt, Jessica. "Samsung Galaxy Z Flip's foldable glass screen: Already more impressive
than the Razr" (https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-galaxy-z-flips-foldable-glass-screen-a
lready-more-impressive-than-razr/) . CNET. Retrieved May 26, 2021.

160. "Fingerprint Scanner On Phones: History & Evolution, But Do We Really Need That?" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200726202349/https://www.igadgetsworld.com/fingerprint-scann
er-history-evolution-but-do-we-really-need-that/) . Web cusp. April 17, 2016. Archived from
the original (https://www.igadgetsworld.com/fingerprint-scanner-history-evolution-but-do-w
e-really-need-that/) on July 26, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
161. Newton, Casey (September 10, 2013). "Apple's new iPhone will read your fingerprint" (http
s://www.theverge.com/2013/9/10/4715372/confirmed-apple-iphone-5s-will-include-touch-i
d-fingerprint-scanner) . The Verge. Retrieved September 11, 2013.

162. "Touch ID: Inside the fingerprint scanner on Apple's iPhone 5s" (https://gadgets.ndtv.com/m
obiles/news/touch-id-inside-the-fingerprint-scanner-on-apples-iphone-5s-417141) . NDTV
Gadgets 360. September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2021.

163. Monbiot, George (September 23, 2013). "Why is Apple so shifty about how it makes the
iPhone?" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/23/apple-shifty-about-m
aking-iphone?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2&et_cid=50104&et_rid=7107573&Linkid=http%3a%
2f%2fwww.theguardian.com%2fcommentisfree%2f2013%2fsep%2f23%2fapple-shifty-about
-making-iphone) . The Guardian. Retrieved September 24, 2013.

164. Schröder, Horst (April 4, 2016). "So gut ist das erste Fairphone aus Deutschland" (https://w
ww.gruenderszene.de/allgemein/shiftphone-fairphone-deutschland-test) .
www.gruenderszene.de. Retrieved September 5, 2018.

165. Etherington, Darrell (October 10, 2013). "Quasar IV Encrypted Ninja Smartphone Goes Into
Production, Despite Indiegogo Failure" (https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/09/quasar-iv-encr
ypted-ninja-smartphone-goes-into-production-despite-indiegogo-failure/?ncid=tcdaily) .
TechCrunch. Verizon Media. Retrieved October 10, 2013.

166. Byford, Sam (October 29, 2013). "Motorola reveals ambitious plan to build modular
smartphones" (https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/29/5041336/motorola-project-ara-mod
ular-smartphones) . The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved October 29, 2013.

167. Musil, Steven (October 29, 2013). "Motorola unveils Project Ara for custom smartphones" (h
ttp://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57609735-94/motorola-unveils-project-ara-for-custom-s
martphones/) . CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 29, 2013.

168. Pierce, David. "Project Ara Lives: Google's Modular Phone Is Ready for You Now" (https://w
ww.wired.com/2016/05/project-ara-lives-googles-modular-phone-is-ready/) . Wired.
Retrieved May 20, 2016.

169. "Google confirms the end of its modular Project Ara smartphone" (https://www.theverge.co
m/2016/9/2/12775922/google-project-ara-modular-phone-suspended-confirm) . The
Verge. Vox Media. September 2, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.

170. "LG G5 hands-on—LG may have made the most innovative phone of MWC" (https://arstechni
ca.com/gadgets/2016/02/lg-g5-hands-on-lg-may-have-made-the-most-innovative-phone-of-
mwc/) . Ars Technica. February 21, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
171. "Motorola's new Moto Z ditches the headphone jack, adds hot-swapping magnetic modular
accessories" (https://www.cnet.com/products/motorola-moto-z/) . CNET. CBS Interactive.
Retrieved June 9, 2016.

172. "Inside Microsoft's Plan to Unlock the Full Power of Your Phone" (https://time.com/412131
4/microsoft-continuum/) . Time. November 20, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2017.

173. Miller, Ross (October 6, 2015). "Microsoft's new Display Dock transforms your Windows 10
mobile into a PC" (https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/6/9453577/microsoft-display-dock-
announced-price-release-date-continuum) . The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved October 6,
2015.

174. "This map shows the percentage of people around the world who own smartphones" (http://
www.businessinsider.com/how-many-people-own-smartphones-around-the-world-2016-2?I
R=T) . Business Insider.

175. "Number of smartphone users worldwide 2014-2020 | Statista" (https://www.statista.com/s

tatistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/) . Statista. Retrieved May 23,
2017.

176. "In 4G era, app, video streaming experience key for brand loyalty: Report" (https://www.thehi
ndubusinessline.com/info-tech/in-4g-era-app-video-streaming-experience-key-for-brand-loy
alty-report/article9035994.ece) . www.thehindubusinessline.com. August 26, 2016.
Retrieved January 20, 2023.

177. "7 exciting smartphone trends to watch in 2016: VR, super-fast LTE, and more" (http://www.
pcworld.com/article/3030317/phones/7-smartphone-trends-to-watch-this-year.html) . PC
World. February 5, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017.

178. "Galaxy Note 7 power saving mode lowers resolution to save battery" (https://www.slashge
ar.com/galaxy-note-7-power-saving-mode-lowers-resolution-to-save-battery-03450613/) .
SlashGear. August 3, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2021.

179. "Samsung's adaptive refresh rate tech could be coming to a phone near you" (https://www.a
ndroidauthority.com/samsung-display-adaptive-refresh-rate-1146678/) . Android Authority.
August 11, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2021.

180. "I tried the first phone with an in-display fingerprint sensor" (https://www.theverge.com/circ
uitbreaker/2018/1/9/16867536/vivo-fingerprint-reader-integrated-display-biometric-ces-201
8) . The Verge. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

181. Seifert, Dan (February 20, 2019). "Samsung officially announces the Galaxy S10 and S10
Plus, starting at $899" (https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/20/18232248/samsung-galaxy-s
10-plus-camera-price-release-date-features-size-photos-hands-on-video) . The Verge.
Retrieved February 20, 2019.
182. "Seven New Smartphone Features For 2019 - TelcoWorld Corp. Melbourne Mobile Phone
Repairs" (https://www.telcoworld.com.au/news-blog/seven-new-smartphone-features-for-2
019/) .

183. "Samsung is hiding its ads that made fun of Apple's removal of headphone jack" (https://ww
w.androidauthority.com/samsung-headphone-jack-ads-1017246/) . Android Authority.
August 8, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2022.

184. Smith, Dave (June 6, 2019). "Apple's iPhone X introduced the 'notch' trend 2 years ago. Now,
smartphone makers are trying to kill it once and for all" (https://www.businessinsider.com/a
pple-vs-the-notch-asus-oppo-xiaomi-smartphone-makers-2019-6?op=1) . Business Insider.
Retrieved October 17, 2022.

185. Rosenberg, Adam (December 26, 2020). "Xiaomi ditches chargers for the Mi 11 after
mocking Apple's similar move" (https://mashable.com/article/xiaomi-ditches-charger-brick-
after-mocking-apple) . Mashable. Retrieved October 17, 2022.

186. "Xiaomi Removes Charger From Box After Mocking Apple For It" (https://www.ndtv.com/off
beat/xiaomi-removes-charger-from-box-after-mocking-apple-for-it-2344556) . NDTV.com.
December 28, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2022.

187. Robbins, Ebenezer (September 11, 2022). "After Apple, Xiaomi and Samsung: The next
mobile manufacturer falls apart" (https://www.techgamingreport.com/after-apple-xiaomi-an
d-samsung-the-next-mobile-manufacturer-falls-apart/) . Tech Gaming Report. Retrieved
October 17, 2022.

188. c. f. camera software of Samsung since the Galaxy S10, of Huawei since the P20, of LG
since the G8, since the OnePlus 6, of Xiaomi since Redmi Note 5, and of UleFone
smartphones released since at least 2017 (as of 2022).

189. Alspach, Kyle (October 17, 2019). "10 Mobile Trends To Watch Out For In 2020" (https://ww
w.crn.com/news/mobility/10-mobile-trends-to-watch-out-for-in-2020) . CRN. Retrieved
February 10, 2021.

190. Tranate, Jess (December 28, 2020). "Samsung, Xiaomi Remove Charger From Smartphones
After Mocking Apple" (https://www.hngn.com/articles/233701/20201228/samsung-xiaomi-
remove-charger-smartphones-mocking-apple.htm) . HNGN - Headlines & Global News.
Retrieved September 27, 2021.

191. "The $149 Smartphone That Could Bring The Linux Mobile Ecosystem to Life" (https://www.
vice.com/en/article/v7e77y/the-dollar149-smartphone-that-could-bring-the-linux-mobile-ec
osystem-to-life) . Vice. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
192. Vaughan-Nichols, Steven. "PinePhone KDE Linux phone is getting ready for pre-orders" (http
s://www.zdnet.com/article/pinephone-kde-linux-phone-is-getting-ready-for-pre-orders/) .
ZDNet. Retrieved January 30, 2022.

193. Amadeo, Ron (September 26, 2019). "Purism's Librem 5 phone starts shipping—a fully open
GNU/Linux phone" (https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/09/purisms-librem-5-phone-star
ts-shipping-a-fully-open-gnulinux-phone/) . Ars Technica. Retrieved January 30, 2022.

194. Nestor, Marius (February 16, 2020). "Maui Project Wants to Bring Convergent Apps to Linux
Desktops and Android" (https://9to5linux.com/maui-project-convergent-apps-linux-and-andr
oid) . 9to5Linux. Retrieved January 30, 2022.

195. Jose, Manuel. "Purism: A Linux OS is talking Convergence again" (https://www.techdrivein.c

om/2019/03/purism-linux-os-convergence.html) .

196. Larabel, Michael. "Purism's PureOS Proclaims Convergence Success For Mobile & Desktop
Support - Phoronix" (https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=PureOS-Co
nvergence) . Phoronix.

197. Crume, Jacob (December 30, 2021). "Maui Shell is Here, Ushering in a New Era of Desktop
Linux" (https://news.itsfoss.com/maui-shell-unveiled/) . It's FOSS – News. Retrieved
January 16, 2022.

198. Hamner, David (September 29, 2020). "Desktop and Phone Convergence" (https://puri.sm/p
osts/desktop-and-phone-convergence/) . Purism. Retrieved January 30, 2022.

199. "Qualcomm's Snapdragon Satellite will let Android phones text off the grid" (https://www.en
gadget.com/qualcomm-snapdragon-satellite-messaging-android-211037007.html) .
Engadget. January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2023.

200. "The problems with Elon Musk's satellite phone plan" (https://qz.com/the-problems-with-elo
n-musks-satellite-phone-plan-1849462167) . Quartz. August 26, 2022. Retrieved
January 15, 2023.

201. Kim, Woonyun (2015). "CMOS power amplifier design for cellular applications: an
EDGE/GSM dual-mode quad-band PA in 0.18 μm CMOS" (https://books.google.com/books?
id=PzzLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89) . In Wang, Hua; Sengupta, Kaushik (eds.). RF and mm-Wave
Power Generation in Silicon. Academic Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-12-409522-9.

202. "Remarks by Director Iancu at the 2019 International Intellectual Property Conference" (http
s://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/remarks-director-iancu-2019-international-intell
ectual-property-conference) . United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 10, 2019.
Retrieved July 20, 2019.
203. Kent, Joel (May 2010). "Touchscreen technology basics & a new development" (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=ekdkWGqw29EC&pg=PA34) . 2010 CMOS Emerging Technologies
Conference Presentation Slides. Vol. 6. CMOS Emerging Technologies.
ISBN 9781927500057.

204. Ganapati, Priya (March 5, 2010). "Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point" (http
s://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartphones/) . Wired. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20140511114207/http://www.wired.com/2010/03/touchscreens-smartph
ones/) from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2019.

205. Baliga, B. Jayant (2005). Silicon RF Power MOSFETS (https://books.google.com/books?id=S

tJpDQAAQBAJ) . World Scientific. ISBN 9789812561213.

206. Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128) . CRC Press. pp. 128–134.
ISBN 9780429881343.

207. "LDMOS Products and Solutions" (https://www.nxp.com/products/rf/rf-power/ldmos-produ

cts-and-solutions:RF-LDMOS-Products-Sol) . NXP Semiconductors. Retrieved December 4,
2019.

208. "Camera and thermal imaging Review" (https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/cat-s60-c

amera-and-thermal-imaging-page-3) . Trusted Reviews. November 11, 2016. Retrieved
April 19, 2021.

209. Chopra, Purvi (November 19, 2018). "Ulefone Armor 3T Review: A Digital Walkie-Talkie
Smartphone" (https://veditto.com/ulefone-armor-3t-review) . Veditto. Retrieved April 19,
2021.

210. "CPU Frequency" (http://www.cpu-world.com/Glossary/C/CPU_Frequency.html) . CPU

World Glossary. CPU World. March 25, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2010.

211. Athow, Desire (March 9, 2021). "Best rugged smartphones of 2021: waterproof, shockproof
and IP68 mobiles" (https://www.techradar.com/best/best-rugged-smartphones) .
TechRadar. Retrieved June 18, 2021.

212. Corbin Davenport (November 13, 2019). "The menu navigation button has finally been
retired in Android 10" (https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/13/the-menu-navigation-bu
tton-has-finally-been-retired-in-android-10/) . Retrieved June 20, 2021.

213. Krasnoff, Barbara (July 27, 2020). "How to take screenshots on your iPhone" (https://www.t
heverge.com/21340137/apple-iphone-screenshots-ios-how-to-take) . The Verge. Retrieved
June 21, 2021.

214. "How to Take Screenshot on LG G3 (3 Methods)" (https://www.droidviews.com/how-to-take-

screenshot-on-lg-g3/) . DroidViews. August 14, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
215. "4 Ways To Take a Screenshot on the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra -
NaldoTech" (https://www.naldotech.com/screenshot-samsung-galaxy-note-20-ultra/) .
August 20, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2021.

216. "Don't call it a phablet: the 5.5" Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge is narrower than many 5.2"
devices" (https://www.phonearena.com/news/Dont-call-it-a-phablet-the-5.5-Samsung-Galax
y-S7-Edge-is-narrower-than-many-5.2-devices_id79482) . PhoneArena. March 21, 2016.
Retrieved April 3, 2017.

217. "We're gonna need Pythagoras' help to compare screen sizes in 2017" (https://www.theverg
e.com/tldr/2017/3/30/15120824/screen-aspect-ratio-mathematics-galaxy-s8-lg-g6) . The
Verge. March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.

218. "The Samsung Galaxy S8 will change the way we think about display sizes" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20180725110244/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/3/30/1512
1526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-comparison) . The Verge.
Vox Media. March 30, 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.theverge.com/circuitbr
eaker/2017/3/30/15121526/samsung-galaxy-s8-vs-google-pixel-iphone-7-screen-size-com
parison) on July 25, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2017.

219. Ward, J. R.; Phillips, M. J. (April 1, 1987). "Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics
and the Effects on the User Interface". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 7 (4): 31–
44. doi:10.1109/MCG.1987.276869 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCG.1987.276869) .
ISSN 0272-1716 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-1716) . S2CID 16707568 (https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16707568) .

220. "How does Air view work?" (https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/what-is/air-view/) .

Samsung Galaxy site.

221. "Floating touch™ – Developer World" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120917003815/http://

developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/technologies/floating-touch) . September 17,
2012. Archived from the original (http://developer.sonymobile.com/knowledge-base/techno
logies/floating-touch) on September 17, 2012.

222. "How to Change Unlock Effect on Galaxy S4 Lock Screen" (https://androidwidgetcenter.co

m/android-tips/how-to-change-unlock-effect-on-galaxy-s4-lock-screen/) . Android Widget
Center. May 13, 2013.

223. "S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus" (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0119012837/https://www.androidauthority.com/note-4-s-pen-feature-532978/) . Android
Authority. October 2, 2014. Archived from the original (https://www.androidauthority.com/n
ote-4-s-pen-feature-532978/) on January 19, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
224. Whitney, Lance (July 8, 2019). "How to Use and Control 3D Touch on Your iPhone" (https://u
k.pcmag.com/gallery/121589/how-to-use-and-control-3d-touch-on-your-iphone) . PCMag
UK. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

225. Zibreg, Christian (October 28, 2015). "Apple rejects Gravity, a 3D Touch-based iPhone 6s
digital scale app" (https://www.idownloadblog.com/2015/10/28/apple-pulls-gravity-app/) .
iDownloadBlog.com. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

226. "HTC Bravo: TMO UK Nexus One Plus Optical Trackpad – Phandroid" (https://phandroid.co
m/2010/01/21/htc-bravo-tmo-uk-nexus-one-plus-optical-trackpad/) . phandroid.com.
January 21, 2010. Retrieved July 20, 2021.

227. "How to Use Heart Rate Sensor on Note 4 as a Shutter Button" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210615163525/https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-n
ote-4-shutter-button/) . Android Widget Center. December 25, 2014. Archived from the
original (https://androidwidgetcenter.com/android-tips/use-heart-rate-sensor-note-4-shutter
-button/) on June 15, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

228. "Hidden innovation in the Galaxy S4" (https://www.sammobile.com/2013/04/10/hidden-inn

ovation-in-the-galaxy-s4/) . SamMobile. April 10, 2013.

229. S, Ray (September 6, 2014). "Playing with the Note 4's UV and SpO2 sensors" (https://www.
phonearena.com/news/Playing-with-the-Note-4s-UV-and-SpO2-sensors_id60358) . Phone
Arena. Retrieved April 2, 2021.

230. Ezekiel, Odunayo (November 18, 2019). "eMMC or UFS: Understanding new generation of
mobile phone storage" (https://www.dignited.com/23879/emmc-or-ufs-mobile-phone-stora
ge/) . Dignited.

231. Ware, Russell (November 13, 2019). "Understanding Smartphone Storage – How much
storage does your phone need?" (https://www.lifewire.com/smartphone-buying-guides-577
502) . Lifewire.

232. "Samsung Starts Producing First 512-Gigabyte Universal Flash Storage for Next-Generation
Mobile Devices" (http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171204006182/en/Samsun
g-Starts-Producing-512-Gigabyte-Universal-Flash-Storage) . www.businesswire.com.
December 5, 2017.

233. Gottsegen, Gordon (December 5, 2017). "Samsung is bringing a huge 512GB memory chip
to its phones" (https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-512gb-memory-chip-announcemen
t/) . CNET.

234. "US will only receive 32GB Galaxy S7 and Galaxy S7 edge" (https://www.androidauthority.co
m/us-getting-32gb-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-675313/) . Android Authority. February 21, 2016.
235. "MicroSD vs. cloud storage: Which do you prefer?" (https://news.wirefly.com/2013/05/31/m
icrosd-vs-cloud-storage-which-do-you-prefer) . phonedog.com. May 31, 2013.

236. "Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage" (https://www.ni.com/en-nz/support/docu

mentation/supplemental/12/understanding-life-expectancy-of-flash-storage.html) .
www.ni.com. July 23, 2020.

237. "How to back up your Android phone" (https://www.androidauthority.com/backup-android-p

hone-708622/) . Android Authority. December 9, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2023.

238. Popa, Bogdan (December 31, 2019). "Xiaomi Ships Android 11 Update, Completely Bricks
Devices" (https://news.softpedia.com/news/xiaomi-ships-android-11-update-completely-bri
cks-devices-531859.shtml) . softpedia.

239. "Kaufberatung: Smartphones mit Dual-SIM und Micro-SD" (https://www.techstage.de/ratgeb

er/kaufberatung-smartphones-mit-dual-sim-und-micro-sd/3t4xzm3) . TechStage (in
German). January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2021.

240. "How to increase internal memory on the Galaxy Note 4" (https://www.nextpit.com/how-to-i
ncrease-internal-memory-on-galaxy-note-4) . NextPit. July 5, 2015.

241. Thorn, Thomas (August 9, 2013). "Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini review" (https://www.techradar.
com/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/samsung-galaxy-s4-mini-1137603/review) .
TechRadar.

242. Hidalgo, Jason. "Replace the SIM & Memory Card in a Samsung Galaxy S7 or S7 Edge" (http
s://www.lifewire.com/install-sim-memory-galaxy-s7-4023729) . Lifewire.

243. "Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 review: Ace in the hole" (https://www.gsmarena.com/samsun
g_galaxy_ace_s5830-review-573.php) . GSMArena.com. February 23, 2011. p. 1.

244. "What Happened To Mass Storage & File Management? [Updated] - Mobility Arena - Mobile
Phone, Smartphone, Cell Phone Reviews" (https://mobilityarena.com/what-happened-to-ma
ss-storage-and-file-management/) . mobilityarena.com. November 18, 2011.

245. Hecht, Jeff (September 30, 2014). "Why Mobile Voice Quality Still Stinks—and How to Fix It"
(https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-mobile-voice-quality-still-stinksand-how-to-fix-it) . IEEE.

246. Malykhina, Elena. "Why Is Cell Phone Call Quality So Terrible?" (http://www.scientificamerica
n.com/article/why-is-cell-phone-call-quality-so-terrible) . Scientific American.

247. Henry, Alan (May 22, 2014). "What's the Best Mobile VoIP App?" (https://lifehacker.com/wha
ts-the-best-mobile-voip-app-1579791681) . Lifehacker. Gawker Media.

248. Hoyle, Andrew (March 25, 2014). "HTC One M8 BoomSound speakers are loud and proud" (h
ttps://www.cnet.com/news/htc-one-m8-speaker-comparison/) . CNET.
249. "Was ditching the headphone jack a good idea?" (https://www.soundguys.com/was-ditching
-the-headphone-jack-a-good-idea-13825/) . SoundGuys. August 9, 2019.

250. "Causes and Fixes of Unexpected Phone Shutoffs - RTCL ... rtcl.eecs.umich.edu › assets ›
2020" (https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2020/youngmoon-mobisys
20.pdf) (PDF). June 15, 2020.

251. Jasieniak, Jacek (July 31, 2017). "Explainer: how to extend your phone's battery life" (http
s://theconversation.com/explainer-how-to-extend-your-phones-battery-life-80958) . The
Conversation.

252. Yee, Ho Kar; Ramakrishnan, Sivakumar; Mohamad, Ahmad Azmin (2014). "Modelling of
Charge/Discharge Cycle of Lithium Ion Battery System" (https://www.ukm.my/jqma/v10_1/j
qma-10-1-paper4.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis. 10 (1): 39–47.

253. "Planned obsolescence: the outrage of our electronic waste mountain" (https://www.thegua
rdian.com/technology/2020/apr/15/the-right-to-repair-planned-obsolescence-electronic-wa
ste-mountain) . the Guardian. April 15, 2020.

254. Rao, Sumukh (April 9, 2020). "Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo
VOOC vs USB-PD - TechPP" (https://techpp.com/2020/04/09/qualcomm-quick-charge-vs-o
neplus-warp-charge-vs-oppo-vooc-vs-usb-pd/) . techpp.com. Retrieved December 9, 2021.

255. Ho, Joshua (2014). "The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review" (https://www.anandtech.com/sho
w/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/3) . www.anandtech.com.

256. T, Nick (June 30, 2016). "How it works: Dash Charge fast charging on the OnePlus 3" (http
s://www.phonearena.com/news/How-it-works-Dash-Charge-fast-charging-on-the-OnePlus-3
_id82646) . Phone Arena.

257. Byford, Sam (October 10, 2018). "Oppo has the fastest fast charging we've ever seen" (http
s://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/10/10/17958648/oppo-super-vooc-fast-chargin
g-find-x-lamborghini-edition) . The Verge.

258. "PSA: The Galaxy S8 and S8+ doesn't actually Fast Charge while you're using it – Phandroid"
(https://phandroid.com/2017/05/11/samsung-galaxy-s8-plus-wont-fast-charge-problem
s/) . phandroid.com. May 11, 2017.

259. "6 phones with the best battery life" (https://www.cnet.com/news/smartphones-best-long-b

attery-life/) . Retrieved October 31, 2017.

260. "J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant
Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jd
-power-and-associates-reports-smartphone-battery-life-has-become-a-significant-drain-on-c
ustomer-satisfaction-and-loyalty-142765065.html) (Press release). Retrieved
September 11, 2014.
261. Kendrick, James (August 4, 2014). "The secret behind poor smartphone battery life" (http
s://www.zdnet.com/article/the-secret-behind-poor-smartphone-battery-life/) . ZDNet.
Retrieved November 2, 2017.

262. "Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years" (https://techlan
d.time.com/2013/04/01/peak-battery-why-smartphone-battery-life-still-stinks-and-will-for-y
ears/) . Time. April 1, 2013.

263. "Refurbished version of ill-fated Galaxy Note 7 will soon be available overseas" (http://www.
digitaltrends.com/mobile/samsung-halts-galaxy-note-7-shipments-phones-catching-fire/) .
May 5, 2017.

264. "The Most Impactful New iPhone Feature May Be the Most Boring" (https://www.wired.co
m/story/iphone-wireless-charging-qi/) . WIRED. Retrieved September 22, 2017.

265. Frumusanu, Andrei (June 23, 2015). "Analysing AMOLED Power Efficiency Improvements" (h
ttps://www.anandtech.com/show/9394/analysing-amoled-power-efficiency) .
www.anandtech.com. Retrieved September 14, 2023.

266. "How to Shoot Photos in DNG/RAW on Samsung Galaxy S7" (https://web.archive.org/web/2

0210819213752/https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dng-raw-gal
axy-s7/) . Android Beat | Android News, Hacks, Apps, Tips & Reviews Blog. April 24, 2016.
Archived from the original (https://www.androidbeat.com/2016/04/how-to-shoot-photos-dn
g-raw-galaxy-s7/) on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.

267. Nikam, Sohil (May 8, 2015). "Samsung Dropping RAW Image Support Into Galaxy S6 And S6
Edge Via Android 5.1.1 Update - TechShout" (https://www.techshout.com/samsung-to-bless
-galaxy-s6-and-s6-edge-with-raw-photo-support-via-android-5-1-1-update/) .
www.techshout.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021.

268. "Top 16 Best Camera Phones For Photography 2019" (https://web.archive.org/web/201905

12034618/https://www.ephotozine.com/article/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photograph
y-2019-23050) . April 4, 2019. Archived from the original (https://www.ephotozine.com/arti
cle/top-16-best-camera-phones-for-photography-2019-23050) on May 12, 2019.

269. Ho, Joshua (May 5, 2014). "A Discussion on Material Choices in Mobile" (https://www.anand
tech.com/show/7984/discussion-on-material-choices-in-mobile) . www.anandtech.com.
Retrieved April 11, 2021.

270. "Bring back plastic phones" (https://www.androidauthority.com/bring-back-plastic-phones-1

004824/) . Android Authority. July 5, 2019.
271. "Benefits And Applications Of Polycarbonates" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210411235
448/https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polycarbonates) . Tuflite. June 17,
2020. Archived from the original (https://www.tuflite.com/blog/benefits-applications-polyca
rbonates) on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.

272. "Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic" (https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materia

ls-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/) . Android Authority. July 19, 2018.

273. "Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of
2018" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroo
m/id/3876865) . Gartner, Inc. Gartner. May 29, 2018. Archived from the original (https://ww
w.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/) on June 13, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.

274. Thom Holwerda, OSNews, November 12, 2013, The second operating system hiding in every
mobile phone (http://www.osnews.com/story/27416/The_second_operating_system_hiding
_in_every_mobile_phone) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131113173925/http://
www.osnews.com/story/27416/The_second_operating_system_hiding_in_every_mobile_ph
one) November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

275. "What The Heck Is An "App"?" (https://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-heck-is-an-app-2

011-3) . Business Insider.

276. W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and
Dimitris Michalakos (http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-
app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-intervie
w-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michal
akos/) June 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 24,
2015.

277. Ogg, Erica (December 22, 2011). "Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost
1/3 of photos" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130723153620/http://gigaom.com/2011/1
2/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-shoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/) . GIGAOM.
Archived from the original (http://gigaom.com/2011/12/22/smartphones-killing-point-and-s
hoots-now-take-almost-13-of-photos/) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.

278. Rao, Leena (September 19, 2012). "comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device
To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer" (https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/1
9/comscore-4-out-of-5-smartphone-owners-use-device-to-shop-amazon-most-popular-mobi
le-retailer/) . TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
279. "Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130801114353/
http://www.3news.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/2958
78/Default.aspx) . 3 News NZ. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.3new
s.co.nz/Smartphones-now-outsell-dumb-phones/tabid/412/articleID/295878/Default.asp
x) on August 1, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.

280. Swearingen, Jake (December 4, 2018). "We're No Longer in Smartphone Plateau. We're in
the Smartphone Decline" (http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/global-u-s-growth-in-sm
artphone-growth-starts-to-decline.html) . New York Magazine.

281. "Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to
IDC" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140131071943/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?conta
inerId=prUS24645514) . IDC. January 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.idc.co
m/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24645514) on January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 27,
2014.

282. Daniel van Boom (April 27, 2016). "It's not just Apple: Global smartphone market shrinks for
the first time ever" (https://www.cnet.com/news/its-not-just-apple-global-smartphone-mark
et-shrinks-for-the-first-time-ever/) .

283. Leprince-Ringuet, Daphne (November 26, 2019). "As smartphone sales decline again, Apple
may have a few lessons to learn from Samsung and Huawei" (https://www.zdnet.com/articl
e/as-smartphone-sales-decline-again-apple-may-have-a-few-lessons-to-learn-from-samsung
-and-huawei/) . ZDNet.

284. Axon, Samuel (December 11, 2019). "Fewer than 10% of Americans are buying $1,000
smartphones, report says" (https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/12/fewer-than-10-of-am
ericans-are-buying-1000-smartphones-report-says/) . Ars Technica.

285. Eadicicco, Lisa (December 12, 2019). "Evidence is mounting that people are fed up with the
sky-high cost of smartphones, and it's sparking a massive change in the industry" (https://w
ww.businessinsider.com/smartphone-cost-expensive-1000-apple-samsung-google-5g-chan
ge-2019-12) . Business Insider.

286. "Counterpoint: Global smartphone market is alive thanks to China and India" (https://www.g
smarena.com/counterpoint_global_smartphone_market_is_alive_thanks_to_china_and_indi
a-news-39917.php) . GSMArena.com.

287. Weissberger, Alan (November 8, 2019). "Counterpoint Research: Smartphone Market

Decline Ends, What Might Help it Grow?" (https://techblog.comsoc.org/2019/11/08/counter
point-research-smartphone-market-decline-halts-what-might-help-it-grow/) . IEEE
Communications Society Technology Blog.
288. McCaskill, Steve (September 26, 2019). "Smartphone market set for 'biggest ever decline' "
(https://www.techradar.com/news/smartphone-market-set-for-biggest-ever-decline) .
TechRadar.

289. Fingas, Jon (January 28, 2014). "Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013,
depending on who you ask" (https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/28/smartphone-sales-ma
y-have-topped-1-billion-in-2013/) . Engadget.

290. Millward, Steven (May 13, 2014). "Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone
shipments, kicks out HTC" (https://www.techinasia.com/xiaomi-global-top-10-smartphone-s
hipments-q1-2014) . Tech In Asia. Retrieved September 9, 2014.

291. Brett Molina and Marco della Cava, USA TODAY (March 3, 2015). "Apple beats Samsung in
Q4 smartphone sales" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/03/apple-samsung-
smartphones/24320385/) . USA TODAY.

292. "Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second
Quarter of 2016" (https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2016-08-19-gartn
er-says-five-of-top-10-worldwide-mobile-phone-vendors-increased-sales-in-second-quarter-o
f-2016) (Press release). Gartner. August 19, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2022.

293. Hersey, Frank (July 4, 2017). "6 of the world's top 10 smartphone brands are Chinese" (htt
p://technode.com/2017/07/04/6-of-the-worlds-top-10-smartphone-brands-are-chinese/) .
technode. Retrieved July 7, 2017.

294. Dunn, Jeff (February 28, 2017). "Samsung introduced 10 times as many phones as Apple
last year, but its mobile division made half as much revenue" (http://www.businessinsider.c
om/samsung-vs-apple-galaxy-iphone-smartphone-revenue-chart-2017-2) . Business
Insider.

295. ‌Argam Artashyan (December 12, 2019). "Huawei And Honor Account For Half Of Chinese
Smartphone Market" (https://www.gizchina.com/2019/12/12/huawei-and-honor-account-fo
r-half-of-chinese-smartphone-market/) . GizChina.

296. "Samsung dominates early market for 5G smartphones | TechRadar" (https://www.techrada

r.com/news/samsung-dominates-early-market-for-5g-smartphones) . www.techradar.com.
December 11, 2019.

297. "Apple loses top phonemaker spot to Samsung as iPhone shipments drop, IDC says" (http
s://gulfnews.com/business/retail/apple-loses-top-phonemaker-spot-to-samsung-as-iphone-
shipments-drop-idc-says-1.1713152284439) . gulfnews.com. April 15, 2024. Retrieved
April 15, 2024.
298. Reisinger, Don (August 15, 2013). "Smartphones Sales Finally Overtake Feature Phones: 10
Reasons Why" (http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/smartphones-sales-finally-overt
ake-feature-phones-10-reasons-why/) . eWeek.

299. Rob van der Meulen & Janessa Rivera (August 14, 2013). "Gartner Says Smartphone Sales
Grew 46.5 Percent in Second Quarter of 2013 and Exceeded Feature Phone Sales for First
Time" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130816183428/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/
id/2573415) . Archived from the original (http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/257341
5) on August 16, 2013.

300. Farivar, Cyrus (August 14, 2013). "Smartphones Outsell Feature Phones, for the First Time"
(https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/08/smartphones-outsell-feature-phones-for-the-fir
st-time-worldwide/) .

301. Andrew Smith, Faithe Wempen (2011). CompTIA Strata Study Guide (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=VnXyJVotz2QC&q=%22Personal+digital+assistant%22+obsolete&pg=PA14
0) . John Wiley & Sons. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-470-97742-2. Retrieved July 5, 2012.

302. Yu, Emily. "PMP needs to merge with cellphone, says Smartwork exec" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20080423223723/http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800411138_499495_NT_d0c02
d8d.HTM) . EE Times Asia. Archived from the original (http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800
411138_499495_NT_d0c02d8d.HTM) on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2007.

303. Wijman, Tom (April 30, 2018). "Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global
Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018" (https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/
global-games-market-reaches-137-9-billion-in-2018-mobile-games-take-half/) .
newzoo.com. Newzoo. Retrieved July 12, 2018.

304. "Xperia Play | PlayStation certified Android mobile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110808

220843/http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-
verizon?cc=us&lc=en) . Sony Ericsson. Archived from the original (http://www.sonyericsso
n.com/cws/products/mobilephones/overview/xperia-play-verizon?cc=us&lc=en#view=feat
ures_specifications) on August 8, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.

305. Lowe, Scott (July 30, 2013). "Android handheld of the future. Not today" (http://ca.ign.com/a
rticles/2013/07/31/nvidia-shield-review) . IGN. Retrieved July 31, 2013.

306. "Milestone for cellphones vs. landline phones" (http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-f

or-cellphones-vs-landline-phones/) . CBS News. May 4, 2017. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20170616002951/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/milestone-for-cellphones-vs-l
andline-phones/) from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
307. "The Daily — Residential Telephone Service Survey, 2013" (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-q
uotidien/140623/dq140623a-eng.htm) . Statistics Canada. June 23, 2014. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20141023181115/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/1406
23/dq140623a-eng.htm) from the original on October 23, 2014.

308. "Why Are Alarm Clocks Still a Thing?" (https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vvbj3m/

why-are-alarm-clocks-still-a-thing) . Motherboard.vice.com. Motherboard. April 10, 2015.
Retrieved August 16, 2018.

309. "ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2016" (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/fact

s/default.aspx) . Telecommunication Development Bureau, International
Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved May 24, 2015.

310. "Branchless banking to start in Bali" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/01/br

anchless-banking-start-bali.html) . The Jakarta Post. April 13, 2012. Retrieved June 4,
2012.

311. " "Zidisha Set to "Expand" in Peer-to-Peer Microfinance", Microfinance Focus, Feb 2010" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20120921054251/http://www.microfinancefocus.com/news/201
0/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-kurnia) .
Microfinancefocus.com. February 7, 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.microfina
ncefocus.com/news/2010/02/07/zidisha-set-to-expand-in-peer-to-peer-microfinance-julia-k
urnia/) on September 21, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.

312. Feig, Nancy (June 25, 2007). "Mobile Payments: Look to Korea" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20100326155917/http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/2007/06/mobile_payments.h
tml) . banktech.com. Archived from the original (http://www.banktech.com/blog/archives/
2007/06/mobile_payments.html) on March 26, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2011.

313. Ready, Sarah (November 10, 2009). "NFC mobile phone set to explode" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20100124001632/http://connectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobi
le-phone-explode-1110/) . connectedplanetonline.com. Archived from the original (http://c
onnectedplanetonline.com/mobile-apps/news/nfc-mobile-phone-explode-1110/) on
January 24, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2011.

314. Tofel, Kevin C. (August 20, 2010). "VISA Testing NFC Memory Cards for Wireless Payments"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20120621023021/http://gigaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc
-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/) . gigaom.com. Archived from the original (http://gi
gaom.com/mobile/visa-testing-nfc-memory-cards-for-wireless-payments/) on June 21,
2012. Retrieved January 21, 2011.

315. "SF3" (https://filmfreeway.com/SF3) . FilmFreeway. October 7, 2023. Retrieved

November 3, 2024.
316. Kornits, Dov (October 26, 2024). "The rise and rise of smartphone films – Australia leads the
way" (https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/the-rise-and-rise-of-smartphone-films-austr
alia-leads-the-way-2/) . FilmInk. Retrieved November 3, 2024.

317. Fletcher, James (July 5, 2022). "Darcy Yuille: One Punch Man" (https://www.filmink.com.au/
darcy-yuille-one-punch-man/) . FilmInk. Retrieved November 3, 2024.

318. Kornits, Dov (October 13, 2024). "Short Film of the Week: Idiot-Proof" (https://www.filmink.c
om.au/short-film-of-the-week-idiot-proof/) . FilmInk. Retrieved November 3, 2024.

319. Gross, Terry (February 1, 2023). "How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the
rechargeable battery economy" (https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/
1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara) . NPR. Retrieved November 10,
2024.

320. "U.S. cobalt lawsuit puts spotlight on 'sustainable' tech" (https://www.sustainability-times.co

m/sustainable-business/u-s-cobalt-lawsuit-puts-spotlight-on-sustainable-tech/) .
Sustainability Times. December 17, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

321. "Apple, Google Fight Blame For Child Labor In Cobalt Mines - Law360" (https://www.law360.
com/articles/1304511/apple-google-fight-blame-for-child-labor-in-cobalt-mines) .
www.law360.com. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

322. "Buying cobalt doesn't make US firms liable for abuses in DR Congo" (https://arstechnica.co
m/tech-policy/2024/03/apple-and-other-firms-dont-have-to-compensate-victims-of-forced-c
hild-labor/) . March 6, 2024.

323. "Apple to use only recycled cobalt in batteries by 2025" (https://www.reuters.com/technolog

y/apple-use-100-recycled-cobalt-batteries-by-2025-2023-04-13/) . Reuters. 2023. Retrieved
November 9, 2024.

324. "SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS" (https://www.theregister.co.uk/

2012/11/01/smartphones_more_sexually_active/) . theregister.co.uk. Retrieved
January 18, 2016.

325. Colaner, Seth (August 27, 2012). "Your Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep"
(http://hothardware.com/News/Your-Tablet-and-Smartphone-are-Ruining-Your-Sleep-/) .
Retrieved January 22, 2014.

326. Cheever, N. A.; Rosen, L. D.; Carrier, L. M.; Chavez, A. (2014). "Out of sight is not out of mind:
The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate
and high users". Computers in Human Behavior. 37: 290–297.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2014.05.002) .
S2CID 9196376 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9196376) .
327. Hookham, Mark; Togoh, Isabel; Yeates, Alex (February 21, 2016). "Walkers hit by curse of the
smombie" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160222100235/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.
uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece) . The Sunday Times. UK. Archived from the
original (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1670471.ece) on
February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

328. Hatton, Celia (September 15, 2014). "Chongqing's 'mobile lane' " (https://www.bbc.co.uk/ne
ws/blogs-china-blog-29201934) . BBC News. UK: BBC. Retrieved February 23, 2016.

329. Rick Noack (April 25, 2016) This city embedded traffic lights in the sidewalks so that
smartphone users don't have to look up (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldvie
ws/wp/2016/04/25/this-city-embedded-traffic-lights-in-the-sidewalks-so-that-smartphone-u
sers-dont-have-to-look-up/) The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2016.

330. "Quit Googling yourself and drive: About 20% of drivers using Web behind the wheel, study
says" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/03/honk-if-youre-googling-20-of-d
rivers-using-web-behind-the-wheel-says-study.html/) . Los Angeles Times. March 4, 2011.

331. Atchley, Paul; Atwood, Stephanie; Boulton, Aaron (January 2011). "The Choice to Text and
Drive in Younger Drivers: Behaviour May Shape Attitude". Accident Analysis and Prevention.
43 (1): 134–142. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aap.2010.08.
003) . PMID 21094307 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094307) .

332. "Text messaging not illegal but data clear on its peril" (https://web.archive.org/web/201602
02041811/http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F2007071
4%2FNEWS01%2F707140333&template=printart) . Democrat and Chronicle. Archived from
the original (http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070714/
NEWS01/707140333&template=printart) on February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2021.

333. de Waard, Dick; Schepers, Paul; Ormel, Wieke; Brookhuis, Karel (January 2010). "Mobile
phone use while cycling: Incidence and effects on behaviour and safety" (https://www.rug.n
l/research/portal/en/publications/mobile-phone-use-while-cycling(1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-89
78-65dbdce42456).html) . Ergonomics. 53 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1080/00140130903381180
(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00140130903381180) . hdl:11370/1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-
65dbdce42456 (https://hdl.handle.net/11370%2F1ad6e9a1-37c9-44fb-8978-65dbdce4245
6) . PMID 20069479 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20069479) . S2CID 205403680 (ht
tps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205403680) .

334. Copeland, Larry. "Drivers still Web surfing while driving, survey finds" (https://www.usatoday.
com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/distracted-driving-accessing-internet/3497721/) .
USA TODAY.
335. Burger, Christoph; Riemer, Valentin; Grafeneder, Jürgen; Woisetschläger, Bianca; Vidovic,
Dragana; Hergovich, Andreas (2010). "Reaching the Mobile Respondent: Determinants of
High-Level Mobile Phone Use Among a High-Coverage Group" (https://homepage.univie.ac.
at/andreas.hergovich/php/reaching_the_mobile_respondent_soc.sci.comp.rev.pdf) (PDF).
Social Science Computer Review. 28: 336–349. doi:10.1177/0894439309353099 (https://do
i.org/10.1177%2F0894439309353099) . S2CID 61640965 (https://api.semanticscholar.or
g/CorpusID:61640965) .

336. "BBC NEWS - UK - UK Politics - Drivers face new phone penalties" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/
hi/uk_politics/6287005.stm) . news.bbc.co.uk. January 22, 2007.

337. "BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Careless talk" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/638207

7.stm) . news.bbc.co.uk. February 22, 2007.

338. "Illinois to ban texting while driving - CNN.com" (http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/08/06/illinoi

s.texting.ban/index.html) . CNN. August 6, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2010.

339. Steitzer, Stephanie (July 14, 2010). "Texting while driving ban, other new Kentucky laws take
effect today" (https://archive.today/20130119183044/http://www.courier-journal.com/articl
e/20100714/NEWS01/7140399/1008/NEWS01/Texting+while+driving+ban++other+new+K
entucky+laws+take+effect+Thursday) . The Courier-Journal. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.courier-journal.com/article/20100714/NEWS01/7140399/1008/NEWS01/Texting+
while+driving+ban++other+new+Kentucky+laws+take+effect+Thursday) on January 19,
2013. Retrieved July 15, 2010.

340. "Distracted Driving Laws" (http://publichealthlawresearch.org/product/distracted-driving-la

ws-map) . Public Health Law Research. July 15, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2014.

341. Yetisen, A. K.; Martinez-Hurtado, J. L.; et al. (2014). "The regulation of mobile medical
applications". Lab on a Chip. 14 (5): 833–840. doi:10.1039/C3LC51235E (https://doi.org/10.
1039%2FC3LC51235E) . PMID 24425070 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24425070) .
S2CID 16910239 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16910239) .

342. Shankar, S Barani; Rani, S Leslie; Brundha, M P (July 2020). "Comparison study of factors
associated with smartphone addiction among college students". Drug Invention Today. 14
(7): 1165–1168. ISSN 0975-7619 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0975-7619) – via
Academic Search Complete.

343. Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way (http://globalthrea
tcenter.com/?p=2492) .

344. Alexios, Mylonas; Bill, Tsoumas; Stelios, Dritsas; Dimitris, Gritzalis (2011). 8th International
Conference on Trust, Privacy & Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011). Springer Berlin
/ Heidelberg. pp. 49–61.
345. "The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived" (http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/
01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-r
oot-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/) . Android Police. March 6, 2011.

346. Perez, Sarah (February 12, 2009). "Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not
to Use Phone's Web Browser" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074456/http://www.r
eadwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browse
r.php) . Readwriteweb.com. Archived from the original (http://www.readwriteweb.com/arc
hives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php) on August 10,
2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.

347. "Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer"
(http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/03/lookout_retrevio_warn_of_growing_androi
d_malware_epidemic_note_apples_ios_is_far_safer.html) . Appleinsider.com. August 3,
2011. Retrieved January 5, 2012.

348. "Plea urges anti-theft phone tech" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141016082504/http://w

ww.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=244771
1) . The San Francisco Examiner. June 7, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.sfex
aminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2447711) on
October 16, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

349. "Getting started with Anti-Theft Protection in BlackBerry 10 OS version 10. - Inside
BlackBerry Help Blog" (http://helpblog.blackberry.com/2015/06/getting-started-with-anti-th
eft-protection-in-blackberry-10-os-version-10-3-2/) . blackberry.com. Retrieved January 18,
2016.

350. "Vault 7: Wikileaks reveals details of CIA's hacks of Android, iPhone Windows, Linux, MacOS,
and even Samsung TVs" (http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/3006021/vault-7-wikileaks
-reveals-details-of-cias-hacks-of-android-iphone-windows-linux-macos-and-even-samsung-t
vs) . Computing. March 7, 2017.

351. Greenberg, Andy (March 7, 2017). "How the CIA Can Hack Your Phone, PC, and TV (Says
WikiLeaks)" (https://www.wired.com/2017/03/cia-can-hack-phone-pc-tv-says-wikileaks/) .
WIRED.

352. "What is Pegasus spyware and how does it hack phones?" (https://www.theguardian.com/n
ews/2021/jul/18/what-is-pegasus-spyware-and-how-does-it-hack-phones) . The Guardian.
July 18, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.

353. "Study reveals scale of data-sharing from Android mobile phones" (https://techxplore.com/
news/2021-10-reveals-scale-data-sharing-android-mobile.html) . Trinity College Dublin.
Retrieved November 16, 2021.
354. Liu, Haoyu; Patras, Paul; Leith, Douglas J. (October 6, 2021). "Android Mobile OS Snooping
By Samsung, Xiaomi, Huawei and Realme Handsets" (https://www.scss.tcd.ie/Doug.Leith/A
ndroid_privacy_report.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved November 16, 2021.

355. Souppaya, Murugiah P.; Scarfone, Karen A. (June 21, 2013). Guidelines for Managing the
Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise (https://www.nist.gov/publications/guidelines-m
anaging-security-mobile-devices-enterprise) (Technical report). Special Publication (NIST
SP). National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1 (http
s://doi.org/10.6028%2FNIST.SP.800-124r1) . 800-124 Rev 1.

356. "Use Your Smartphone As Securely As Possible" (https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/smart

phones/) . Security in-a-box.

357. Hoffman, Chris (October 23, 2014). "Reduce Eye Strain and Get Better Sleep by Using f.lux
on Your Computer" (https://www.howtogeek.com/199303/reduce-eye-strain-and-get-better-
sleep-by-using-f.lux-on-your-computer/) . How-To Geek. Retrieved January 15, 2016.

358. Blichert, Frederick (July 17, 2019). "How to enable Night Mode on Android to reduce eye
strain" (https://www.androidauthority.com/night-mode-on-android-886864/) . Retrieved
November 8, 2019.

359. "Stop your gadgets from keeping you awake at night" (https://www.cnet.com/how-to/stop-y
our-gadgets-from-keeping-you-awake-at-night/) . CNET. Retrieved June 1, 2016.

360. Kalsbeek, Andries (2012). The Neurobiology of Circadian Timing (https://books.google.com/b

ooks?id=53Jxsj5ZZ98C) Elsevier. pp. 382.

361. Dillner, Luisa (June 9, 2013). "Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom?"
(https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/jun/09/smartphones-tablets-in-bedroom-
sleep) . The Guardian. Retrieved June 17, 2014.

362. "Are smartphones disrupting your sleep?" (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/0

6/130603163610.htm) . ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 17, 2014.

363. Sharma, Mahesh. "Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive" (htt
p://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/switching-off-your-smartphone-at-night-m
akes-you-more-productive-20140403-zqpc4.html) . Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved
June 17, 2014.

364. "As iPhone Turns 15, Smartphones Continue to Hurt Camera Sales" (https://learningenglish.
voanews.com/a/as-iphone-turns-15-smartphones-continue-to-hurt-camera-sales/6647692.
html) . VOA. July 6, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2023.

365. "Mobile Photography vs. the DSLR | B&H eXplora" (https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/

photography/hands-review/mobile-photography-vs-dslr) . www.bhphotovideo.com.
Retrieved March 5, 2023.
366. Jones, Brad (August 16, 2017). "DSLRs vs. Smartphone Cameras, Compared: The Pros and
Cons" (https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/dslr-vs-smartphone-cameras-comparison/) .
MUO. Retrieved March 5, 2023.

367. Wang, J.; Liu, P.; Hicks-Garner, J.; Sherman, E.; Soukiazian, S.; Verbrugge, M.; Tataria, H.;
Musser, J.; Finamore, P. (2011). "Cycle-life model for graphite-LiFePO4 cells". Journal of
Power Sources. 196 (8): 3942–3948. Bibcode:2011JPS...196.3942W (https://ui.adsabs.harv
ard.edu/abs/2011JPS...196.3942W) . doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.134 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2010.11.134) .

368. Saxena, S.; Hendricks, C.; Pecht, M. (2016). "Cycle life testing and modeling of
graphite/LiCoO2 cells under different state of charge ranges". Journal of Power Sources.
327: 394–400. Bibcode:2016JPS...327..394S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JP
S...327..394S) . doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.057 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowso
ur.2016.07.057) .

369. "Questions and answers related to lithium - ion rechargeable b attery care" (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20201111235201/https://www.plarad.de/fileadmin/downloads/FAQ_related%2
0to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care_DA1_en_0216.pdf) (PDF).
PLARAD Torque & Tension Systems. Archived from the original (https://www.plarad.de/filea
dmin/downloads/FAQ_related%20to%20lithium%20ion%20rechargeable%20battery%20care
_DA1_en_0216.pdf) (PDF) on November 11, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.

370. Shahid, Furqan (January 18, 2021). "Samsung Secretly Restricts 3rd Party Hardware
Repairs" (https://wccftech.com/samsung-secretly-restricts-3rd-party-hardware-repairs/) .
Wccftech. Retrieved January 30, 2023.

371. "Apple apologises, releases fix for iPhones bricked by Error 53" (https://www.macworld.co
m/article/671975/what-is-iphone-error-53-and-how-do-i-avoid-it.html) . Macworld. July 26,
2018. Retrieved January 30, 2023.

External links

Media related to Smartphone at Wikimedia Commons