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History
1990
ARM was formed in as Advanced RISC Machines Ltd., a joint venture of
Apple Computer, Acorn Computer Group, and VLSI Technology.
1991
ARM introduced the ARM6 processor family to meet Apple requirement for its
product “Personal Digital Assistant” called Newton.
Unfortunately, the Newton was not a great success and so Robin Saxby, ARM’s CEO,
decided to grow the business by pursuing what we now call intellectual property
“IP” business model.
The ARM processor was licensed to many semiconductor companies for an upfront
license fee and then royalties on production silicon. This effectively incentivized ARM
to help its partner get to high volume shipments as quickly as possible.
History
1993
Nokia approached TI to produce a chipset for an upcoming GSM mobile phone and
TI proposed an ARM7 based system to meet Nokia’s performance and power
requirements. Unfortunately Nokia rejected the proposal !
ARM came up with a radical idea to create a subset of the ARM
instruction set that required just 16 bits per instruction. This
improved the code density by about 35% and brought the
memory footprint down to a size comparable with 16 bit
microcontrollers.
The first ARM-powered GSM phone was the hugely popular
Nokia6110 and the ARM7TDMI.
History
1997
ARM had grown to become a £27m business with a net income of £3m !
ARM then decided to build software-based systems on a single chip, the so-called
system-on-chip, or SoC.
2001
ARM9 was announced. It was fully synthesizable with a 5 stage pipeline and a proper
MMU, as well as hardware support for Java acceleration and some DSP extension.
2002
ARM11 families had extended the capability of the ARM architecture in the direction
of higher performance with the introduction of multi-processing, SIMD multimedia
instructions, DSP capability, Java acceleration etc
History
2005
The ARM Cortex … !
Cortex - A Cortex - R Cortex - M
Application Processors Embedded Processors Microcontroller
for full OS and Open for real time signal Oriented Processors
Application Platforms processing and control
applications
High Enhanced
Performance determinism
Low Cost Ease of use
Wide
Low Power
choices
Register File
Address Bus
CU ID
PC: Program Counter
IR: Instruction Register
Data Bus
Operand 1 Operand 2 ACC: Accumulator
PSW: Processor Status Word
Control Bus
GPR: General Purpose Registers
Selection Signal
ALU
CU : Control Unit
ID : Instruction Decoder
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Simple in Design • Complex in design
• The code is executed • The code is executed in
serially parallel
Note: Bus Definition
Bus is not just a group of wires, a bus is a communication system that transfers data
between components inside the processor, or between processor and peripherals. This
expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and
software, including communication protocols.
Example:
PCI Bus
Peripheral
Component
Interconnect
AMBA Bus
Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture
Open standard, on-chip interconnect specification for the connection and management
of functional blocks in system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. It was introduced by ARM in
1996 and currently it includes some protocols that considered as de facto standard for
embedded processors because they are well documented and can be used without
royalties.
AHB APB
stands for Advanced High Performance Bus stands for Advanced Peripheral Bus
• High Performance • Low Power
• Full Duplex • No Pipelining
• Support Pipelining • Simple in design
• MultiMaster operation • Used for connecting peripherals
• Complex in design
Core ARM Cortex-M3
Max Operating Frequency 72 MHz
Flash Memory Size 64 KB
RAM Size 20 KB
Timers 4 x 16 Bit Timers
2 x WDT
24-Bit Down Counter
RTC
ADC Converter 10 x 12 Bit Channels
GPIO 32 High Current
I2C Bus 2 Channels
SPI Bus 2 Channels
USART Bus 3 Channels
CAN Bus 1 Channel
Operating Voltage 2 to 3.6 Voltage
Operating Temperature - 40 to 105 Degree C
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This material is developed by IMTSchool for educational use only
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