CHapTERwys wf —Matrixe An mxn matrix A ic feo! 0% Complec , tt m yours an large * par of either parentheses os bsackels bar of tne fiom. is coiled matrix a, reelergular attoy- of number d n-clumm enclosed in @ ox double yestice ay Gia... Gun Gy ee Ael..,., - Gan am ann -... Qmn where “re numbers th the atta are called the enh “or Hie demnent ot) the matrix « ‘Uh Ae L4G] pen and B= Lbij]min oe TP, matrices with fre same size m bye ns The sem af A and B ato dha ty Gig biJnaen and dabhed of B fom A 1s defined bg Coiy- bi3] mn, Ualfiglication af mahax by ao sealer 2 bt A= [235] men be > a matvix of osde mxn Then TAR product of A by’ @ selon Caumba) le ‘ig. denoted ey KA Fos ake and is defind by KA = leaig}mxn. Matix mattipliadhone Predict of 20 metrics A-and a is AD defined if “ne number of ‘columns in ® 1¢ equa ty the men numer of ress ‘in B.gyre Square _mebix t Tf -Ine number of rows of o matin §¢ equal to “the number of columns of tte methine. jth on Ss called @ Sqtemre mabix, Example, a -[23 as Tf ine number oP rows of a # Reckagilor metic | of columns of “he (as) moe To not equal to Fe humber metyix » then + ie celled a feotarguley motsix , Example 424 Ae [2 4-8 jg &_Diegone! mont ¢ tet A= [aid] be 4 Satme mebin are eee + than the mottrix at ode n, if aij=o fr all Ted y is ~ called diagonal motbix . Example! [o5 3 ' iy ESS) ye Gealas matix: A aia donal mats with all its mean ae diagonal elemenk are Sel ic called scalas mothix. Eeample; a-[0A 0 Ao COAav Unit or “dently mahive lol A: Laij| ber 0 sauare Db matrix of oreler’ ns if Ane entives aifco for al inj and aigel fax alt tof op then ne merhix ie alle, lod ox ‘daily matrix. Bre anple To... 6 In = oo m8 o o wt xg # Zero mehin of null matin: Tf alt tne entny of | an myn mat is tero , Hun the matix is called_ ; Foro oy null many of order men, Eampk, Lt] i tt rer hianguler mobi: tt A=[Aij] be 0 square matrix Fee AAs < RR . oe ody 1. TH the elements aif 20 fe atl DF, Ra NP) the matrix is coiled uprr “iangular mobix . Bample, a be ¥ a-['s a :| oo £ i. be lower “tahg ular motsix + et A = ai] be a square (p mahixn ef ovr yn. Th the ebainent aif 26 tor a 72} then cine nohix is called Lovey Re trFongolar ynectrio . Q o o = A a[P ag] |iO “Trans pase moti ¢ bt A be an mxn mahix .hen the motix of asda nx ic obtained by inter changing the yous as columnige cord the @ columns 90: TOUS Gp Is called “tre transpoxe oF A and ic denoted by AT. . 2 _ (24 Examely, “if ae [i od ton, AT = |B 2 OK 4° \eferialic mahix + et Aa i] 9 squate — rrechix of pen, Alea Thon A Ys called_periel | gd on, Th. fe fp bes’ periedic. matrix ot pesied Pi pte malin. A 46 said | Adem potert moatixs A square matvix Ig called. an idangeh Gul nat UR AMSA. Beatle a-[3 4] | pilpstert motrin: A state mets A ie said te be a nilpotent ynotie of index 7 “f Amro. 4-[ gel let A= laij] be a) square neti aige Fis “thon a | Summettic movin } Y a of ord n. af AT=A _ Sotho mabix fg called Symmetric mnatoi + A= \ 4b pee’rey | stow by nantric matnx 2 bt Az Gift] be O SpKare retri, T | Sku — Syretric: manny ( fed Wh. EP FPS 8 Gotta ih - 4 ard hich [ate ajteo pts the motix is called SHH ~Sqtne Eoamp pag ey 3 4% | e My i f=] ho ¢ 4 “G -fo fo, = ; |e matrixes ‘eb A = (aig be a Invtrix EAR A sofhal tf 205 them “the matoix pis eal Heminahian— matrix, Beam, | eens 447 1 + [at 2 “ae Skt —Hernittcin moving eb fh = BiG] men be 1 Obs square mati, if. aka A etic aije—ai Ha the, motrin A Ts catted skud-symmbic ametiix. Shave, -_ (%T) = a afi. det Ms @) ay". a= [a a " Gig ular metrics kt A= [aiz) be % SE4e% mote Fond D be the determingal ot the matrix a zo then the motnx AS caallet, Singular amatrign. a-(_? J 2 (AP 0 complex Square‘aunt be A Tryvere mati! tA be 4 sq.tore mobin ofeder Smvertible , Treve exick a Unique nrotix B _ af ae I uch “tet Aeon ete: Fe ie te Unit matin, tron “the motik Big Called inverse ot a. Abemh=l D> ae Bl, 28247 4» Hors at aman! (o- Fuchs ah a matein’s Ante + @ ad.pevit at a square matins bt A Paulie oo ‘q gyuare matin of ord nw, “thor tiancpose oF wth Whe ty + natriot [Ati ]omn 15 ented adjoint ot A, u-ecar of oy m A- ‘ ; is '@ Fmvay nave 2 gh adj CA) | AJ pee db = ( _Rrem- 8 if poesia Whe =a, plep ae a, ATS ref = pttate pa AtAT= 2? 2 p =t (AT+A) = B Ae —AT= 29 hs aca) 2 e Which shows that, P oad: 6 ate i as eves rusrempiGH Tworen-25 Boy square molix A can be expierted Oth ee muchin, ond @ skesd symintric ™eiric- ive : ; t i A bo a stare moctsie & order n, Vow Se n= Date) + (a-at) = P+Q (sory) whee, p= SCAtH) and g LCa-at). - | Rov, Poy (ATE A= Ena ated ten) =P va aft eat) [t $a-ayt= L(A A)=-LUo\ t as . =4- Mer, 2CAtA) ig gpmmivic andi Se CA-AY is Skoog Sqrmbic motin : ) sthudote ; exe Sepuave motix A can bo expire 22 vate sum ot syrmmtvic yrettyin amd gh1d gmt. notte gs Theorem 209° TE A ard 1 ate Non Singulor mnatdes © boytea Ot @ T= 4 wy Bey By Q Since, Qo)Qorat) = sprdl Glwi) ny) = A) B = Sta w= =r Ags )sI- AITAt= AR arthug, BATH 6 FRE vege St AB, Seth, Gn) T= seh [Fowd) @ tl A and B ty Helene ote ave mothicas such chat , ABST, her A= Bt and w= AT tudor Att OT a= OT tere area = os" -(yy™= 5 ake, (A9TAT = QAYT = (T= - T a ' Honey (ad) = @yt proved Sdempotest mmottei ces “Han WW and B ave pchareme an! TF An % “idempten! Vo apa oA. Drects Th A and, Bae jdompaten) motisx_, thon bog dink eA ond yreB alto green Ae =BA ° | Row, (Avy = AB CRA) > A Can) B = ACRE) B = BABB = Ae. AB Hone, AB, ar ‘dompatel —mnathigg . A. prved— _—oa ay Find lie inverte 6 the matein y [233 [233 ! Qe a adg a Sint we Anew ety AT! Oi Hate (ap =. a-a-2) -aC-b+3) + © C449) ar o-feclr of weny’ element of mete A art, Ait = co) gg] = —39a = -5 Me a Age Aa = 6, Adah, Mago Agi= Qo Asg= -2 , Agg =—2 YOR; daga [shat 4] Gla 2eaer En Ale 4% - [eee Mieco QO at27 = 46 ? y =26e-£ AJ 4 20 C) fx +o 4 ee OH Rea ene 4 a Anse \Vaos If a ga | a ‘le | , Show tat . «od ol ( 1. CRADA + (beat )a Slot yo fa byfa bo abe adt bd : A [: d ll cl * Lacted Cm _ p bee 4catd) [. a(atd) oteryy i aybe — blotd ate wee A (ad WA « ie oe F a ea) vee | eibt-dudad bk td) — bd) @GH)- lal) eee | [ie O a , = bu-« La - be-wy€$ Li =(be- ~aapT 2 - x Be Showed EX=26 3 Show bp means A an. ecamse- thot & matrix. AB=o Aoetnot Necessarily mean that otter A=O or peo there 9 Stands for the nell mobix.- A 3h beh, Te $ eu le [; + iI Az ty 4] r a mA ss “Q a 2 [3 a \ bee,VADE ml ott 2-42. wan “B4+44 CARR OHS 24246 -4+qth —6 +466 ~mbd 6 7 ees =d 0 6 o oat here, might Bro nor Boo pe Bot if r= [F Sex o=[t J as a Grea east. , 1 27 I rye 2 3° bts n= [i alta a} 2 2 @teye [e s)ui 2)-Pe ) RUS = nv. [s 3/L43]- 2 *| oP UEI-E gy - EJ -EB a Re DAB tHB= [? A+ (ig AB : [ee rai EES ARH vey)rt res Af Act then, Show that Aa “4 bat a-1 0 0 0 [; Pras TOA al i aA =1 , oo Ni ‘ je 3) cod | il pietds & sag REQ — SG : W “Ss é ~ < -3 < 3x 4 Ex -672. Gmpute inverse OP the metix. "pid St woe Know. aga is _ “TAL i> Fa a 4-15) FILES 5 |e 1044g)— 0C-4-5) FICY oo i 7s a6 #0 he ©a-Sacts of the element of A anv, a Awe Nia= 7 Au = Cl) A ee n= lg , Ala q Ay= & A22= '4 A2a= 1 Age ¥ A3a=2 3 a 3 aay A= g [B 4 3 a . E wo al 8 4 8 C _& 4 14 3 Vv wy 44 zg : wn ve Re Ex 6a Th Aer then seshod ts at? if [as 3 | then fina Adsand at 9 Qa- 1.0Wes SS aN PROSE Gi, Ree y Aana 7 AAAE ET 7 D Ape tat 2, A gal eo Hone , A and AT ee Some. ‘yom Given that he 4 “ 2 > ff a PEE) oO. 2 6 of ch ot 2. Again, A® = 6 0 7 gsHesg) 4- 6 . Ls t 9, = ; a DKAD 2 AIT Atta 3 = a Koby . 5 Al A= AFB, Wwe knady AL = ad FA bes La (4 e ine |e 2 2 = 1 (8-9) #1 (¢-3}t1 (2-2) +3 4) 2 ag tore the cofactor of the element «f (AJ are, fn acne 4] = 1 (8-9) =f» Ae-2, Arcl Aye -1, Age % Asp =-& Agic |, Aw=-2@_ Asal. v. AdgA = Bs “| = -2 4 ate aft wr + ar at So -kh L a a 7 Jat [ i [ ~The req uiveed solution + x=} rte FRYBR yo (x Sing 4 coey ) i Aone: 8 2 = Ok 2 Csing HEY) (xc shng gers) 2 3% sing S-2E Sing Kens is sing = e*sity pad eng ay. = ROS eae ™Meng, — geseny _—O a = eK e054 —-e Sensy +E" sig BY Soe amy c*Sny + asin + ey cosy VW aN ag . aK Sing 2% sy + qeresy- : e naa . ‘ Adding @ and @) yields» St SY 20, ant— UW Ye Koceminic ® Fivd ¥ cuch tot, . oe Se) = uri¥ is analyte. NN 7 OMe Oe cAsny eS yyc recy _& 2 ROSY EHEN OY = Ay sing oe QTrtgrte @ with vevpat fo Y- hase coment Ax Wie -o% ae t ne OR por Casing (ogy) -b Hen, | 2 actony + ye%ehey + FO) -@ | Wha, Fox) is an ab anpitngy peal funchdy of %* | Gubetitate: © tka @. and oblain, : AYeRsing ~12 094 + eX tasy + Gy fs = YeSing = ROY & v- de erry G 6%, Plea) Zo, and FRVEC, & Conykwr;, They - Ve (using eessyy) | e 3 | Harmonic, Lonchion a : a the, “geod ‘order dorivabee of uond V with Fyepect to q. and 1 exish and .ate — conrnvovs ‘in on then , mm oe at ap lous: that: under, ther tin he ea sek eare aoe an annalyti c Snel_Chagter= 62.5 Congloo number 2 We con eonarder 4 complex number ag Footing the form (at iv) where a and’ are teal numbere and_ Which ic called imaginagy. got 2 Unit, has ig called i, the Property that i= -a , Pf Ae atib, then a the rea) port OP 2 an b is called the Imaginary port of 2 ate donsted by» Be (2) a and Tm(Z) , eared The smal t, Bhich Stand fas ane complex number- ic ealled a complex” variable. The: complee congugate oF a complex rember ori a a—ib , the complex number 2 te ten indicted _by eongqugate of wompex B® Fundamental operotion with. complex cnumber 4 QO Additions @rib)tCetid) = @te)4 iCb+4) | @D Bubstestions @rt)-Cerid) = @-e) +iCe-4) x @. Hult ienon Q@rHiCedi) = actadi pase —bd_ = (ec- bdhladtbot wy Dwicfong GF c#0 and AZO, then ati © act kd | | be-ad— ctiq. ~ C4dre oraXK Pegand cliggrom rgand_ abi om? ~The complex xirember arib @an be conalder ae an odvyed_patr of vel numbers. We can’ | Repent Such umber by point im Xv plane_alled_ the. complex plane// Argend_cllagram , ® Wet a point in the compler’ ‘plane ~Coeteoponding— to Tre compler number Xe) of et, Then, a R= Use, {Fe raing whore, Tae > [atig} i galled __the modulus “value of Gry) Be Kt iy =? Ceneg+ icing) which tc ealled polar Gam of the aa namo and t Gixde @ ave called polar coordinates, ye Extras Suppose, Biegtl, Boe Beni, and 2424+ Y Evoluate, each of flowing. © [821-422] >| aCati)- 4(3-2i) J] > |erai- wesy chet nilal equ = VIER @ B-3eh4n 8 = (ari) $ (Beis a+ —s. pa . o 2 ae = figi-b-l 26-441 4Op2741-% = -F4+8i @G\- CEE ie 2(a-2i) + @xi)-5-f | Q(2ti) - B-2i) 44-1 b-4h4a¢h ests yt = (Suiegeares) aati ty AREER 473 qa a gk Bild: Prove © Bitey. 2 Ate Sinai let) ere atin, B22 AerlYa Than, ® | Qey4+a-~ ei Ze — Bat Bh | oe Bey > on mut TCH Fe) = ORE Ia a = eg i © 12:20] = [aN [eo] = ZBitZ, “4 > G%I= |Get iyi (ot Hy) } = [itt epa Bite HGting — Daun restate agi sana a KIC YE) YPCCAN) VGacany GEA Her CaF) 2 NG RE 2 TAIZ). prea gf BHNSS Raho the bndiontest opertion cath crate Gand graphically . » Gtai)e(st ai) “hs AnalyHoaly, fetijeto) = 45) +i (4r)- 6 | Guagtaty , ¥ 4h ie 3 2 2 4 oe Repterent the two complex numbers la polnis ‘and Bu Ren peatively, Compte the parallelogram with OP and of, 29 adjecent sides . Point ? veprsents the sum, g¢éi. oF the | two! given complen numbers. Note’ the similarity coith the parallelogram Lao for addition af veetors of; and OF>__ jo obtain vector oPL, 6-2i)-@-si) Analytiolyy (6- 2i)-(a-Si) = 6-g-alt Sie geal Guapicnlly, (6-21) +(-2+ si) at © ie a) “a 6) ~ Analyte , = a “ Aeeiotlya Bee that, Sn dag not eit Oy Adination, E40) > Boy if tHe tit ext Jopendond fire manner 17\ Which, 4&= anctiag . dyprites 2X0, Thr, de ui - Erg -z rad = gae0 : z= oe 4m ‘pus 2 Sor s a Provided “tha pathol dsyivaties exitCase dx=0 , 4y>o. Ih thie case © becomes, uy area) > uuy) . : Va Yr.) “VG iArdy Tym { 4 ty 7 ray 7 PRP woo, Pea) Camnot possibly be aimalytic. unless que ‘mits ave idenbadl® / Thus a, nes cany Con dttio thot fia) ve anolytic Ww, : Be ty, _2 DY ja ae Oe ay 2 BV oy a ® Sufficlengy 2 and a ate Suppised_—‘ta be Ontinevee Sine , 2 ' Or we have, : i 4u =} u (ata, Yee) — ucag)) > 4u ef U Geta) Yay) 7 wargeagyh Ajab +4y) — uber ¥) } => 4u= (t+ ) xt Gren) aeie. > Bdqy= = Sok Bt Se OS AG Whue,; €) #0 ot my PO OS AXva and 4ye0 Sintlanly Sina BY and ay aye Sa ypaed 7 PS sae we ene, ; N= Cot ajaxt& By enn sy BG ty+ Gade: + Se aye Naar Where, E,-40 and wo ag Axae ad 4yee 2 Aue aur tay = Bhat Bt Sy yt sant ney t a + Were Tenn + mney = Set} BE) oat Gide) at ; Gt Fea) x +! Gat tna) ay > Gr eas Biase : r4y_ -G wohove, ex tie, and wenpinae 4 Lindo ayia ayo tby the cauchy ~ Riemann extn a ra.can be tooitten, ay BY yay Jat (- Bie an aw = (3 7 wae (-& +i Be nay 2d = (eu +i x) Q@xttay ) 4 eacenayy ‘Then » on dividhy by, 42 = ax slay “ta King. the out AG AZO? We see thot, a fe) = tim Aw 2u i deo ae me On Scthat, tia davivates exicle. and if UMique so, Se) fonction ic analyHe in Ra — 6Fok sy “YG oe ar) ey Ch Couch The J Forde =o. if fo is aralytie. with dstivates $1) Cohich i¢ continuow at all pointe inside cand] an a Simple closed curve ¢- Soluctisn + Gn , Pea) = uriv is analytic and hog a continuge, derivatives Lea) 2 24 4BY. BY) BM dK Oy “oy * rt follows thad= the: sontol derivahes, aie dontinugns inside ad one DY ay ate ov au on” OY | RO : “thu « Fureene Thevrem ean be applied and we have J fades fen do4) 2) udxt iy pivd Cc e- vay = 4 ud —vayp ) udy tv. ce a thelging Gweenk theorem , then ~we get;= Nese By )oy + Ise 35) oy 4 using the cawehy's =Riemann esuaton , wegt o $Sadde =0 ie , (Proved . 4 Prove the ch couchy! lo *enuracct hovem tor reel ply eonnetfed fegitns. Solution | We Shell prosent a peut for reel fi phy ~ CobnttecL fegion B bounded ley. ciple alored_ eurves C1 and Cy, “Then “ths regen bounded by ABDEFGAHIINA Ye simpl_~ | @meted Sethal , f@d2 26 ABDEFERHSIHA Boner, J Seeyae + j fade + | Leese +]; Sea)dg 2D APNREGA “aeSway { fcayda-= -f feada Anis becomes, AW HA {sete + J {ie = 0 ABDERA HOI This, Aowerer « amounts to saying. thot $ $eydz =o Which ic the complete boundaty of & (Onsiteg of ABEFGA and Hg) spraversed__in ‘the 3ens tha “an obgerleer walling an dhe boundoyy alwaye has The fegion “on nis/hvy bit LAO }-* Let fz) be analytic in a legion R_ bounded ty sexs simple cloned. curves c and ty and olso on & and Cy. Frove: that; 4 Fcaydar 4 fayda ae 4 and *2, ne bath Ateavenscl a the positive: wnge valotive “to thi interios,. ‘bet Qonatrucl erors ot DE, Then sino- Sez) ts analyhe in the + Fenton fl we haw by eon chy's Theetem, L \G a Tp \ Dre * cy kK : 4 7 : OFA i Pad J t@dg =0 DEFEDHTKLD at, J fealdz + J fcejag + {Sanaa 4 fiode~ De EFOE Ep DHIKD Sims Jf» fede = - J feode DE ED | fada+ J Seeyda’ ~ | feos | Sce)deo dE ERRE Be pik > | kode = — J Few da ° o> f forig = F Jade 4 wD oY) f teade | Fad \ c. S247 so Evalucte 2 $d ge hse, C 1S amy gimp, clase wane ". and: 224 He Oot e 6 Y inside ¢. a. of q is the outside then, a Lie ethate, cvasguber, tea) = ana |S ary lye 7 gir insidecvond on .€.-1 Hentrn ; ey Cau chy's theorem, q. le ertb. Suppose, a ic inside @ andi fr bea Ovele. of radiveg E with eenter at B=a, Soth To 4s mside. @ .C this ean be done ome z= & iy an interior point ) @ tr , You, on Te, jz-a)= € > ee eee co Ze are? 9 coeem, Thus, Gnee , dz = jee!®do, the right stile @® becomes, | a ede ee . | Se = | da = At, 0=0 © 1p ushich ‘eo the Yeguived — valusy, 4rd | Evalyate, bee ne a Bte-- , where, ea ap ; “zca is inside the Simpl. choped curve, Qe. | Solution? 4 do dz co Sean Ody : ate ee oe : on ji ‘ en)i0 | “ 0, an) 6 ~ ar eo a i c pad Ore npi , 5 I boaly n)avar : o on 1 (a 1) & 0 w wre" ah fa i 4A) ar lta dl let @ he the cone xo “joins goin C11) and (4a) Vind “the valyea 0 of K (27? iP Gu tution : “ify given legral equals 200) "% oh yy Sg! ten (oz? 4a [4 Lrm- WNP |, M 11 eH pA NGG BAI4 DetemineL___ @ Jainsz coeszd& re for Singz =u. Then, @ case2dZ = by or, tisgedz =F, ~ _ -A . | Gnz eos sole -| u gt = 4 edu re Be a tae > oe u hewitt Ox feo ts CAS). 4 apes djsin gas) )) Ein (2845) gin gin b245) dnsin Ger) +) oqast . 2 | a. Prove that, faye! @d& = Fayale)-| FE) GY Sint We have, Af ros) a Fe) Ge eda 4 Fe B Tite 9 both sisi yields y Jdfr@a@)= Fea) = -{F@KeIde 18 imy F(z) 6/2) da = FORE f{riqmar: 4 2 be Find {aeZdz and J Zerda : -6 fhy fet FR)=z, Alce) = a Ty ple 4 aan ie oe by | omitting “the eo wstant at inthg oe ' Sect de = [$e GW) = ae b(2) - | $5 G.)2& _ 2b) -| 4.4 28d, ‘ . . £ wk ges ; : ff peda dzc%*- te + go a wv Lp tet tb = a very te ~ a +@. Find Jeraingada and SP aim goaa, Si ie tay 2 2, GL = sin? weary fosngedee z( —teeqe) -| 2a Cob os 48) 2 vt eos 4a +p aensaed Ineyretng jhis last part, we find, fecosqeds = & (4 sina) _ Signed a apesiga $f Oh 2 a zsing& +pesae Hones, {esingada =o tZos set zeing2 + UME ae 4 , UP = 4 and, for mg ede =— Kt a7 0 Le x2 drA Linear trmsfemotion { bt U and V be FOO Veoh spar aver the Gold F, Then a tenslormodlon Tiv Hv is called a Niner -tyanciormation af u is Vt Fellowring tuo properties ave halds for at amd ag in seal, for any Scalar KEE, @ Tew) = TO) +10) @ Tew) =Krey , Ex eo, S$h00 thet tre mogeing aes C— &, actined by Td 2) = (xr gee)- Ot jet uv € we i hoe, U= Car bur%) N>(urler 2 Tea) = FC ere) = Tee 9) TY) = Tag ba, ca) = TCA2/2 a Mo, Tet) = TF riley) + (a2, basta) f “STC ata, bithe , tea) = Car F442, otb2, 0) | > © Qiplr,a) + CaP, b2,0)> Ta) +709) - tery = TC) FT) Aggin, 1 (au) = 14x (4a, by a) = Thar, Abi, xa) } 2 (Aa Abs, oy - «Cal, bi, 6) = «xT (u) JT hu) = AT(U)- Thus Tic @ finest stranchimation . Theorem— yy let Truce) > V(r) ard VERY be “two Vinear ~tranchimation Tyet is also linear. trang feumadion fret) ut uveff and AGF a Now, (Teta) Cur) = 42. (es) x = (a(t Tacv)) a ce G5)C) + Gree) )Again, (Ty2Ta) (4) = TR CR @u)) = THK) = X GGG Cv)) = & (TieTa) Cu) ‘Thus TyeT: is Vneay chrancformation. Ex-04: he that The oreppg, THRE > 1 dchnel_ wy T (ange) = (2aryr’ 2. anchag 448) ae | Solefons Uk ue vd /2) ard 2 (ay ta Be) hay ' aver - : ape Ket 24) + Ge ee By = Ce Tele Thou Gre) 2 (Aart fhe, 942 HH 4®) | aad 1 = Te, 20) = CRxot BYarZy , MATAR) “Naty T Curry) = (2a) C4) 4 (artis), Bear) + Dqatte) +4 Crt za) SU oot yuna sxereuriaye Gem ne ener ttt 1) o Ter FayAlso for ang “seaday. ce, du a KOKA) F (har, dr, “%) Sotet, 7 euj= Tb, hag, J) = (cea cc totes 20k e244 +484) = K( RUT YITe) Barty t 221) = ATU). Ths ts the a tinea trencheretin., | Be-o8t Shur thab the ort) Tih £ Actinesl 4 TO 8) = (2,244) is a lineat -anehematon—. | Calubon 4 | Stren let u=(xiy, 2) anh B= Crida:22) whale, } ue en , *. Tow = (uy Ww Za) =(21 ane) 3 é vy > (Hr G2) 2, Rarer) Naw, TCU) = Trix» prt, 2h) = (Bt%, A +XQ + 41 t 92) > & matt) + (2a) 20 Ye) | 2 ti) + Tw | Again, T (eet) = rly , eH Kee)= (RE, dm tey) = KCA, yt) ~ LT CH)» “thus, Tis a linear ‘hem sformeon. 7 re nae) ote ey and “aAbaboi val Shaw thats T is tinea. ? fet, ore Garg 124) ond Ves Car gaite) urhere, TU ~pue ie +tu) = Garde = (arth, 4) + (Y) = (Be, 42/22) = Ger bee) Tut) = Gat, AI FR gat22) a CANE RY bythe , ute) eAabrta rl aateca) rl) + TY Again, T ee -r (Koy 1 49 ,X2)) 2 t (Ka, Ke eH) a Tol (A VY ee CSaey) this ts the @ liner Fronghrrmedion ,_ Pergo £03) Cauchy's (Cowchy's integral fosmula + Ub Fay be omni hide and on the. bound aul « of a etmgly connected veqion N Tn, {to) = am $ se da Salon The function $a) ie anolyte Pee Aor, exept at sta point Z-Q-+ wWe- have, j fe = $ Ode a) whee we ean chine Pr ag A Cire! oF vedi € with enter ab a. Thn an eguati on for, Voi @-apsé, Ot, €-a = €el@ , whe, O SOL20N | Subetibtr, , 22 ated , dz a leei® , the “into on the right of Cy) becomes, on 10) ieeid 4 Bor 2 tance’) ice do rm . 18 0 ce iJ Sasee's) doThus We rove, from cy), oe = if fraree'de Taking “tha. limit of both side @ and a use of te Contineity of #2) ; We Tove, §8 a Be J Seas col) de 2n = if Toe Scan ee de =! ee - anite) -@ Goths we howe Vessaintedy te) = ardt 10 ieChapter-B “Residues: = ~ “ue $a) be single — —volued and analy tie Inside arn on a eitole. @ xxceph ab tae poinh E=% cho sen__ os the eenter of &. Ten, fa) = = an (z-0)” naa ' —— = dot UCE*) +a (Z-a) tees +g oR Po whw'e, an = y N=0,/F1p2. | Tr spectal cate, n=-a , We havey a ~ | Hee => }fejde= AN tauna They we ell, aa. The residues of Fey ak 42=-a: | Residuss) 5 Theowem.¢ - Se ld Sea) be emg valued and aml. ingicle. and on a piinpla. closed corre & except of ae SuguleG,bre.,, inside. Which hove _¥edus reekdun given fy aa, br, Oa -,, . Then tha Vesidury theoren Stoter thal> $ fiada = ani(aatleos + eat 2} afeon J Fea vf foods + bfcode+. ee = ania 4 Ss 2m) ve fat . Rae Prove. thot Yesidues theorem - na fayis anahgtic inelde and on @ pimple. closed eure e eoerp- at Anite number of pants a b,c... ingide_&- at which the reside aie 4, b-ajen...,, Then § fade = ami (at bat e-a +. =) | Silation 5. | with eons ab ay bye .. spe, Conshustoivde C1 4g, 03... that entivelg inside this can be. done apb,e_ ale inkvior points, wy Ce We hone, 4 Shade - Jf eds | trades : 7 J feaydat -= % “the. defination of resid a point ay by ©, Neg beard = anion, 4d trays oaniby , } trode -2ig a Q. x “Then, we have, ar yegitited.. pfayda = ani (art btateat~ ) a = 2ni (sum & vesiduss ») (Peed)1 _Chopher- 08 6 ce series: “The wlinite series of ta form a + oo oo D_ ancosnx + D_ bn unay ne) = As calledL ‘teigonemetrics getice, wWhele, 0, an , bn are eonstarif- ® Periodic function » pf F&4T) = foo. then Fes) tc Sees ealled periodic fanchon and T 18 called tS period ® Fourier! geriec ¢ let fex) be defined. ‘in The ‘nterve (EAA) with period 27v uShich eon lee. expanded ina | “te. sigonamatries gevies , ve i te) = get = Karger on) ~.-C | then © is sate owe “lteter ries , Wheve, xn Ol axl jr Sex) dx Qn = y Fon) coon AX, 4 : Landy lon ~ |f Fonsinen de .® li Sinnxdx =0 © i- cgnxd x = 6 B i Sinnxcocrxda_=o WW) ie Sinn sirvnxd x 70 is if mn K @ J Gems wenxdy =0 WW ir Lotyedie 1- ww sr sinryxdx_= 7 ~ ( ie Theorem ~04.8 ¥ Fox) ca Zz to (@neosnx ++ bon gina) i ne} Then Shows trod; © gat? forte © anf" Se) etna @ b= 4 Son) sind, fi Geiven the, +o Soxp= 2+ z ancosnxdy +s bnéinnye na Novo “inkegestng both i af @) with vespech +e hw between the Gal -F anf A WE qt Jicfeote= 3 Loan = wi dna E I sma ? [_, fonds = 21x" +o + 0 vr Rofo = given a (% 7 40 ei foo don ‘ J @ Again, rool tielying both ides of ® by eosm and chon ‘inte ping cOith Yaopect to ok between the limits -7 and A we ges ‘ Ty a d a a0 |% dt an| cos nx Kt cn) eognadr = cocrx Ji fos gar . bn} ‘ Qin Conx aK o 6 7, JP fenyeasma =O + an 2ererndn + 6 ar 3 ja fen) cosmedx = ee co cancay? i dex) cognxd i, = z 1+ Sin gns AN —-hK_ 7 & 7 | $04) eosmdx = aor 4 0 Je r rho] dl oe ar | fo9 cognx dK = | { 1 ak \ok . (ai) Also rnobtiplying bath sidoc’ of cl) by sim and then ‘wtegrotg- with respect +0 % belwerr (the Uoids A and 7 1 We gel. i : rr, ir J fonstrmae = ee Sinn dnt bn] Z Ried | a tam i Grmnx Cos dry (ee > | Pen)gimnxdtX_ = 6 + ee Denon dx | N-W ’ Je fon dimxda = Bh (= Cos anxden) 4A _ yi Snnsnmnin = ZR [tm SBR]“ cr 2 [ for) Sirmx ane hx 2K 2) wane tf snd: ud | bn function 3 ; of Ftx) fot is 5" galled an @an *_fachetion ? Bingln Fx) = coon: i. $e. = = Ws(-x) = WSK = Fex) . odd functions If Fx) =~ Fe) ic calle an odd funchon, examply Lew = stot. ee fex) > fin (-») = Link =F) wD tink tre fourier soriee of the fiunclton; fen) = 4K , Whee, A KX XA,© g B Fousier gestes in different” interval“ aS EO G) Tf the function Fer) is dotined tn tw @/n) with period a “Then the fowvier gowies ts, " Foo = + & (anensnac 4 in sinnx’ vShere, 2 nel 0 =F 7, _ foot, On = = Sof Fonds and, by = ‘ney © mata | 3 cortosus} 2{* Seay stinnx da, @ Of the function f60 is defined in the ‘interval (6,44) with pesiod 27 then , ho = A. Foyde ) ane $=) fer)eosmdoe | and, bn = | for) sina da @ tf the function $e), ic defined ‘in the ‘inet (-4:2) with period, Qr then ; fex)= 2 4 a (an co DAA by ney A opewhen, Ao = He Fox) da, ane rye Fox) coe DAA Bo, (anh | UboA = HH! Ley) cin OR ok « a& % & (oisevat's “dent Re Aogitt pkes * \ ow the Quvier Gesies bs Fes) _ Convenes “in Ch &) Wy | + A (ooh a Econ), yshue, cua) Ahibr ate Pane tonite | Bol: We Wee ge. “ a : leon nas) iat aa= som feo ater cbf egg ard, bn = a Fen) sis vNow, rach ply a both sidas o& qd) by fen) om weg rating with vaspet to x fm -L 40 We get Sapoophr= | Sond # (on jis ons A oon i : bn fe . nada) 7 | fora weak +2, &n «anf + bn, lank) > EN fooftn= Cat + br) é [Proved ] EK NE Ex-Q! of Ff) = ats Then Find the fourier gents the Rumction in tha “interval -a Rt ia” Bet BR Seton: — Given trod tov = LSint Role * Fe) = - xin) = 26INK= . Pee ig even Fenelon So foufer seviee isSine, PoO= 22 + F aneosnn whan, ml c = 26 22 > ase tnd a Tod we Rood - ” Og= #) Ford a_ — af stron dX 2 2 Faceawn) — ~ ssf i - fave +simye & Emvest + od > -E erty =A tin om ff md u ah - Bh ASIA Cos 11% ANA _ al *2astemn ened > 6 = Ee cary = Sino apd a =\== Fa ein ont a - iSrnees (ar) An we) = d([ Aa ~ 19s (nt) q , ran] © : +L hh (an) <0 —KEOs (ADR 5 ay (nd Lal m oD, Kusama) 1 40) = 14 % ~o2 oefay afF OF tance ; R Wr 0 Bt + F @neosnx + bnsinnx) -.. @ | hele » Why, nom x | Food : ae re =i) 1f + A { Ji ford J, Fond} | ty? \ ? yf (-m) tt na | a ° o WAS ~ M1 <4 tl] S A Peroaege) aCe) Ej ek. 2 ae * a “ay = ro toy Candy = L|* a Jt eae EL [Sime] at a Sinnx Sinnx _ — Coenx ates) | 2 Ae A) Same + (asi + sas sf = cae + 4: He (snk - ay [stone] BA EMA) boa o 3 fen) shone dex > PL fey simmons AL” Sorescnmet Ls Sg msinnx dx + f de asad ifm Teme) + peer alFetes of eee eel = £2 £(- uesne) fe el} — ae C—wsnn) _ t CosSna eal be LR (gcesna) 2c) A | Noco putting the vali to , ant bn ine | Q: ie get / Jay" £44 3 Nepheafeste 5 n=} § 1 acl sin nN “AE, 5 - Aiesaa I Rn i QS GK . Ste) as | | . @ smn — Sina. BSin39_ Sin | |. —— Ze 1 J Rex RG RT UM 4 CoAN , LOSSA | Fin) — of (SE + Se ‘e ' ¥ Sry Brey) 4 (agen =, Si Sod&imet, Jov io digconhmous, al-n=o , 5, Sco) = 44 Feo-0) + Feo+s)) 4 _ aA 2 ag G tO) D Now in gy rusting 20, thin we get f= Pf -a(he st be ? ae 4-4 e +44 date y- fit. ale Et ee ) a £2 FS ( beet wt y Fo vtat et; Re I i) _Dirichept's | Conditions ~ | et fo) fo) function “saticty ne Following condi Hons © $091 '¢ defined in the Wrenval —& an= -b es cos.SA de = 1° fj aand .bn= - 4h Sex) sin TAK da x = [lob sina rte Nha pectin the volute oP a0, ay and br inG, We get. vy to) = Fe Je decrat+ oiler Tat ‘ere Cin BA gin MAK ak «i sout+ Sf) _ + cin WE gj yma.) «tl Seat + Sst cas MACS) a alt sel jt ens DAVE nmol be ne] “pete Toes ! T age OOH SH nic) - Helga) [eos OR +2-F ca MEET + =p Me 4 ua aunt Ox] | E, feof_ Felbsel [ZF ew new + SB ost = wl soleet 6-4) ] a : ar] te] bm ht oe acs = TH, keoo pthen (Un) > 00 wih it Ete — We r - 14/8 Bin ; no, 7 fee eos aay (2-£)44 a] S=-n 7 7 Teste Oa) Rem equshion ® and @ vie gh “fo = de) Sat Tew uo-tda Tide double ‘integral is called Fourier inteyrol — formula.Ie | hn 042 AQ a when 2=A { —O ve thot, 7 U) Sinux i $e) > BP _Creesandsine yy Solution | a Fourier sing. “integra trismula ic, 40x) = ae A? sant { eimut ginux tt 7 ak! tw ) sinutak } Sinuxdx ——C) | aa, SP fjsnat ab fTitlae sinnesinoncds = 4 Sie }sinat a+ |P tet) émotat- a JRasinut ab + I? 0 _ Ee) +6 yu 0 - + leasau— eaco’} {- wsay —_® = ——__— wa“| Fim equation @ andl @® y we get Diny 2 | (CA-tosau) Smau a Fa) = Ae ene re ae ® Now patting a) We gat 2. |% . fia) = 2h ous Sina, uU -tW ¥ 5 = af sinay By 2 i ginau Cacaw au w “So —>— | = ae sinau LW gingay “ # J, w du — Te a ay 2 £ Ll 2 -2dx4 e<=1 ERO RMR Zz ies tod = Be, uhm naa ie obshed - | a / 2 jo (- Gray) sinax o Fo= $e |” —e ayKX 270. wv ExntQ Find the fourier Integral of Fo) =em™ Pago prove. “thot, fea neu fy ot Oo pUY ake Schon + Given that, $x) = ook _(y Sinez, Fed= £O) , 50, $09 is eon emotion «Far een Sumetion , “the fourier iw s, t)- aan fovat cosut cnt ux AX ah J F(t) usubat ) teguxdx -- ® Now, © p f kon) saat = {Pext eogak dt (peices (-keasat-+ usin) TE TEM | : @ |= J eras i 4 emma oc een Seen | “oa ) ) - ar o- o-2 o(- Kero *)) | > apr 8) yeu” Thin - Le) (Fem Asplan transfor defination , We know L4 Fwy 2 [tet ew, oo —O we pet pct in eguotion @ then we get, Lit} = Ifo pat e a -( 4. saan! oO @ -4 “2 \F 7 oi L-#e]* + +f ea t ety 09 FER 2 ot ge leet) ~ -$Le-4t] = = aL@ : @ — Froo tne aefinedion of Laplace sranchin He Loew =[p et RwWaE . $70, — 6 we ph HD =H Ho egetin than we TF Leary 2 SP hth,> Up Leet] - nite tre + [° be at gh is “ase th ony > 2 ~ Boy SLY nina) Pema ta so 0 at n (n—28!) {? gras ak a = Tr same way integrate. Enis. nose (naz) Hines Hern oe a ‘ ‘ m(ral(n-a)- + Gaon) r weastat A} = ea see BR shat . ey ae Be — 1 Co i). > ces 2 Lt} G nthe v-at _Setitions (Fam the definstion oF a Lf Fay} =|" eat Eds , 370 —o wept, pu) ec eat in cl) thn, weg Lye} 2 [Patent ak - Se Ode - a T+ ged att L{e**} @ Fromm tre defiredion oe Laploce transhrm, L{ Fay = [Perey at 1 $70, wept FQ) eet in GY then we gel, ie) aJP othe ab ef hh ° — (ta) SY : = > EN ete ah Hey, oe feast, Je 2 -gzlrl)>Be 4! Prove thet; 7 ' no Li = : -A cos al - i ack } @ Lasm he as 4a @ From difinetion of Asploc_—hamsfum, we. gat Solution Lierset} > Pe “St scat dk; Aang bind [2 eset ore - STC sansal + a éimat) araed yt a . iv) ae : 4 , waar ' _ ba) : l $s Sar a ax, LS cocat) = Sar Finotion oe eplacs_“fransbometion Hegel (@) Fem de LA snot} = ~ fre ohn ak ab _ [ect Lvinnt aon] SH a - dofe-d ane . a a 4Beg: — ae gy iyenty — oe =a @e { sinhat | - a Se Qe ‘ Goluhon 2 Op the. definetion of laplacetrang forcbin te wt LS cachet } =f" ot echat At Se? fftct(eteet) tt Testtices “HL =k £t- & 2) - gay eel} 2at- a5 ©) - we & uy} & a{sa ta s fe > Ege) Crom] z@ Py tae afinotion — of. Laplose. frensfrem , vegeh LSsinhet } = £ ert sinhat de g>6 ad “sh Ceat_ ohare fe | - 47 peg 7 | 4 ‘ "8 ae ~e)* “ew “Eq? . $4 sa . an) = i [esstes! =) 2 gee DdBh Te est pee? a Laplace, shansfoom L{ rey} ig Gaid to be linea if tor ere pair of functions Fi (4) ang Fld) sabishy the fullesing eonditioy, : iden lt) + ane} 4 Re) +f Wh Peabe Lp. Theorem Theorem -ol sof LAr) | repeal andl to URW) = [Perr Bash Prost: by tha defination of Laplace sroratom, wegeti Lad a n)t qr} =e Larry + eon cf > Patten pat + oem Re dt 2 ety war 4 go Ter eee 2 at\nw}+ Quy 0} ols Find the Loplace sronsformotion , F ApS 4 G42 — Seas gk +455 F -ggtetion: Apply te Brenly pefityy ve etL 7 de VEGA seosqht Gains \ér} 1644") - aleosat ft jue} We -5 )4 63 )- 3 (gay) +1 Gee 4, we, 7 es Teg ealk s+ _s ce) } = 9), Then LSet ety f=ro9 “pel Given thal, Lf ra) = FCS9 AeFineton of Laplace jremstosmalion Lg FY = Jeert rw at. sya: > So) = JP oreo Dgoin ley he, ddnaton & LT we geb Lie Fa)} = Jette ab au ee} > EOIN s Eat > ufethnayp f ene ua, San 5an4 > jet ray] 2 oe) = f (a) ChewBe Fad the Ler of eat cwat Salton | ae know, a Reset} = ara 3 . Le *eocat ee * y= “Gero Ste C4454 13 Shee Peta) oshumt4 xf, ve, Liewhe Fs) ,and Gls) 5 ua, #4 Shyuas thot LS GOH) = o fee). Powe: Given Ho 5 eta) thn £4 oe AN wh TK ey the deft natin. oF Laplace Tremsiatration eget Ae} = JP ca eat = [eM awiar + (tcrh p owas _ Matt, oka edt pa} al— arya) = 0 + Sper gat,kb, tas 4, tin, abede, Bitsy if fea thn 46, if beg tan, Ua? Lam} «fen Cat Ey du > [Men Spe MRO A = Sou eeu at - oe FU) y tf fra} = FO: Lire) AACS) Proof oy sha defination of Laplace hems bam cage LAra)} = JP oF rw at > Fo) = [eest ea) oF Andy LAHa} 2 JP cat pled) dk- bb, oau pt -is at -tdu thon show thelrif, tao tun, uso, if tear thin, Uae : L{ Feet) } -JSre “se Fea St = fT oF rede. or, uf ret) } ae £ (2) [Proved ] be Find the Lar oh eset Solution 21 Qs) 2 SH 5/3 > LA uset} = oe 2 Gaye aos} = con | JZchoplet- f° Oe ® “tz finite. _fourtar_ stows sanshie kr @ fumetion fox) be doftned wthe intewot okoted rtiton Has Frike, one tionhoors of FC) “ae donated. Ma Fel Feo} pre -PeCn) and 4 Ac adhne %) Fed FOV} 2 an). oe WANK dy stun . ef Fo) sin => tophinties. WY Twvarse., Brite fourier, Sine dranghoty * | tan rh fetn) “Ji EO) sinh dx. tun Foy) is “alld Fnverse. finite * pussier serie SNL teoin foam, of Seu) and detind a, Fu) = 4 eee) sin plabeke kee, tot a function Fox) be defined in the ‘fered. , Then ne finite fousia -senies @osina ten fm OLX of Fo) \e denoted wv ref Fes} ac Fetn) « FefFOo} = [ex os AK danC Th Inverse. finite fourier garies tendon S oo oa +f Seem) fr Fex) cos DA Ay Hen FO) 16 creel Frere finite. ourier serie rancor st Sey) awh is defined ae %tx) = hres eee wWhuey ga) = fF re Fourier —gerleg 2 fnstiom TE FO) defined internal -o0 aso, thon fen) $unchions “fourier teins fini” ig dented 080 FAFGYY, as am) = re . F< Fay} = Foye J ef dc. CH Ganvaletiony “The tonvolution fF ‘uso: Saicbons fra) ard a) tn dae ‘wterval —@ Lt ke is tae “af Pte and it defined ss, “ 2 Pes e Ew) 1) boo uy) og,Mb Te _convolufion Twaatem oF FT: So the fourier Aranform of the Di hon of Fe) aA GG) die product’ sh the fourier “fender of Fin) ot bla), thet is, EL Pr ee Pep {OS Prof! From the. definetion of tovvolahion wie ke FF 6 = {* Flv) bilx-u) Au »

J em fon at = IP ei gtinan. a .@ rps eft eh PH Ad pte inte nO We pat am 24 tren, ae = a te Tom C7 oth F (fou) « oe gtay 2 ae pn & wR MeEx-3t Find the fraries ak La a, pa = 2% i nl a Guiver that, HAA PO)=4, ay fourier fronghoom, im 6f FO hey Solutions. From te definition 0 F{FG)} = = a) eink aga >| % poujeinhdn + % poy 4. a + [Mreeyse =[* i onic +f alt + [acim ah QT We a Se =) Se Qn 2 . Z2awsne alsimna in DP Ass : . DEAS, Bb Sina woke! pee, I <4 PR me 8 Ide ES rou} ai FG) pith de : . | yt) gixdy i, panera (| Faye —h «chao pega oh ne 6 ‘nn ur) ae _ (a0) Sgr + O88 Eh ° | piel Ort L Use - ie Cae Pe on nee 2c" _ ae _ ae JOE ee 2 S x 5, (2-2 ey= Cogn 4 i ginn— 4 eae alba a o) yW n S A ( ginn — ey n ‘