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Linux 1

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11 views3 pages

Linux 1

Uploaded by

jnidhi88
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linux: Introduction & File System

1. Introduction to Linux

 Linux = Open-source, Unix-like operating system.

 Developed by Linus Torvalds (1991).

 Free, customizable, and widely used in servers, supercomputers, mobile devices (Android).

2. Basic Features of Linux

 Multiuser → Multiple users at once.

 Multitasking → Run many processes simultaneously.

 Portability → Runs on different hardware platforms.

 Security → User permissions, encryption.

 Open Source → Free to modify and distribute.

 Networking support → Built-in TCP/IP.

 Stability → Rarely crashes, widely used in servers.

3. Flavors (Distributions) of Linux

 Ubuntu → User-friendly, desktop.

 Debian → Stable, free software focus.

 Fedora → Cutting-edge features, Red Hat community.

 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) → Enterprise support.

 CentOS → Community-supported version of RHEL.

 SUSE Linux → Enterprise + server environments.

 Kali Linux → Security testing & penetration testing.

4. Advantages of Linux

 Free and open-source.

 Secure and stable.

 Large community support.

 Compatible with servers, desktops, and embedded systems.

 No license costs (unlike Windows).


5. Installation Requirements (General)

 Processor: x86/x64 CPU.

 RAM: 1 GB (minimum), 4 GB recommended.

 Disk Space: 20 GB (minimum).

 Boot Media: CD/DVD, USB, or network install.

6. Architecture of Unix/Linux System

 Hardware → Physical devices.

 Kernel → Core part of OS, manages CPU, memory, devices.

 Shell → Command interpreter (bash, zsh, sh).

 File System → Organizes files & directories.

 User Programs → Applications, utilities.

7. Linux Standard Directories

(From FHS – Filesystem Hierarchy Standard)

 / → Root directory.

 /bin → Essential user commands.

 /sbin → System administration commands.

 /home → User home directories.

 /etc → Configuration files.

 /var → Variable data (logs, cache).

 /usr → User programs, libraries.

 /tmp → Temporary files.

 /dev → Device files.

 /lib → Shared libraries.

 /boot → Boot loader & kernel files.

Basic Linux Commands (Files & Directories)

1. Navigation

 pwd → Show present working directory.

 cd <dir> → Change directory.


o cd /home/user → Go to user directory.

o cd .. → Move one level up.

o cd ~ → Go to home directory.

2. Listing Files

 ls → List files.

 ls -l → Detailed list (permissions, size, date).

 ls -a → Show hidden files.

 ls -lh → Human-readable sizes.

3. Creating Directories

 mkdir <dirname> → Create directory.

 mkdir -p a/b/c → Create nested directories.

4. Removing Directories

 rmdir <dirname> → Remove empty directory.

 rm -r <dirname> → Remove directory with contents.

5. File Operations

 cp file1 file2 → Copy file.

 cp -r dir1 dir2 → Copy directory recursively.

 mv file1 file2 → Rename/move file.

 rm file → Remove file.

6. Viewing Files

 file <filename> → Show file type.

 cat <file> → Display contents.

 more <file> → View file page by page (space = next page).

 less <file> → Scroll file up/down (q = quit, / = search).

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