“DATABASE SYSTEMS”
Book:
Modern Database Management
Jeffrey A. Hoffer,
Mary B. Prescott,
Fred R. McFadden
Instructor: Ayesha Siddiqa
We will study this course
to understand the basic concepts of
Database
to learn the design issues of a relational
database
to learn the development of relational
database systems using oracle
to get hands on with oracle forms and
reports
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Goal
At the end of this course it is
expected that each student must be
able to develop a database System
independently
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Objectives
Definition of terms
Explain growth and importance of databases
Name limitations of conventional file
processing
Identify five categories of databases
Explain advantages of databases
Identify costs and risks of databases
List components of database environment
Describe evolution of database systems
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Definitions
Database: organized collection of logically
related data
Data: stored representations of meaningful
objects and events
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Easily searchable
Unstructured: images, video, documents
Not easily searchable
Information: data processed to increase
knowledge in the person using the data
Metadata: data that describes the properties and
context of user data
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Figure 1-1a Data in context
Context helps users understand data
Figure 1-1b Summarized data
Graphical displays turn data into useful
information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and data context
Disadvantages of File Processing
Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Duplication of Data
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the
same data
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget
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Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must
maintain his/her own data
Each application program needs to include
code for the metadata of each file
Each application program must have its
own processing routines for reading,
inserting, updating, and deleting data
Lack of coordination and central control
Non-standard file formats
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Figure 1-3 Old file processing systems at Pine Valley
Furniture Company
Duplicate Data
Problems with Data
Redundancy
Waste of space to have duplicate
data
Causes more maintenance
headaches
The biggest problem:
Data changes in one file could
cause inconsistencies
Compromises in data integrity
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SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling
agent
Stored in a standardized,
convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
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Database Management System
A software system that is used to create, maintain, and
provide controlled access to user databases
Order Filing
System
Invoicing Central database
DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
Payroll
customer data
System
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
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Advantages of the Database Approach
Program-data independence
Planned data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
Increased application development
productivity
Enforcement of standards
Improved data quality
Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
Reduced program maintenance
Improved decision support
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Costs and Risks of the Database
Approach
New, specialized personnel
Installation and management cost and
complexity
Conversion costs
Need for explicit backup and recovery
Organizational conflict
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Elements of the Database Approach
Data models
Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of
data
Enterprise Data Model – high-level entities and
relationships for the organization
Project Data Model – more detailed view, matching
data structure in database or data warehouse
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Elements of the Database Approach
Cont ….
Relational Databases
Database technology involving tables (relations)
representing entities and primary/foreign keys
representing relationships
Use of Internet Technology
Networks and telecommunications, distributed
databases, client-server, and 3-tier architectures
Database Applications
Application programs used to perform database
activities (create, read, update, and delete) for
database users
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Segment of an Enterprise Data Model
Segment of a Project-Level Data Model
One customer
may place many
orders, but each
order is placed by
a single customer
One-to-many
relationship
One order has
many order lines;
each order line is
associated with a
single order
One-to-many
relationship
One product can
be in many
order lines, each
order line refers
to a single
product
One-to-many
relationship
Therefore, one
order involves
many products
and one product is
involved in many
orders
Many-to-many
relationship
Figure 1-4 Enterprise data model for Figure 1-3 segments
Figure 1-5 Components of the Database Environment
Components of the
Database Environment
CASE Tools – computer-aided software engineering
Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata
Database Management System (DBMS) –software
for managing the database
Database – storehouse of the data
Application Programs – software using the data
User Interface – text and graphical displays to users
Data/Database Administrators – personnel
responsible for maintaining the database
System Developers – personnel responsible for
designing databases and software
End Users – people who use the applications and
databases
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The Range of Database Applications
Personal databases
Workgroup databases
Departmental/divisional databases
Enterprise database
Web-enabled databases
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Figure 1-6
Typical data
from a
personal
database
Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with wireless
local area network
Enterprise Database Applications
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Integrate all enterprise functions
(manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
Data Warehouse
Integrated decision support system
derived from various operational
databases
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Figure 1-8 An enterprise data warehouse
Evolution of DB Systems
THANK YOU
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