Lecture Slides for
INTRODUCTION TO
Machine
Learning
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
Why “Learn” ?
Machine learning is programming computers to
optimize a performance criterion using example
data or past experience.
There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
Learning is used when:
Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars),
Humans are unable to explain their expertise (speech
recognition)
Solution changes in time (routing on a computer network)
Solution needs to be adapted to particular cases (user
biometrics)
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What We Talk About When We
Talk About“Learning”
Learning general models from a data of particular
examples
Data is cheap and abundant (data warehouses,
data marts); knowledge is expensive and scarce.
Example in retail: Customer transactions to
consumer behavior:
People who bought “Da Vinci Code” also bought “The
Five People You Meet in Heaven” (www.amazon.com)
Build a model that is a good and useful
approximation to the data.
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What is Machine Learning?
Optimize a performance criterion using example
data or past experience.
Role of Statistics: Inference from a sample
Role of Computer science: Efficient algorithms to
Solve the optimization problem
Representing and evaluating the model for
inference
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Applications
Association
Supervised Learning
Classification
Regression
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
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Learning Associations
Basket analysis:
P (Y | X ) probability that somebody who buys X
also buys Y where X and Y are products/services.
Example: P ( chips | beer ) = 0.7
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Classification
Example: Credit
scoring
Differentiating
between low-risk
and high-risk
customers from
their income and
savings
Discriminant: IF income > θ1 AND savings > θ2
THEN low-risk ELSE high-risk
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Classification: Applications
Aka Pattern recognition
Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion (glasses,
beard), make-up, hair style
Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.
Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.
Use of a dictionary or the syntax of the language.
Sensor fusion: Combine multiple modalities; eg, visual (lip
image) and acoustic for speech
Medical diagnosis: From symptoms to illnesses
...
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Face Recognition
Training examples of a person
Test images
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Regression
Example: Price of a
used car
x : car attributes y = wx+w0
y : price
y = g (x | θ)
g ( ) model,
θ parameters
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Regression Applications
Navigating a car: Angle of the steering wheel
(CMU NavLab)
Kinematics of a robot arm
(x,y) α1= g1(x,y)
α2= g2(x,y)
α2
α1
Response surface design
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Supervised Learning: Uses
Prediction of future cases: Use the rule to predict
the output for future inputs
Knowledge extraction: The rule is easy to
understand
Compression: The rule is simpler than the data it
explains
Outlier detection: Exceptions that are not covered
by the rule, e.g., fraud
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Unsupervised Learning
Learning “what normally happens”
No output
Clustering: Grouping similar instances
Example applications
Customer segmentation in CRM
Image compression: Color quantization
Bioinformatics: Learning motifs
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Reinforcement Learning
Learning a policy: A sequence of outputs
No supervised output but delayed reward
Credit assignment problem
Game playing
Robot in a maze
Multiple agents, partial observability, ...
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History of Machine Learning
Years Discription
1950-1960 Based on psychology and statitics
1970 based on pratical application such as image
recognition and natural language processing.
1980 support vector machines were introduced,which
allowed for more accurate and efficient
classification of data.
1990 the rise of statistical learning algorith
1997 IBM computer deep blue
2000 the advent of deep learning algrothim
21st century Todayy,ML is used in a wide range of fields.
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