BIHAR ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, PATNA, BIHAR
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna
UNIT-I
Introduction to Presentation of Data
Speaker: Ramesh Kumar Singh
Assistant Professor cum Jr. Scientist
Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna
Introduction
• Since most data are available to researchers in a raw format, they must
be summarized, organized, and analysed to usefully derive information
from them.
• Furthermore, each data set needs to be presented in a certain way
depending on what it is used for.
• Planning how the data will be presented is essential before
appropriately processing raw data.
• First, a question for which an answer is desired must be clearly defined.
• A well-defined question is crucial for the data to be well-understood
later. Once a detailed question is ready, the raw data must be prepared
before processing.
Data Presentation
• Data can be presented in one of the three ways:
– as text
– in tabular form
– in graphical form
• Methods of presentation must be determined according to the
data format, the method of analysis to be used, and the
information to be emphasized.
Text presentation
• Text is the main method of conveying information as it is used to explain
results and trends, and provide contextual information.
• Data are fundamentally presented in paragraphs or sentences.
• Text can be used to provide interpretation or emphasize certain data.
• If quantitative information to be conveyed consists of one or two numbers,
it is more appropriate to use written language than tables or graphs.
Contd…
• If more data are to be presented, or other information such as that
regarding data trends are to be conveyed, a table or a graph would be
more appropriate.
• By nature, data take longer to read when presented as texts.
• when the main text includes a long list of information, readers and
reviewers may have difficulties in understanding the information.
Diagrammatic and Graphic Representation
• The classification and tabulation are the devices of presenting the
statistical data in neat, concise, systematic and readily
comprehensible and intelligible form thus highlighting the salient
features.
• Diagrammatic and graphic representation is an another important,
convincing, appealing and easily understandable form of data
presentation which have a number of advantages.
Advantages
• Diagrams and graphs are visual aid which present the data in
simple and readily comprehensible form. If properly constructed,
if highlight hidden fact of data otherwise if might have been lost.
• Diagrams are very attractive as they delight the eyes and appeal
to mind and leave long lasting impression to mind of people in
general.
• They are early intelligible
• They are highly impressive
• They are easily comparable
• They consume less time and energy
• They are very much helpful in various types of studies.
Different between diagrams and graph
Diagram Graph
It is constructed on plain paper and Graph paper is used which helps to study
used for comprehension only, not for the relationship between two variables.
relationship study It is more precise and accurate and help to
It furnishes only approximate study slope, rates of change and
information estimation.
Useful in depicting categorical and Useful in study of time series and
geographical data frequency distribution data.
General rules for constructing the diagrams
It should have neatness in clarity.
It should have title & foot note.
Selection of scale should be appropriate.
Proportion between width and height should be maintained
Diagram should be selected with almost care.
It should have source note and number
It should have index also.
It should be simple.
Types of diagram – it is of following types
(1) One dimensional Eq. Line diagram & Bar diagram
(2) Two dimensional Eq. Rectangles, Squares, Pie-chart
(3) Three dimensional Eq. Cubes, Spheres, Cylinder etc.
(4) Pictograms
(5) Cartograms
Types of One-dimensional
diagrams
Thanking You
