Automatic detection and severity analysis of brain

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 586
AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND SEVERITY ANALYSIS OF BRAIN
TUMORS USING GUI IN MATLAB
M.Karuna1
, Ankita Joshi 2
1
M.E, 2
M.Tech, E.C.E, Vignan’s institute of information technology, Vishakhapatnam, India
karunaleo98@yahoo.com.au, joshianki@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Medical image processing is the most challenging and emerging field now a day’s processing of MRI images is one of the parts of this
field. The quantitative analysis of MRI brain tumor allows obtaining useful key indicators of disease progression. This is a computer
aided diagnosis systems for detecting malignant texture in biological study. This paper presents an approach in computer-aided
diagnosis for early prediction of brain cancer using Texture features and neuro classification logic.
This paper describes the proposed strategy for detection; extraction and classification of brain tumour from MRI scan images of
brain; which incorporates segmentation and morphological functions which are the basic functions of image processing. Here we
detect the tumour, segment the tumour and we calculate the area of the tumour. Severity of the disease can be known, through classes
of brain tumour which is done through neuro fuzzy classifier and creating a user friendly environment using GUI in MATLAB. In this
paper cases of 10 patients is taken and severity of disease is shown and different features of images are calculated.
Keywords: Brain cancer, Neuro Fuzzy classifier, MRI, GUI.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The brain is the center of thoughts, emotions, memory and
speech. Brain also control muscle movements and
interpretation of sensory information (sight, sound, touch,
taste, pain etc.) A brain tumor is a localized intracranial lesion
which occupies space with the skull and tends to cause a rise
in intracranial pressure. Tumors can affect any part of the
brain and depending on what part(s) of the brain it affects can
have a number of symptoms.
Seizures
Difficulty with language
Mood changes
Change of personality
Changes in vision, hearing, and sensation.
Difficulty with muscle movement
Difficulty with coordination control
Brain cancer can be counted among the most deadly and
intractable diseases. Tumors may be embedded in regions of
the brain that are critical to manage the body’s vital functions,
while they shed cells to invade other parts of the brain,
forming more tumors too small to detect using conventional
imaging techniques. In recent years, the occurrence of brain
tumors has been on the rise. Unfortunately, many of these
tumors will be detected too late, after symptoms appear. It is
much easier and safer to remove a small tumor than a large
one. Computer-assisted surgical planning and advanced
image-guided technology have become increasingly used in
Neuro surgery [1][2][3][4][5]. Tumor is defined as the
abnormal growth of the tissues. Brain tumor is an abnormal
mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply
uncontrollably, seemingly unchecked by the mechanisms that
control normal cells.
Brain tumors are of two main types which are benign tumors
and malignant tumors
1.1 Benign Tumors:
Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells, usually,
benign tumors can be removed, and they seldom grow back.
The border or edge of a benign brain tumor can be clearly
seen. Cells from benign tumors do not invade tissues around
them or spread to other parts of the body. However, benign
tumors can press on sensitive areas of the brain and cause
serious health problems. Unlike benign tumors in most other
parts of the body, benign brain tumors are sometimes life
threatening. Very rarely, a benign brain tumor may become
malignant.
1.2 Malignant Tumors:
Malignant brain tumors are generally more serious and often is
life threatening. It may be primary (the tumor originate from
the brain tissue) or secondary (metastasis from others tumor
elsewhere in the body).They are likely to grow rapidly and
invade the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Very rarely,

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cancer cells may break away from a malignant brain tumor
and spread to other parts of the brain, to the spinal cord, or
even to other parts of the body.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS
Brain tumors are basically classified on bases of Tissue of
origin, Location, Primary or secondary (metastatic), Grading.
Basically tumors are classified into
Gliomas
i. Astrocytoma (Grades I & II)
ii. Anaplastic Astrocytoma
iii. Glioblastoma Multiforme
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymomas
Medulloblastoma
CNS Lymphoma
In this paper the classification of Gliomas tumors is done
which are subdivided into 3 types and class I, class II, and
class III.
i. Class I: Astrocytoma is slow growing, rarely
spreads to other parts of the CNS, Borders not well
defined.
ii. Class II: Anaplastic Astrocytoma will grow faster.
iii. Class III: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) most
invasive type of tumor, commonly spreads to nearby
tissue, grows rapidly.
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Annual incidence ~15–20 cases per 100,000 people. Annual
incidence primary brain cancer in children is about 3 per
100,000. Leading cause of cancer-related death in patients
younger than age 35 Primary brain tumors /secondary ~ 50/50
~17,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with
primary cancer each year. Secondary brain cancer occurs in
20–30% of patients with metastatic disease. Estimated 18,400
primary malignant brain tumors will be diagnosed in 2004 —
10,540 in men & 7,860 in women. Approximately 12,690
people have died from these tumors in 2004.Accounts for
1.4% of all cancers. Accounts for 2.4% of all cancer related
deaths. In adults over 45 years of age 90% of all brain tumors
are Gliomas.
4. HOW TO DIAGNOSE BRAIN TUMORS
Computed Tomography(CT)scans
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans
Biopsy (tissue sample analysis)
The best preferred method for this project is MRI.
5. APPROACH
The work carried out involves processing of MRI images of
brain cancer affected patients for detection and Classification
on different types of brain tumors. The image processing
techniques like histogram equalization, image segmentation,
image enhancement and then extracting the features for
Detection of tumor. Extracted feature are stored in the
knowledge base. A suitable Nero Fuzzy classifier is developed
to recognize the different types of brain tumors. The system is
designed to be user friendly by creating Graphical User
Interface (GUI) using MATLAB.
Step 1: Consider MRI scan image of brain of patients.
Step 2: Test MRI scan with the knowledge base.
Step 3: Two cases will come forward.
i. Tumor detected
ii. Tumor not detected
Step 4: If tumor is detected the severity of tumor is known by
classifying them into 3 classes.
Step 5: Appropriate treatment starts under medical
supervision.
5.1 Proposed System
Fig- 1: Proposed methodology for classification of brain
tumors
5.1.1 Image Segmentation
Image segmentation will partition the brain MRI scan image
into multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as super
pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change
the representation of an image into something that is more
meaningful and easier to analyze.[14] Image segmentation is
typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves,
Preprocessin
Segmentation
Feature extraction
Training Phase
Recognition using
knowledge base classifier
Preprocessing
Segmentation
Feature extraction
Knowledge base
Query Phase
Training
image

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etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the
process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such
that pixels with the same label share certain visual
characteristics. The result of image segmentation is a set of
segments that collectively cover the entire image, or a set of
contours extracted from the image. Each of the pixels in a
region are similar with respect to some characteristic or
computed property, such as color, intensity, or texture.
Segmentation subdivides an image into its constituent parts of
objects, the level to which this subdivision is carried depends
on the problem being solved, that is, the segmentation should
stop when the edge of the tumor is able to be detected .i.e. the
main interest is to isolate the tumor from its background. The
main problem in the edge detection process is that the cancer
cells near the surface of the MRI is very fat, thus appears very
dark on the MRI, which is very confusing in the edge
detection process. To overcome the problem, two steps were
performed.
1. Histogram equalization has been applied to the image
to enhance the gray level near the edge.
2. Thresholding the equalized image in order to obtain a
binarized MRI with gray level 1 representing the
cancer cells and gray level 0 representing the
background.
A. Histogram Equalization
This method usually increases the global contrast of many
images, especially when the usable data of the image is
represented by close contrast values. Through this adjustment,
the intensities can be better distributed on the histogram. This
allows for areas of lower local contrast to gain a higher
contrast. Histogram equalization accomplishes this by
effectively spreading out the most frequent intensity values.
The method is useful in images with backgrounds and
foregrounds that are both bright or both dark.
The histogram of an image represents the relative frequency of
occurrences of the various gray levels in the image. Histogram
modeling techniques (e.g. histogram equalization) provide a
sophisticated method for modifying the dynamic range and
contrast of an image by altering that image such that its
intensity histogram has a desired shape.
Fig- 2: a) The original MRI b) Histogram
Equalized MRI
B. Thresholding
Thresholding is the simplest method of image segmentation.
From a grayscale image, thresholding can be used to create
binary images In many vision applications, it is useful to be
able to be able to separate out the regions of the image
corresponding to objects in which we are interested, from the
regions of the image that correspond to background.
Thresholding often provides an easy and convenient way to
perform this segmentation on the basis of the different
intensities or colors in the foreground and background regions
of an image.
The input to a Thresholding operation is typically a greyscale
or color image. In the simplest implementation the output is a
binary image representing the segmentation. Black pixels
correspond to background and white pixels correspond to
foreground. In simple implementations, the segmentation is
determined by a single parameter known as the intensity
threshold. In a single pass, each pixel in the image is
compared with this threshold. If the pixel’s intensity is higher
than the threshold, the pixel is set to white, in the output. If it
is less than the threshold, it is set to black. Segmentation is
accomplished by scanning the whole image pixel by pixel and
labeling each pixel as object or background according to its
binarized gray level.
Fig- 3: Threshold binarized image
5.1.2 Image Enhancement
The fundamental enhancement needed in MRI is an increase
in contrast. Contrast between the brain and the tumor region
may be present on a MRI but below the threshold of human
perception. Thus, to enhance contrast between the normal
brain and tumor region, a sharpening filter is applied to the
digitized MRI resulting in noticeable enhancement in image
contrast.
A. Sharpening Filter or Windowing
Sharpening filters work by increasing contrast at edges to
highlight fine detail or enhance detail that has been blurred. It
seeks to emphasize changes.
The most common sharpening filter uses a neighborhood of
3*3 pixels. For each output pixel it computes the weighted
sum of the corresponding input pixel and its eight surrounding

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pixels. The weights are positive for the central pixel and
negative for the surrounding pixels. By arranging the weights
so that their sum is equal to one, the overall brightness of the
image is unaffected. Weights can be adjusted as follows:
-1 -1 -1
-1 0 -1
-1 -1 -1
5.1.3 Morphological Operation
• This is used as an image processing tools for
sharpening the regions and filling the gaps for
binarized image.
• The dilation operator is used for filling the
broken gaps at the edges and to have continuities
at the boundaries.
• A structuring element of 3x3 square matrix is
used to perform dilation operation.
• The region filled operation is used to fill the gaps
in the region of interest i.e. tumor.
Fig-4: a) Dialated binarized image b) Region filled image
5.1.4 Region extraction
• Onto the dilated image a filling operator is
applied to fill the close contours.
• To filled image, centroids are calculated to
localize the regions as shown beside.
• The final extracted region is then logically
operated for extraction of Massive region in
given MRI image.
Fig- 5: a) Extracted region with centroids b) Extracted tumor
6. FEATURE EXTRACTION
From each co-occurrence matrix, a set of five-features are
extracted in different orientations for the training of the neuro-
fuzzy model.
Let P be the N*N co-occurrence matrix calculated for
4images, then the features as given by Byer are as follows:
1. Contrast
F1=
2. Inverse Difference Moment (Homogeneity)
F2 =
3. Angular Second Moment (ASM)
F3 =
4. Dissimilarity
f 4 =
5. Entropy
f 9 =
6. Regionprops
STATS = regionprops (BW, area, centroid)
STATS = regionprops (BW, properties) measures a set of
properties for each connected component (object) in the binary
image, BW. The image BW is a logical array; it can have any
dimension.
The area of tumor is calculated using centroids of binary
image.
Fig-6: Centroids located in binary image
∑
−
=
1
0,
N
ji
Pi, j
1+ (i-j)2
∑
−
=
−
1
0,
2)(,
N
ji
jijPi
∑
−
=
1
0,
N
ji
∑
−
=
1
0,
N
ji
∑
−
=
1
0,
N
ji
P2
i, j
Pi, j i – j
Pi, j (-ln Pi, j)

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7. KNOWLEDGE BASE
The data is already trained in the knowledge base. Almost 60
cases of patients are stored in the database; which will be
helpful in comparing the MRI scan image and giving the
severity of image
8. AREA CALCULATIONS
The area can be calculated by taking the extracted tumor by
using the bwarea function in MATLAB, which gives area of
objects in binary image.
Syntax: Total = bwarea (BW)
It estimates the area of the objects in binary image BW. total is
a scalar whose value corresponds roughly to the total number
of on pixels in the image, but might not be exactly the same
because different patterns of pixels are weighted
differently.BW can be numeric or logical. For numeric input,
any nonzero pixels are considered to be on. The return value
total is of class double.
Fig- 7: MRI Test images
The obtained area for this image 1 is w2 =1.6620e+003.
And area obtained for image 2 is w2 =1.6360e+003.
9. NEURO-FUZZY CLASSIFIER
A Neuro-fuzzy classifier is used to detect candidate-
circumscribed tumor. Generally, the input layer consists of
seven neurons corresponding to the seven features. The output
layer consists of one neuron indicating whether the MRI is a
candidate circumscribed tumor or not, and the hidden layer
changes according to the number of rules that give best
recognition rate for each group of features. For the automated
recognition of tumor cell in given MRI image a neuro fuzzy
classifier is realized.
The classifier module implements a hybrid algorithm
integrating neural network and fuzzy system. Fuzzy neural
approach found to have more accurate decision making as
compare to their counterparts. The obtained features are
processed using fuzzy classification layer before passing it to
neural network.
Fig-8: Neuro fuzzy logic classification
10. TRAINING AND TESTING PHASE
Neuro fuzzy classifier always works on Training Phase and
Testing Phase. In Training Phase the fuzzy classifier is trained
for recognition of different types of brain cancer. Neuro fuzzy
classifier always works on Training Phase and Testing Phase.
In Training Phase the fuzzy classifier is trained for recognition
of different types of brain cancer. The known MRI images of
cancer affected Subjects are first processed through various
image processing steps and then textural features are extracted
using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix. The features
extracted are used in the Knowledge Base for algorithm which
helps in successful classification of unknown Images. The
extracted features are compared with the features of Unknown
sample Image for classification. Texture features or more
precisely,
Gray Level Co- occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features are used
to distinguish between normal and abnormal brain tumors.
Five co-occurrence matrices are constructed in four spatial
orientations horizontal, right diagonal, vertical and left
diagonal (0, 45, 90, and 135) [13].
Feature
s
Fuzzy
Interface
Learning
algorithm
Neural
Network
Perception of
neural inputs
Decisio
ns
Nural
Outputs

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Fig-9: Training Phase
11. RESULTS
The severity of the tumor is known and the different features
like entropy, Angular second moment (ASM), Contrast,
Inverse Difference Moment (Homogeneity), Dissimilarity.
The tumor region is extracted and the severity of the tumor is
found out and area is calculated.
MRI images Angular second
moment(ASM)
Contrast Inverse Difference
Moment (Homogeneity)
Dissimilarity Entropy
5526 1254072 0.138847811665570 20960 -75.2267956408215
6054 2045428 0.0170591123540511 26964 -150.867899634242
13492 1153082 36.7389217370720 19866 -382.254867873060

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4578 2341894 3.07315762184331 29370 -76.9528880755323
S.No Patients MRI image of brain Extracted tumor Severity of disease Area of tumor
1. Patient 1 Class 2
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
will grow faster
1.5060e+003
Glioblastoma multiforme
(GBM) most invasive type
of tumor, commonly
spreads to nearby tissues
grows rapidly.
1.72190e+003
will grow faster
1.5190e+003
4. Patient 4
No tumor No tumor 0
5.
Patient 5 Class 3
of tumor, commonly
spreads to nearby tissue,
grows rapidly.
1.6302e+003
Astrocytoma is slow
growing, rarely spreads to
other parts of the CNS,
Borders not well defined.
1.1693e+003
of tumor, commonly
spreads to nearby tissue,
grows rapidly.
1.6750e+003

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Astrocytoma is slow
growing, rarely spreads to
other parts of the CNS,
Borders not well defined.
1.0003e+003
will grow faster
1.2380e+003
will grow faster
1.4321e+003
CONCLUSIONS
Finally for the proposed system the required effective
image has to be chosen for opting better
segmentation techniques.
An effective data base with highly recognition has to
be implemented.
Early detection of the tumor will be useful to the
patients for who are smaller tumors that is class 1 and
class 2 tumors which can be cured easily if treated at
early stages
Detection and severity analysis with easy retrieval
has to be developed.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Mrs. M. KARUNA obtained her
B.Tech. Degree from Vignan’s college,
vadlamudi, Guntur from JNTU Hyderabad,
India in the year 2002 She obtained her
M.E. Degree from Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, India in the year 2005. Presently she is
working as an Associate Professor in the department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignan’s
Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam. She has
participated in various National and International
conferences. She is interested in the fields of wireless
communication, Biomedical Instrumentation.
Ms. ANKITA JOSHI has obtained B.Tech
degree from Vignan’s institute of
information technology affiliated to JNTUK
in the year 2011. Now she is pursuing
M.Tech Degree in Department of
Electronics & Communications, Vignan's institute of
Information and Technology, Visakhapatnam. She is
interested in the fields of Bio medical image processing.

Automatic detection and severity analysis of brain

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