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Ch2 Introduction to Information Security (3).pdf
- 1. Chapter 2 Introduction toInformation Security
- 2. Slide 2 Learning Objectives: Uponcompletion of this chapter you should be able to: – Understand what information security is and how it came to mean what it does today. – Comprehend the history of computer security and how it evolved into information security. – Understand the key terms and critical concepts of information security as presented in the chapter. – Outline the phases of the security systems development life cycle. – Understand the role professionals involved in information security in an organizational structure.
- 3. Slide 3 What IsInformation Security? Information security in today’s enterprise is a “well-informed sense of assurance that the information risks and controls are in balance.” –Jim Anderson, Inovant (2002)
- 4. Slide 4 The HistoryOf Information Security Computer security began immediately after the first mainframes were developed. Groups developing code-breaking computations during World War II created the first modern computers Physical controls were needed to limit access to authorized personnel to sensitive military locations Only rudimentary controls were available to defend against physical theft, espionage, and sabotage
- 5. Slide 5 The 1960s Departmentof Defense’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) began examining the feasibility of a redundant networked communications. Larry Roberts developed the project from its inception. Objectives: develop networking and resource sharing
- 6. Slide 6 Figure 1-2- ARPANET
- 7. Slide 7 The 1970sand 80s ARPANET grew in popularity as did its potential for misuse Fundamental problems with ARPANET security were identified – No safety procedures for dial-up connections to the ARPANET – User identification and authorization to the system were non-existent In the late 1970s the microprocessor expanded computing capabilities and security threats
- 8. Slide 8 The Startof the Study of Computer Security Information Security began with Rand Report R-609 The scope of computer security grew from physical security to include: – Safety of the data – Limiting unauthorized access to that data – Involvement of personnel from multiple levels of the organization
- 9. Slide 9 The 1990s Networksof computers became more common, so too did the need to interconnect the networks. Resulted in the Internet, the first manifestation of a global network of networks. In early Internet deployments, security was treated as a low priority.
- 10. Slide 10 The Present TheInternet has brought millions of computer networks into communication with each other – many of them unsecured. Ability to secure each now influenced by the security on every computer to which it is connected.
- 11. Slide 11 What IsSecurity? “The quality or state of being secure--to be free from danger” To be protected from adversaries A successful organization should have multiple layers of security in place: – Physical security – Personal security – Operations security – Communications security – Network security
- 12. Slide 12 What IsInformation Security? The protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that information Tools, such as policy, awareness, training, education, and technology are necessary The C.I.A. triangle was the standard based on confidentiality, integrity, and availability The C.I.A. triangle has expanded into a list of critical characteristics of information
- 13. Slide 13 Critical CharacteristicsOf Information The value of information comes from the characteristics it possesses. – Availability – Accuracy – Authenticity – Confidentiality – Integrity – Utility – Possession
- 14. Slide 14 Components ofan Information System To fully understand the importance of information security, you need to know the elements of an information system. An Information System (IS) is much more than computer hardware; it is the entire set of software, hardware, data, people, and procedures necessary to use information as a resource in the organization.
- 15. Slide 15 Securing theComponents The computer can be either or both the subject of an attack and/or the object of an attack When a computer is – the subject of an attack, it is used as an active tool to conduct the attack – the object of an attack, it is the entity being attacked
- 16. Slide 16 Figure 1-5– Subject and Object of Attack
- 17. Slide 17 Balancing Securityand Access It is impossible to obtain perfect security - it is not an absolute; it is a process. Security should be considered a balance between protection and availability. To achieve balance, the level of security must allow reasonable access, yet protect against threats.
- 18. Slide 18 Security Implementation: 1)Bottom-up Approach Security from a grass-roots effort - systems administrators attempt to improve the security of their systems. Key advantage - technical expertise of the individual administrators. Seldom works, as it lacks a number of critical features: – participant support – organizational staying power
- 19. Slide 19 Figure 1-7– Approaches to Security Implementation
- 20. Slide 20 2) Top-downApproach Initiated by upper management: – issue policy, procedures, and processes – dictate the goals and expected outcomes of the project – determine who is accountable for each of the required actions This approach has strong upper management support, a dedicated champion, dedicated funding, clear planning, and the chance to influence organizational culture May also involve a formal development strategy referred to as a systems development life cycle – Most successful top-down approach
- 21. Slide 21 The SystemsDevelopment Life Cycle Information security must be managed in a manner similar to any other major system implemented in the organization. Using a methodology – ensures a rigorous process – avoids missing steps The goal is creating a comprehensive security posture/program
- 22. Slide 22 Figure 1-8– SDLC Waterfall Methodology
- 23. Slide 23 SDLC andthe SecSDLC The SecSDLC may be – event-driven - started in response to some occurrences or – plan-driven - as a result of a carefully developed implementation strategy At the end of each phase comes a structured review
- 24. Slide 24 1) Investigation Whatis the problem the system is being developed to solve? – The objectives, constraints, and scope of the project are specified – A preliminary cost/benefit analysis is developed – A feasibility analysis is performed to assess the economic, technical, and behavioral feasibilities of the process
- 25. Slide 25 2) Analysis Consists primarily of – assessments of the organization – the status of current systems – capability to support the proposed systems Analysts begin to determine – what the new system is expected to do – how the new system will interact with existing systems Ends with the documentation of the findings and a feasibility analysis update
- 26. Slide 26 3) LogicalDesign Based on business need, applications are selected capable of providing needed services Based on applications needed, data support and structures capable of providing the needed inputs are identified Finally, based on all of the above, select specific ways to implement the physical solution are chosen At the end, another feasibility analysis is performed
- 27. Slide 27 4) PhysicalDesign Specific technologies are selected to support the alternatives identified and evaluated in the logical design. Selected components are evaluated based on a make-or-buy decision. Entire solution is presented to the end-user representatives for approval.
- 28. Slide 28 5) Implementation Componentsare ordered, received, assembled, and tested Users are trained and documentation created Users are then presented with the system for a performance review and acceptance test
- 29. Slide 29 6) Maintenanceand Change Tasks necessary to support and modify the system for the remainder of its useful life. The life cycle continues until the process begins again from the investigation phase. When the current system can no longer support the mission of the organization, a new project is implemented.
- 30. Slide 30 Security SystemsDevelopment Life Cycle (SecSDLC) The same phases used in the traditional SDLC adapted to support the specialized implementation of a security project Basic process is identification of threats and controls to counter them The SecSDLC is a coherent program rather than a series of random, seemingly unconnected actions
- 31. Slide 31 1) Investigation Identifiesprocess, outcomes and goals of the project, and constraints Begins with a statement of program security policy Teams are organized, problems analyzed, and scope defined, including objectives, and constraints not covered in the program policy An organizational feasibility analysis is performed
- 32. Slide 32 2) Analysis Analysisof existing security policies or programs, along with documented current threats and associated controls. Includes an analysis of relevant legal issues that could impact the design of the security solution. The risk management task (identifying, assessing, and evaluating the levels of risk) also begins.
- 33. Slide 33 3) Logical& Physical Design Creates blueprints for security Critical planning and feasibility analyses to determine whether or not the project should continue In physical design, security technology is evaluated, alternatives generated, and final design selected At end of phase, feasibility study determines readiness so all parties involved have a chance to approve the project
- 34. Slide 34 4) Implementation Thesecurity solutions are acquired (made or bought), tested, and implemented, and tested again. Personnel issues are evaluated and specific training and education programs conducted. Finally, the entire tested package is presented to upper management for final approval.
- 35. Slide 35 5) Maintenanceand Change The maintenance and change phase is perhaps most important, given the high level of ingenuity in today’s threats. The reparation and restoration of information is a constant duel with an often unseen adversary. As new threats emerge and old threats evolve, the information security profile of an organization requires constant adaptation.
- 36. Slide 36 Security Professionalsand the Organization It takes a wide range of professionals to support a diverse information security program. To develop and execute specific security policies and procedures, additional administrative support and technical expertise is required.
- 37. Slide 37 Senior Management Chief Information Officer (CIO) – the senior technology officer – primarily responsible for advising the senior executive(s) for strategic planning Chief Information Security Officer(CISO) – responsible for the assessment, management, and implementation of securing the information in the organization – may also be referred to as the Manager for Security, the Security Administrator, or a similar title
- 38. Slide 38 Security ProjectTeam A number of individuals who are experienced in one or multiple requirements of both the technical and non-technical areas: – The team leader – Security policy developers – Risk assessment specialists – Security professionals – Systems administrators – End users
- 39. Slide 39 Data Ownership DataOwner - responsible for the security and use of a particular set of information Data Custodian - responsible for the storage, maintenance, and protection of the information. Data Users - the end systems users who work with the information to perform their daily jobs supporting the mission of the organization.
- 40. Slide 40 Information Security:Is it an Art or a Science? With the level of complexity in today’s information systems, the implementation of information security has often been described as a combination of art and science.