History and scope in bioinformatics

HISTORY AND SCOPE OF
BIOINFORMATICS
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

SYNOPSIS
 INTRODUCTION
 COMPUTER AND BIOINFORMATICS
 BIOINFORMATICS- A MULTIDISCIPLINARY
APPROACH
 HISTORY
 APPLICATION
 SCOPE OF BIOINFORMATICS
 CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
 In biology, Bioinformatics is an
interdisciplinary field.
 It is the combination of biology and
computer science and is a new emerging
field that helps in collecting, linking, and
manipulating different types of biological
information to discover new biological
insight.
 Two words;
 Bio; biology
 Informatique; data processing

WHAT BIOINFORMATICS HAS
DONE
AFTE
R

COMPUTER AND
BIOINFORMATICS
 COMPUTER;-A computer is a programmable
machine. An electronic device for storing and
processing data, typically in binary form,
according to instructions given to it in a variable
program.
 Without computers bioinformatics is impossible
 LANGUAGE OF COMPUTER’S :- BINARY CODE

PROTEIN CODES
Sequences are represented in the standard IUB/IUPAC amino acid
codes, a single hyphen or dash can be used to represent a gap of
indeterminate length.
For amino acid query sequences (BLASTP and TBLASTN), the
accepted 1-letter amino acid codes are:

BIOINFORMATICS- A
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Bioinformatic
s
computer
science
Statistics
Informatio
n
technology
Physics
Biolog
y
Electronics
Biotechnolo
gy
Mathemati
cs

HISTORY
 History of bioinformatics has emerged from two
different fields
1.Computer science
2.Biology
 History of bioinformatics go long before the term,
"bioinformatics", was coined.
 In 1978 Paulien Hogeweg, coined the term
"Bioinformatics" to refer to the study of information
processes in biotic systems.
 Discovery of genetic inheritance by G. Mendel in
1865, could be called as the start of Bioinformatics
history. As He carefully recorded the data and
analyzed the data.

A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF EVENTS:
 1951 Pauling and Corey propose the structure for the alpha-helix and
beta-sheet
 1953 - Watson & Crick propose the double helix model for DNA based x-
ray data obtained by Franklin & Wilkins (Nature, 171: 737-738, 1953).
 1955 - The sequence of the first protein to be analysed, bovine insulin, is
announed by F.Sanger.
 1958 - The first integrated circuit is constructed by Jack Kilby at Texas
Instruments.
 1965 - Margaret Dayhoff's Atlas of Protein Sequences
 1968 - Packet-switching network protocols are presented to ARPA
 1969 - The ARPANET is created by linking computers at Stanford, UCSB,
The University of Utah and UCLA.
 1970 - The details of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for sequence
comparison are published.
 1971- Ray Tomlinson (BBN) invents the email program.

 1972 - The first recombinant DNA molecule is created by Paul Berg and his
group.
 1973 - The Brookhaven Protein DataBank is announeced
(Acta.Cryst.B,1973,29:1764).
 1974 - Vint Cerf and Robert Khan develop the concept of connecting
networks of computers into an "internet" and develop the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP).
 1975 - Microsoft Corporation is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
Two-dimensional electrophoresis, where separation of proteins on SDS
polyacrylamide gel is combined with separation according to isoelectric
points, is announced by P. H. O'Farrell (J. Biol. Chem., 250: 4007-4021,
1975).
 1976 - The Unix-To-Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP) is developed at Bell Labs.
E. M. Southern published the experimental details for the Southern Blot
technique of specific sequences of DNA (J. Mol. Biol., 98: 503-517, 1975).
 1977 - Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert (Harvard) and Frederick Sanger (U.K.
Medical Research Council), report methods for sequencing DNA. DNA
sequencing and software to analyze it .
 1978 - The first Usenet connection is established between Duke and the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis and
Steve Bellovin.

 1980 - The first complete gene sequence for an organism (FX174) is
published. The gene consists of 5,386 base pairs which code nine proteins'
by Wüthrich et. al.
 1981 - The Smith-Waterman algorithm for sequence alignment is published.
IBM introduces its Personal Computer to the market.
 1982 - Genetics Computer Group (GCG) created as a part of the University
of Wisconsin of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center. The company's primary
product is The Wisconsin Suite of molecular biology tools. GenBank Release
3 made public Phage lambda genome sequenced
 1983 - The Compact Disk (CD) is launched. Name servers are developed at
the University of Wisconsin.
Sequence database searching algorithm ( Wilbur-Lipman )
LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) and LLNL (Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory) begin production of DNA clone (cosmid) libraries
representing single chromosomes.
DNA analysis becomes viable with the discovery of Polymerase Chain
Reaction. It allows small samples of DNA to be multiplied to produce a large
enough sample to analyse
 1984 - Jon Postel's Domain Name System (DNS) is placed on-line.
The Macintosh is announced by Apple Computer.

 1985 - The FASTP/FASTN algorithm is published.
 1986 - The term "Genomics" appeared for the first time to
describe the scientific discipline of mapping, sequencing, and
analyzing genes. The term was coined by Thomas Roderick
as a name for the new journal.
 1987- The use of yeast artifical chromosomes (YAC) is
described (David T. Burke, et. al., Science, 236: 806-812).
The physical map of e. coli is published (Y. Kohara, et. al.,
Cell 51: 319-337).
 1988 - National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
created at NIH/NLM .EMBnet network for database
distribution
The Human Genome Intiative is started (commission on Life
Sciences, National Research council. Mapping and
sequencing the Human Genome, National Academy Press:
washington, D.C.),
 1988. -The FASTA algorith for sequence comparison is
published by Pearson and Lupman.
 1990 - The BLAST program (Altschul,et.al.) is implemented.

 1991 - The research institute in Geneva (CERN) announces the creation
of the protocols which make -up the World Wide Web.
The creation and use of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) is described.
 1992 -Low-resolution genetic linkage map of entire human genome
published.
Guidelines for data release and resource sharing announced by DOE
and NIH
 1993 - Sanger Centre , Hinxton, UK .
CuraGen Corporation is formed in New Haven, CT.
Affymetrix begins independent operations in Santa Clara, California.
 1994 - Netscape Communications Corporation founded and releases
Naviagator, the commerical version of NCSA's Mozilla.
 1995 - The Haemophilus influenzea genome (1.8) is sequenced (
Fleischmann et al. , Science 269 :496-512 -The Mycoplasma genitalium
genome is sequenced ( Fraser et. . , Science 270 :397-403 (1995).
 First (nonviral) whole genome sequenced (for the bacterium
Haemophilus influenzae).
Sequence of smallest bacterium, Mycoplasma genitalium, completed;
provides a model of the minimum number of genes needed for
independent existence

 1996 - The genome for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's
yeadt, 12.1 Mb) is sequenced.
The prosite database is reported by Bairoch, et.al.
Methanococcus jannaschii genome sequenced; confirms
existence of third major branch of life on earth.
 1997 - The genome for E.coli (4.7 Mbp) is published.
Oxford Molecualr Group acquires the Genetics Computer
Group.
 1998 - The genomes for Caenorhabitis elegans and baker's
yeast are published.
The Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is established as a non-
profit foundation.
Craig Venter forms Celera in Rockville, Maryland.
 1999 -First Human Chromosome Completely Sequenced! On
December 1, researchers in the Human Genome Project
announced the complete sequencing of the DNA making up
human chromosome 22.

 2000 - The genome for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.3
Mbp) is published.
The A.thaliana genome (100 Mb) is sequenced.
The D.melanogaster genome (180 Mb) is sequenced.
 2001 - The huam genome (3,000 Mbp) is published.
Human Chromosome 20 Finished - Chromosome 20 is the
third chromosome completely sequenced to the high
quality specified by the Human Genome Project
 2002 - Structural Bioinformatics and GeneFormatics merge
An international sequencing consortium published the full
genome sequence of the common house mouse (2.5 Gb)
 2003 -Human Genome Project Completion, April 2003.
Human Chromosome 14 Finished - Chromosome 14 is the
fourth chromosome to be completely sequenced
 2004 - The draft genome sequence of the brown Norway
laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, was completed by the
Rat Genome Sequencing project Consortium.
 2005-Genome sequence of rice was completed.

APPLICATION
 It is the comprehensive application of mathematics (e.g., probability
and statistics), science (e.g., biochemistry), and a core set of problem-
solving methods (e.g., computer algorithms) to the understanding of
living systems.
 Bioinformatics is being used in following fields:Drug
developme
nt
Personalis
ed
medicine
Molecular
medicine
Gene therapy
Drug
development
Microbial
genome
applications
Waste
cleanup
Climate
change
Studies
Alternative
energy sources
Biotechnolo
gy
Antibiotic resistance
Forensic
analysis of
microbes
Evolutionary
studies
Crop
improvement
Insect
resistance
Improve
nutritional
quality
Developme
nt of
Drought
resistance
varieties
Vetinary
Science
Bioinformatics

SCOPE OF BIOINFORMATICS
Bioinformatics possess immense scope and generate plenty of job avenues for
the professionals in this area.

DATA
 Nucleotide sequences for more than
300,000 organisms with GenBank
and its collaborators receive
sequences produced in laboratories
throughout the world from more than
100,000 distinct organisms. In the
more than 30 years since its
establishment,.
 GenBank continues to grow at an
exponential rate, doubling every 18
months.
 Release 193, produced in December
2012, contained over 174 billion
nucleotide bases in more than 161
million sequences.

GOOD NEWS FOR US
 Bioinformatician has a very high value for money.
 PAY SCALE
 IN UK and USA AROUND-30,000-1,00,000$P.A
 IN INDIA-1,50,000-5,00,000Ru P.A
 According to the National Association of Software and Service Companies,
popularly called as NASSCOM, bioinformatics is one of the fastest growing
industries not only in India, but in several other countries as well. Candidates,
who have completed their course in Bioinformatics can find job opportunities
in two disciplines namely biotechnology and bioinformatics.
 Government jobs in the field of bioinformatics:
 Since a number of government organizations are engaged in research
activities in the field of bioinformatics, candidates can get employment
opportunities in the bioinformatics research institutions being run by the
Government of India and different state governments in the nation.

COURSES IN BIOINFORMATICS:
 UG and PG Courses in Bioinformatics are available at
different universities and institutions in India.
 Some of the institutions offering bioinformatics courses
are Institute of Bioinformatics & Applied Biotechnology,
Bangalore, Welingkar Institute of Management, Mumbai,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and NIIT in
association with IIT, New Delhi also offers an intensive
course in Bioinformatics.
 In the bioinformatics course, some of the subjects like
genomics, bAio-programming, drug designing, molecular
modeling, biostatistics, biological databases, molecular
biology, computational biology and bioinformatics
software and tools are covered.

SCOPE IN BIOINFORMATICS IN
INDIA
 BTISnet was established in 1986 by DBT
 CII (Confederatin of Indian Industries) predicated that Indian
Biotech Industries reach $3 million by the end of 2005 and is still
growing.
 There will be 10% annual growth in the Bioinformtics market for
years to come; and the National Science Foundation estimated
that 20,000 new jobs in the field would be created in the field in
just the next four years(2005-2010).
 Biotech companies like ;Geneiosys Research Labs Pvt. Ltd a
German company established in branch in India.
 Bioinformatics in India is at an early stage of development.
 As a career bioinformatics is very lucrative and possess a great
future since a lot of companies like Silicon Genetics, Accelrys,
IBM life science, Pubgene, Tessella as well as the companies
like Satayam Wipro TCS reliance etc have created avenues for
the bioinformatics specialists due to substantial growth of
bioinformatics.
 Stand genomics was the first bioinformatics company of india; it
has changed its corporate identity to strand life science since
september 2005.

REFERANCE
 Introduction To Bioinformatics By-Venay Sharma
1st ed
 Bioinformatics-1st edition By C.S.V. Murthy
 To know more about bioinformatics jobs log onto
these sites;-
 http://www.timesjobs.com/jobskill/bioinformatics-
Jobs
 http://www.bioinformatics-
india.com/new/?q=forum/6
 http://123bioinformatics.com/wp/?page_id=588
 http://bioinformaticsweb.net/employement.html

History and scope in bioinformatics

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to History and scope in bioinformatics

More from KAUSHAL SAHU

Recently uploaded

History and scope in bioinformatics