Javaprogbasics

4 Programming
Fundamentals

Introduction to Programming 1 1

Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

● Identify the basic parts of a Java program
● Differentiate among Java literals, primitive data types,
variable types ,identifiers and operators
● Develop a simple valid Java program using the concepts
learned in this chapter


Dissecting my First Java
Program
1 public class Hello
2 {
3 /**
4 * My first Java program
5 */
6 public static void main( String[] args ){
7
8 //prints the string Hello world on screen
9 System.out.println(“Hello world”);
10
11 }
12 }


Program
2 {
3 /**
5 */
● indicates the name of the class which is Hello
● In Java, all code should be placed inside a class declaration
● The class uses an access specifier public, which indicates
that our class in accessible to other classes from other
packages (packages are a collection of classes). We will be
covering packages and access specifiers later.


Program
2 {
3 /**
5 */

● The next line which contains a curly brace { indicates the
start of a block.
● In this code, we placed the curly brace at the next line after
the class declaration, however, we can also place this next
to the first line of our code. So, we could actually write our
code as:
public class Hello{


Program
2 {
3 /**
5 */
● The next three lines indicates a Java comment.
● A comment
– something used to document a part of a code.
– It is not part of the program itself, but used for documentation
purposes.
– It is good programming practice to add comments to your code.


Program
2 {
3 /**
5 */
● indicates the name of one method in Hello which is the main
method.
● The main method is the starting point of a Java program.
● All programs except Applets written in Java start with the
main method.
● Make sure to follow the exact signature.


Program
2 {
3 /**
5 */
7
8 //prints the string “Hello world” on screen
● The next line is also a Java comment


Program
2 {
3 /**
5 */
7

● The command System.out.println(), prints the text enclosed
by quotation on the screen.


Program
2 {
3 /**
5 */
7
10
11 }
12 }
● The last two lines which contains the two curly braces is
used to close the main method and class respectively.


Coding Guidelines
1. Your Java programs should always end with the .java
extension.

2. Filenames should match the name of your public class. So
for example, if the name of your public class is Hello, you
should save it in a file called Hello.java.

3. You should write comments in your code explaining what a
certain class does, or what a certain method does.


Java Comments
● Comments
– These are notes written to a code for documentation purposes.
– Those texts are not part of the program and does not affect the flow
of the program.

● 3 Types of comments in Java
– C++ Style Comments
– C Style Comments
– Special Javadoc Comments


Java Comments
● C++-Style Comments
– C++ Style comments starts with //
– All the text after // are treated as comments
– For example:
// This is a C++ style or single line comments


Java Comments
● C-Style Comments
– C-style comments or also called multiline comments starts with a /*
and ends with a */.
– All text in between the two delimeters are treated as comments.
– Unlike C++ style comments, it can span multiple lines.
– For example:
/* this is an exmaple of a
C style or multiline comments */


Java Comments
● Special Javadoc Comments
– Special Javadoc comments are used for generating an HTML
documentation for your Java programs.
– You can create javadoc comments by starting the line with /** and
ending it with */.
– Like C-style comments, it can also span lines.
– It can also contain certain tags to add more information to your
comments.
– For example:
/** This is an example of special java doc
comments used for n generating an html
documentation. It uses tags like:
@author Florence Balagtas
@version 1.2
*/

Java Statements
● Statement
– one or more lines of code terminated by a semicolon.
– Example:
System.out.println(“Hello world”);


Java Blocks
● Block
– is one or more statements bounded by an opening and closing curly
braces that groups the statements as one unit.
– Block statements can be nested indefinitely.
– Any amount of white space is allowed.
– Example:
public static void main( String[] args ){
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("world”);
}


Java Statements and Blocks
Coding Guidelines
1. In creating blocks, you can place the opening curly brace in
line with the statement. For example:
or you can place the curly brace on the next line, like,
public static void main( String[] args )
{


Java Statements and Blocks
Coding Guidelines
2. You should indent the next statements after the start of a
block. For example:
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("world");
}


Java Identifiers
● Identifiers
– are tokens that represent names of variables, methods, classes, etc.
– Examples of identifiers are: Hello, main, System, out.

● Java identifiers are case-sensitive.
– This means that the identifier Hello is not the same as hello.


Java Identifiers
● Identifiers must begin with either a letter, an underscore “_”,
or a dollar sign “$”. Letters may be lower or upper case.
Subsequent characters may use numbers 0 to 9.

● Identifiers cannot use Java keywords like class, public, void,
etc. We will discuss more about Java keywords later.


Java Identifiers
Coding Guidelines
1. For names of classes, capitalize the first letter of the class name.
For example,
ThisIsAnExampleOfClassName

2. For names of methods and variables, the first letter of the word
should start with a small letter. For example,
thisIsAnExampleOfMethodName


Java Identifiers
Coding Guidelines
3. In case of multi-word identifiers, use capital letters to indicate the
start of the word except the first word. For example,
charArray, fileNumber, ClassName.

4. Avoid using underscores at the start of the identifier such as _read
or _write.


Java Keywords
● Keywords are predefined identifiers reserved by Java for a
specific purpose.
● You cannot use keywords as names for your variables,
classes, methods ... etc.
● The next slide contains the list of the Java Keywords.


Java Keywords


Java Literals
● Literals are tokens that do not change - they are constant.
● The different types of literals in Java are:
– Integer Literals
– Floating-Point Literals
– Boolean Literals
– Character Literals
– String Literals


Java Literals: Integer
● Integer literals come in different formats:
– decimal (base 10)
– hexadecimal (base 16)
– octal (base 8).


Java Literals: Integer
● Special Notations in using integer literals in our programs:
– Decimal
● No special notation
● example: 12
– Hexadecimal
● Precede by 0x or 0X
● example: 0xC
– Octal
● Precede by 0
● example: 014


Java Literals: Floating Point
● Represents decimals with fractional parts
– Example: 3.1416

● Can be expressed in standard or scientific notation
– Example: 583.45 (standard), 5.8345e2 (scientific)


Java Literals: Boolean
● Boolean literals have only two values, true or false.


Java Literals: Character
● Character Literals represent single Unicode characters.

● Unicode character
– a 16-bit character set that replaces the 8-bit ASCII character set.
– Unicode allows the inclusion of symbols and special characters from
other languages.


Java Literals: Character
● To use a character literal, enclose the character in single
quote delimiter.

● For example
– the letter a, is represented as ‘a’.
– special characters such as a newline character, a backslash is used
followed by the character code. For example, ‘n’ for the newline
character, ‘r’ for the carriage return, ‘b’ for backspace.


Java Literals: String
● String literals represent multiple characters and are
enclosed by double quotes.

● An example of a string literal is, “Hello World”.


Primitive Data Types
● The Java programming language defines eight primitive
data types.
– boolean (for logical)
– char (for textual)
– byte
– short
– int
– long (integral)
– double
– float (floating point).


Primitive Data Types:
Logical-boolean
● A boolean data type represents two states: true and false.

● An example is,
boolean result = true;

● The example shown above, declares a variable named
result as boolean type and assigns it a value of true.


Textual-char
● A character data type (char), represents a single Unicode
character.
● It must have its literal enclosed in single quotes(’ ’).
● For example,
‘a’ //The letter a
‘t’ //A tab
● To represent special characters like ' (single quotes) or
" (double quotes), use the escape character . For example,
''' //for single quotes
'"' //for double quotes


Textual-char
● Although, String is not a primitive data type (it is a Class),
we will just introduce String in this section.

● A String represents a data type that contains multiple
characters. It is not a primitive data type, it is a class.

● It has its literal enclosed in double quotes(“”).

● For example,
String message=“Hello world!”;


Primitive Data Types: Integral
– byte, short, int & long
● Integral data types in Java uses three forms – decimal, octal
or hexadecimal.
● Examples are,
2 //The decimal value 2
077 //The leading 0 indicates an octal value
0xBACC //The leading 0x indicates a hex value
● Integral types has int as default data type.
● You can define its long value by appending the letter l or L.
● For example:
10L


●
Integral data type have the following ranges:


●
Coding Guidelines:
– In defining a long value, a lowercase L is not recommended because
it is hard to distinguish from the digit 1.


Floating Point – float and
double
● Floating point types has double as default data type.
● Floating-point literal includes either a decimal point or one of
the following,
E or e //(add exponential value)
F or f //(float)
D or d //(double)
● Examples are,
3.14 //A simple floating-point value (a double)
6.02E23 //A large floating-point value
2.718F //A simple float size value
123.4E+306D//A large double value with redundant D


Floating Point – float and
double
● Floating-point data types have the following ranges:


Variables
● A variable is an item of data used to store the state of
objects.

● A variable has a:
– data type
● The data type indicates the type of value that the variable can hold.
– name
● The variable name must follow rules for identifiers.


Declaring and Initializing
Variables
● Declare a variable as follows:
<data type> <name> [=initial value];

● Note: Values enclosed in <> are required values, while
those values in [] are optional.


Declaring and Initializing Variables:
Sample Program
1 public class VariableSamples {
3 //declare a data type with variable name
4 // result and boolean data type
5 boolean result;
6
8 // option and char data type
9 char option;
10 option = 'C'; //assign 'C' to option
11
13 //grade, double data type and initialized
14 //to 0.0
15 double grade = 0.0;
16 }
17 }


Variables: Coding Guidelines
1. It always good to initialize your variables as you declare
them.

2. Use descriptive names for your variables. Like for example,
if you want to have a variable that contains a grade for a
student, name it as, grade and not just some random letters
you choose.


Variables: Coding Guidelines
3. Declare one variable per line of code. For example, the
variable declarations,
double exam=0;
double quiz=10;
double grade = 0;
is preferred over the declaration,
double exam=0, quiz=10, grade=0;


Outputting Variable Data
● In order to output the value of a certain variable, we can use
the following commands:
System.out.println()
System.out.print()


Outputting Variable Data:
Sample Program
1 public class OutputVariable {
3 int value = 10;
4 char x;
5 x = ‘A’;
6
7 System.out.println( value );
8 System.out.println( “The value of x=“ + x );
9 }
10 }
The program will output the following text on screen:

10
The value of x=A


System.out.println() vs.
System.out.print()
● System.out.println()
– Appends a newline at the end of the data output

● System.out.print()
– Does not append newline at the end of the data output


System.out.println() vs.
System.out.print() Examples
● Program 1:
System.out.print(“Hello”);
System.out.print(“World”);
Output:
HelloWorld

● Program 2:
System.out.println(“Hello”);
System.out.println(“World”);
Output:
Hello
World


Reference Variables vs.
Primitive Variables
● Two types of variables in Java:
– Primitive Variables
– Reference Variables

● Primitive Variables
– variables with primitive data types such as int or long.
– stores data in the actual memory location of where the variable is


Reference Variables vs.
Primitive Variables
● Reference Variables
– variables that stores the address in the memory location
– points to another memory location where the actual data is
– When you declare a variable of a certain class, you are actually
declaring a reference variable to the object with that certain class.


Example
● Suppose we have two variables with data types int and
String.
int num = 10; // primitive type
String name = "Hello"; // reference type


Example
● The picture shown below is the actual memory of your
computer, wherein you have the address of the memory
cells, the variable name and the data they hold.


Operators
● Different types of operators:
– arithmetic operators
– relational operators
– logical operators
– conditional operators

● These operators follow a certain kind of precedence so that
the compiler will know which operator to evaluate first in
case multiple operators are used in one statement.


Arithmetic Operators


Arithmetic Operators:
Sample Program
1 public class ArithmeticDemo {
2 public static void main(String[] args){
3 //a few numbers
4 int i = 37;
5 int j = 42;
6 double x = 27.475;
7 double y = 7.22;
8 System.out.println("Variable values...");
9 System.out.println(" i = " + i);
10 System.out.println(" j = " + j);
11 System.out.println(" x = " + x);
12 System.out.println(" y = " + y);
System.out.println("Adding...");
13 System.out.println(" i + j = " + (i + j));
14 System.out.println(" x + y = " + (x + y));


Sample Program
15 //subtracting numbers
16 System.out.println("Subtracting...");
17 System.out.println(" i - j = " + (i – j));
18 System.out.println(" x - y = " + (x – y));
19
20 //multiplying numbers
21 System.out.println("Multiplying...");
22 System.out.println(" i * j = " + (i * j));
23 System.out.println(" x * y = " + (x * y));
24
25 //dividing numbers
26 System.out.println("Dividing...");
27 System.out.println(" i / j = " + (i / j));
28 System.out.println(" x / y = " + (x / y));


Sample Program
29 //computing the remainder resulting from dividing
30 // numbers
31 System.out.println("Computing the remainder...");
32 System.out.println(" i % j = " + (i % j));
33 System.out.println(" x % y = " + (x % y));
34
35 //mixing types
36 System.out.println("Mixing types...");
37 System.out.println(" j + y = " + (j + y));
38 System.out.println(" i * x = " + (i * x));
39 }
40}


Sample Program Output
Variable values... Dividing...
i = 37 i / j = 0
j = 42 x / y = 3.8054 Computing
x = 27.475 the remainder...
y = 7.22 i % j = 37
Adding... x % y = 5.815
i + j = 79 Mixing types...
x + y = 34.695 j + y = 49.22
Subtracting... i * x = 1016.58
i - j = -5
x - y = 20.255
Multiplying...
i * j = 1554
x * y = 198.37


Arithmetic Operators
● Note:
– When an integer and a floating-point number are used as operands
to a single arithmetic operation, the result is a floating point. The
integer is implicitly converted to a floating-point number before the
operation takes place.


Increment and Decrement
Operators
● unary increment operator (++)
● unary decrement operator (--)
● Increment and decrement operators increase and decrease a
value stored in a number variable by 1.
● For example, the expression,

count=count + 1;//increment the value of count by 1

is equivalent to,

count++;


Operators


Operators
● The increment and decrement operators can be placed
before or after an operand.
● When used before an operand, it causes the variable to be
incremented or decremented by 1, and then the new value
is used in the expression in which it appears.
● For example,
int i = 10;
int j = 3;
int k = 0;
k = ++j + i; //will result to k = 4+10 = 14


Operators
● When the increment and decrement operators are placed
after the operand, the old value of the variable will be used
in the expression where it appears.
● For example,
int i = 10;
int j = 3;
int k = 0;
k = j++ + i; //will result to k = 3+10 = 13


Operators: Coding
Guidelines
● Always keep expressions containing increment and
decrement operators simple and easy to understand.


Relational Operators
● Relational operators compare two values and determines
the relationship between those values.
● The output of evaluation are the boolean values true or
false.


Relational Operators:
1
Sample Program
public class RelationalDemo{
2 public static void main(String[] args){
3 //a few numbers
4 int i = 37;
5 int j = 42;
6 int k = 42;
7 System.out.println("Variable values...");
8 System.out.println(" i = " +i);
9 System.out.println(" j = " +j);
10 System.out.println(" k = " +k);
11 //greater than
12 System.out.println("Greater than...");
13 System.out.println(" i > j = "+(i>j));//false
14 System.out.println(" j > i = "+(j>i));//true
15 System.out.println(" k > j = "+(k>j));//false


Sample Program
16 //greater than or equal to
17 System.out.println("Greater than or equal to...");
18 System.out.println(" i >= j = "+(i>=j));//false
19 System.out.println(" j >= i = "+(j>=i));//true
20 System.out.println(" k >= j = "+(k>=j));//true
21 //less than
22 System.out.println("Less than...");
23 System.out.println(" i < j = "+(i<j));//true
24 System.out.println(" j < i = "+(j<i));//false
25 System.out.println(" k < j = "+(k<j));//false
26 //less than or equal to
27 System.out.println("Less than or equal to...");
28 System.out.println(" i <= j = "+(i<=j));//true
29 System.out.println(" j <= i = "+(j<=i));//false
30 System.out.println(" k <= j = "+(k<=j));//true


31 //equal to
Sample Program
32 System.out.println("Equal to...");
33 System.out.println(" i == j = " + (i==j));//false
34 System.out.println(" k == j = " + (k==j));//true
35 //not equal to
36 System.out.println("Not equal to...");
37 System.out.println(" i != j = " + (i!=j));//true
38 System.out.println(" k != j = " + (k!=j));//false
39 }
40 }


Sample Program Output
Variable values... Less than or equal to...
i = 37 i <= j = true
j = 42 j <= i = false
k = 42 k <= j = true
Greater than... Equal to...
i > j = false i == j = false
j > i = true k == j = true
k > j = false Not equal to...
Greater than or equal to... i != j = true
i >= j = false k != j = false
j >= i = true
k >= j = true
Less than...
i < j = true
j < i = false
k < j = false


Logical Operators
● Logical operators have one or two boolean operands that
yield a boolean result.
● There are six logical operators:
– && (logical AND)
– & (boolean logical AND)
– || (logical OR)
– | (boolean logical inclusive OR)
– ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)
– ! (logical NOT)


Logical Operators
● The basic expression for a logical operation is,
x1 op x2
where,
x1, x2 - can be boolean expressions, variables or constants
op - is either &&, &, ||, | or ^ operator.

● The truth tables that will be shown next, summarize the
result of each operation for all possible combinations of x1
and x2.


Logical Operators: &&(logical)
and &(boolean logical) AND
● Here is the truth table for && and &,


● The basic difference between && and & operators :
– && supports short-circuit evaluations (or partial evaluations), while &
doesn't.

● Given an expression:
exp1 && exp2
– && will evaluate the expression exp1, and immediately return a false
value is exp1 is false.
– If exp1 is false, the operator never evaluates exp2 because the
result of the operator will be false regardless of the value of exp2.
● In contrast, the & operator always evaluates both exp1 and
exp2 before returning an answer.


1 public class TestAND {
3 int i = 0;
4 int j = 10;
5 boolean test= false;
6 //demonstrate &&
7 test = (i > 10) && (j++ > 9);
8 System.out.println(i);
9 System.out.println(j);
10 System.out.println(test);
11 //demonstrate &
12 test = (i > 10) & (j++ > 9);
16 }
17 }


● The output of the program is,
0
10
false
0
11
false

● Note, that the j++ on the line containing the && operator is
not evaluated since the first expression (i>10) is already
equal to false.


Logical Operators: || (logical) and
| (boolean logical) inclusive OR
● Here is the truth table for || and |,


● The basic difference between || and I operators :
– || supports short-circuit evaluations (or partial evaluations), while |
doesn't.
● Given an expression:
exp1 || exp2
– || will evaluate the expression exp1, and immediately return a true
value is exp1 is true
– If exp1 is true, the operator never evaluates exp2 because the result
of the operator will be true regardless of the value of exp2.
– In contrast, the | operator always evaluates both exp1 and exp2
before returning an answer.


1 public class TestOR {
3 int i = 0;
4 int j = 10;
5 boolean test= false;
6 //demonstrate ||
7 test = (i < 10) || (j++ > 9);
11 //demonstrate |
12 test = (i < 10) | (j++ > 9);
16 }
17 }


0
10
true
0
11
true

● Note, that the j++ on the line containing the || operator is not
evaluated since the first expression (i<10) is already equal
to true.


Logical Operators: ^ (boolean
logical exclusive OR)
● Here is the truth table for ^,

● The result of an exclusive OR operation is TRUE, if and only
if one operand is true and the other is false.
● Note that both operands must always be evaluated in order
to calculate the result of an exclusive OR.

1 public class TestXOR {
3 boolean val1 = true;
5 System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);
6 val1 = false; val2 = true;
8 val1 = false; val2 = false;
10 val1 = true; val2 = false;
12 }
13 }


false
true
false
true


Logical Operators: ! ( logical
NOT)
● The logical NOT takes in one argument, wherein that
argument can be an expression, variable or constant.
● Here is the truth table for !,


Logical Operators: ! ( logical
NOT)
1 public class TestNOT {
4 boolean val2 = false;
5 System.out.println(!val1);
6 System.out.println(!val2);
7 }
8 }

false
true


Logical Operators:
Conditional Operator (?:)
● The conditional operator ?:
– is a ternary operator.
● This means that it takes in three arguments that together form a conditional
expression.
– The structure of an expression using a conditional operator is
exp1?exp2:exp3
wherein,
exp1 - is a boolean expression whose result must either be true or false

– Result:
If exp1 is true, exp2 is the value returned.
If it is false, then exp3 is returned.


Logical Operators:
1 public class ConditionalOperator {
3 String status = "";
4 int grade = 80;
5 //get status of the student
6 status = (grade >= 60)?"Passed":"Fail";
7 //print status
8 System.out.println( status );
9 }
10 }

● The output of this program will be,
Passed


Logical Operators:


Operator Precedence


Operator Precedence
● Given a complicated expression,

6%2*5+4/2+88-10

we can re-write the expression and place some parenthesis
base on operator precedence,

((6%2)*5)+(4/2)+88-10;


Operator Precedence:
Coding Guidelines
● To avoid confusion in evaluating mathematical operations,
keep your expressions simple and use parentheses.


Summary
● Java Comments (C++-Style Comments, C-Style Comments,
Special Javadoc Comments)
● Java statements, blocks, identifiers, keywords
● Java Literals (integer, floating point, boolean, character,
String)
● Primitive data types( boolean, char, byte, short, int, long,
float, double)


Summary
● Variables (declare, initialize, output)
● System.out.println() vs. System.out.print()
● Reference Variables vs. Primitive Variables
● Operators (Arithmetic operators, Increment and Decrement
operators, Relational operators, Logical operators,
Conditional Operator (?:), Operator Precedence)


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