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Unit 1 Introduction to Arduino BOARD.pptx
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- 2. Embedded Systems 2 ■ Hardto Define ■ As, it constantly evolves with advances in technology and dramatic decreases in the cost of implementing various hardware and software components. ■ An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an application or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger system. ■ An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software embedded in a computer hardware. ■ Based on Microprocessors or microcontrollers
- 3. Microprocessor (MPU oruP) 3 ■ MPU (CPU) ■ Read instructions ■ Process binary data A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC),or at most a few integrated circuits. 3
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- 5. Microcontrollers (uC) 5 electron ic devic e three on a tha t majo r singl e ■Integrated computing includes componen ts chip ■ Microprocessor (MPU) ■ Memory ■ I/O (Input/output) ports ■ Support Devices ■ Timers ■ A/D converter 330_0 1 5
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- 7. Differences between μCand μP 7 μC μP
- 8. 8 Microprocessor Microcontroller CPU isstand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O & timer are separate. CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O & timer all are on single chip. Designer can decide amount of RAM, ROM & I/O ports. Fixed amount of on-chip RAM, ROM & I/O ports. High processing power Low processing power High power consumption Low power consumption Typically 32/64 bit 8/16 bit General purpose Single purpose (control oriented) Less reliable Highly reliable Examples: 8086, 8085 Examples: 8051, ATmega328P
- 9. Role of microcontrollerin embedded system • They satisfies market needs, have so many features, and are designed for satisfying embedded system needs. That means perform functions only for its (embedded systems) purpose. • They provide wide marketing area for embedded systems. • They upgrade standard of embedded system market. • It simplifies the complexity of market needs. • They help in innovations (standard applications). • Power consumption factor is more favorable: They require or consume less energy, which is the main factor, to satisfy user needs. 9
- 10. 10 • Heart ofthe embedded system: Microcontroller because it gives life for embedded system applications. The invention of microcontroller made an unexpected changes in embedded technology. • Applications have high perfection: Perfection in embedded system applications by the invention of microcontroller. • Reduces cost of embedded system applications: Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task in contrast to a general purpose computer which is used for multiple tasks. • It makes embedded systems flexible in market.
- 11. 11 • Make effectiveuse (due to cost): Many embedded systems more microcontrollers, which have self sufficiency and cost-effectiveness. • Embedded systems are typically far cheaper than general-purpose personal computers. • Interconnection: Once the hardware is decided upon, an interconnection fabric must be devised. • Testing and verification: The increase in complexity combined with a lack of knowledge about individual IP blocks that comes with reuse techniques leads to problems in adequate testing and verification of the complete systems. • Energy management: Efficient metering systems helps in energy conservation.
- 12. Open Source EmbeddedPlatforms 12 ■ Open source platform that can be freely used, changed and shared by anyone. ■ Open source software is made by many people and distributed under licenses that comply with the open source definition. ■ Hardware is also undergoing an open source revolution. The developer provides CAD files to the user. ■ Licensed under CERN or TAPR open h/w license.
- 13. Open Source EmbeddedPlatforms : Examples 13 ■ Arduino ■ Banana Pi ■ BeagleBone Black ■ Panda board ■ OLinuXino
- 14. What is Arduino 14 ■Arduino is a movement, not a microcontroller: ■ Founded by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles in 2005 ■ Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware (uC) and software (IDE). ■ Arduino is open source hardware and software. ■ Hardware based on Microcontroller and Software based on Processing Programming IDE. ■ Arduino was designed for designers who want to incorporate physical computing into their designs without having knowledge of electrical & electronics.
- 15. Why Arduino 15 ■ Easyto use Hardware Platform ■ Ease of programming ■ Ease of Interfacing of Real life peripherals ■ Open source and extensible hardware ■ Open source and extensible software ■ Low Cost ■ Multiplatform environment
- 16. Flavors of ArduinoH/W 16 resented By: Mr. Shridhar Dudam 14
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- 20. Features ATmega328/P Microcontroller 8-bitfamily Architecture RISC Flash (Bytes) 32K SRAM (Bytes) 2K EEPROM (Bytes) 1K General Purpose I/O Lines 23 SPI 2 TWI (I2C) 1 USART 1 ADC 10-bit 15kSPS ADC Channels 8 8-bit Timer/ Counters 2 16-bit Timer/ Counters 1 Operating Voltage 1.8V-5.5V PWM Channels 6 Six Sleep Modes Idle ADC Noise Reduction Power-save Power-down Standby Extended standby 20
- 21. Arduino IDE 21 • TheArduino language is based on C/C++. • It links against AVR Libc and allows the use of its functions • Code is case sensitive • Statements are commands and must end with a semi-colon • Comments follow a // or begin with /*
- 22. Arduino IDE :Important Icons 22
- 23. Sketch and Sketchbook 23 ■Programs in Arduino called as sketches ■ Sketches must saved in the directory. ■ Arduino IDE uses the concept of a sketchbook: ■ A standard place to store programs (or sketches). ■ IDE automatically creates directory for the sketchbook. ■ Sketches were saved with a .ino file extension.
- 24. Arduino IDE :Sketch Structure 24
- 25. Arduino Programming Environment 25 ■Arduino uses Object Oriented Programming. ■ Arduino is programmed with C and C++. ■ AllArduino libraries are made using C++ in order to be easily reusable ■ The native library is designedfor a very elementary and global purpose. ■ Arduino programs can be divided in ■ Structure
- 26. Structure (1) 26 ■ Fromglobal conditional control structures to more specific ones. ■ Basic Structure ■ setup() ■ loop() ■ Control Structures (Conditional Statements) ■ if , if...else and switch case ■ for, while and do... while ■ break and continue ■ return ■ goto
- 27. if …. elsestatement 27
- 28. Switch case andbreak 28
- 29. Loop statement :for loop 29 ■ Synta x ■ exampl e
- 30. While loop structure 30 ■Synta x ■ Exampl e
- 31. do … whileloop structure 31 ■ Synta x ■ Exampl e
- 32. Structure : Operators 32 ArithmeticOperators Comparison Operators = (assignment operator) == (equal to) + (addition) != (not equal to) - (subtraction) < (less than) * (multiplication) > (greater than) / (division) <= (less than or equal to) % (modulo) >= (greater than or equal to) ed By: Mr. Shridhar Dudam Bitwise Operators Compound Operators & (bitwise and) ++ (increment) | (bitwise or) -- (decrement) ^ (bitwise xor) += (compound addition) ~ (bitwise not) -= (compound subtraction) << (bitshift left) *= (compound multiplication) >> (bitshift right) /= (compound division) %= (compound modulo) &= (compound bitwise and) |= (compound bitwise or)
- 33. Structure : Operators 33 BooleanOperators Pointer Access Operators && (and) || (or) ! (not) * dereference operator & reference operator
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- 36. Values: Constants 36 ■ HIGH| LOW ■ INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP ■ LED_BUILTIN ■ true | false ■ integer constants ■ floating point constants
- 37. Values : TypeConversion 37 ■ Type conversion is the process that changes an entity data type into another. ■ Type conversion can be implicitly done or explicitly made. ■ Explicit Type Conversion ■ char() ■ byte() ■ int() ■ word() ■ long() ■ float()
- 38. The Scope Concept 38 ■The scope can be defined as a particular property of a variable. ■ A variable can be global and then is visible and usable everywhere in the source code. ■ But a variable can also be local, declared inside a function, for instance, and that is
- 39. Functions (1) 39 ■ Mat h ■Digital I/O ■ pinMode() ■ digitalWrite() ■ digitalRead() ■ Analog I/O ■ analogReference() ■ analogRead() ■ analogWrite() - PWM ■ Due & Zero only ■ analogReadResolutio n() ■ analogWriteResol ution() ■ t an() ■ min() ■ max() ■ abs() ■ constrain() ■ map() ■ pow() ■ sqrt() ■ Trigonomet ry ■ sin() ■ cos()
- 40. Functions (2) ■ AdvancedI/O ■ tone() ■ noTone() ■ shiftOut() ■ shiftIn() ■ pulseIn() ■ Time ■ millis() ■ micros() ■ delay() ■ Characters ■ isAlphaNumeric() ■ isAlpha() ■ isAscii() ■ isWhitespace() ■ isControl() ■ isDigit() ■ isGraph() ■ isLowerCase() ■ isPrintable() ■ isPunct() ■ isSpace() ■ isUpperCase() 40 ■ delayMicrosec onds()
- 41. Functions (3) 41 ■ Random Numbers ■randomSeed() ■ random() ■ Bits and Bytes ■ lowByte() ■ highByte() ■ bitRead() ■ bitWrite() ■ bitSet() ■ bitClear() ■ bit() 4 6