Part – I : ANALOG ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER-1: DIODES AND APPLICATONS

Module – 3: Voltage Regulators

Reference:

Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory,

11th Edition, PHI, 2012
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Module – 3: Voltage Regulators

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, students will be able to:

▪ Breakdown phenomenon in diodes

▪ Describe the working of Zener as voltage regulator
▪ Discuss the IC based voltage regulator.

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Diode Characteristics

V-I Characteristics of diode

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Breakdown phenomenon in diodes

Two breakdown mechanisms:

• Avalanche breakdown :
• Occurs in Lightly doped diodes,
• Occurs at high reverse Voltage.

• Zener Breakdown:
• Occurs in heavily doped diodes.
• at lower reverse bias voltages.

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Avalanche Breakdown

Schematic of Avalanche phenomenon

http://shrdocs.com/presentations/12656/index.html 5
Zener Breakdown

Schematic of Zener phenomenon

http://shrdocs.com/presentations/12656/index.html

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 Zener Diodes

• Heavily doped diodes

• Used in voltage regulators
• Acts like regular diode-forward biasing
• Rated according to the voltage at which they will turn ON or begin to
conduct reverse current

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 Zener Diode and its characteristics
P N
Anode Cathode

IZK or IZmin

IZM or IZMax

PZM or PZMax

PZM = VZ.IZM
I-V characteristics of Zener diode

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 Equivalent circuit of Zener Diode
▪ Equivalent circuits of Zener diode

N N N N
– +
Vγ VZ
+ –
RR ≈  RZ
RF
P P P P
Forward Reverse Breakdown

▪ Note: RZ is usually very small, can be neglected

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Zener voltage regulation

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Working of Zener Diode : Vi and R fixed
• Determine state of the diode
• Use appropriate equivalent circuit

Basic Zener Regulator

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 Working of Zener Diode : Vi and R fixed

• Determine state of the diode

𝑅 𝐿 𝑉𝑖
• 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐿 =
𝑅+𝑅𝐿
• If 𝑉 ≥ 𝑉𝑧 Zener diode is ON
• If 𝑉 < 𝑉𝑧 the diode is OFF

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 Working of Zener Diode : Vi and R fixed
• Equivalent Circuit for ON condition
• 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑍
• 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑍 + 𝐼𝐿
• 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐼𝑅 − 𝐼𝐿 (Zener Current)
𝑉𝐿
• 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑖 −𝑉𝐿
• 𝐼𝑅 = =
𝑅 𝑅
• 𝑃𝑍 = 𝑉𝑍 𝐼𝑍 (Power dissipated in Zener diode)

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 Line regulation and Load regulation

I = Iz + IL Vin − Vz
Vin − Vz R=
Vin − Vz R= IZ + IL
I = I
R
VZ
L =
(i) For Line regulation, RL is constant Iand is also constant and Vin varies bet.
RL

Vin(min) to Vin(max)

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 When Vin=Vin(min),and IL is constant

V − V =Iz(min)
Imin +IL
=
in(min)
z
Imin
R
V −V
=
in(max)
z
Similarly when Vin=Vin(max) we have Imax
R
=Iz(max)
Imax +IL

(ii) For Load Regulation, Vin is constant and RL varies between RLmin and RLmax
and load current is given by and

V
= Z
ILmin = Z
ILmax
V
RLmax RLmin
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 Line Regulation

• Fixed 𝑅𝐿 and variable 𝑉𝑖

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 Load Regulation
• Fixed Vi and variable RL

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 Numerical Problems
1. For the zener network, Vi= 16 V, RS= 1 K, VZ= 10 V and RL= 1.2 KΩ. Determine Vo, IZ and PZ
2. Repeat with RL= 3 K Ω
(Ans:: 8.73 V, 0, 0)( 10V, 2.67mA, 26.7mW)

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 Numerical Problems
1. For the zener network, Vi= 16 V, RS= 1 K, VZ= 10 V and RL= 1.2 KΩ. Determine Vo, IZ and PZ
2. Repeat with RL= 3 K Ω
(Ans:: 8.73 V, 0, 0)( 10V, 2.67mA, 26.7mW)

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3. In a zener network, RS = 120Ω, RL = 250Ω and VZ = 5V. Find the minimum and maximum current flowing
through zener when input varies from 9V to 15V.
(Ans: 13.33mA, 63.33mA)

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3. In a zener network, RS = 120Ω, RL = 250Ω and VZ = 5V. Find the minimum and maximum current flowing
through zener when input varies from 9V to 15V.
(Ans: 13.33mA, 63.33mA)

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4. For the Zener network shown, RS = 10Ω, VZ = 10V, Vi = 25V. Find the minimum and maximum current through Zener
when RL is varied between 10Ω and 100Ω
Ans: (0.5A,1.4A)

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4. For the Zener network shown, RS = 10Ω, VZ = 10V, Vi = 25V. Find the minimum and maximum current through Zener
when RL is varied between 10Ω and 100Ω
Ans: (0.5A,1.4A)

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5. For a zener network, RS = 470Ω, VZ = 12V and Vi = 50V. Find the minimum and maximum values of RL so
that Zener diode remains in ON state, given that IZK = 2 mA and PZM =500mW
(Ans: 152 -306 ohms)

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5. For a zener network, RS = 470Ω, VZ = 12V and Vi = 50V. Find the minimum and maximum values of RL so
that Zener diode remains in ON state, given that IZK = 2 mA and PZM =500mW
(Ans: 152 -306 ohms)

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6. Determine the range of 𝑅𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐿 that will result in 𝑉𝑅𝐿 being maintained at 10V. Determine the maximum
wattage rating of the diode.

Ans: RL(250-1.25kohms) , IL(8-40mA), power(320mW)

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6. Determine the range of 𝑅𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐿 that will result in 𝑉𝑅𝐿 being maintained at 10V. Determine the maximum
wattage rating of the diode.

Ans: RL(250-1.25kohms) , IL(8-40mA), power(320mW)

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7. Determine the range of values of Vi that will maintain the zener
diode in ON state.

Ans: 23.67 to 36.87V

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8. In a Zener regulator, the input DC is 10 V ± 20%. The output requirements are 5 V, 20 mA. Given Izmin=5 mA and
Izmax=80 mA. Design the Zener regulator.
( Ans: RL=250 Ω, Vinmin=8V , Vinmax=12 V, Rmax=120 Ω , Rmin=70 Ω.)

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9. (a) Consider the circuit shown below.
The Zener Diode regulates at 50V over a range of diode current from 5
mA to 40 mA. Supply voltage V = 200V. Calculate the value of R to
allow voltage regulation from a load current IL = 0 upto Imax; the
maximum possible value of IL. What is Imax?
(Ans: Imax=35 mA)
(b) If R is set as in part (a) and IL = 25mA, what are the limits between
which V may vary without loss of regulation in the circuit?

(Ans: Vmin=162.5 V, Vmax=293.8 V )

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IC voltage regulators

1. Fixed voltage regulator

2. Adjustable voltage regulators

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 Fixed voltage regulator

IC regulator like LM117, LM317, LM338 are adjustable

voltage regulators. IC 78xx and 79xx are positive and
negative voltage regulator.

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Adjustable voltage regulator

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 CHAPTER-1: DIODES AND APPLICATONS

Module – 4: Special Purpose Diodes

Reference:

Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory,

11th Edition, PHI, 2012
1
 Module – 4: Special purpose diodes
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:

• Explain the working of the LEDs and applications

• Explain the working of the photodiode and applications
• Explain the working of the opto-coupler and applications
• Explain the working of the solar cells and applications

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Diode as capacitor- Varactor diode

A
C=
d
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Light Emitting Diode

Electrical set-up
of LED

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Photo Diode

[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/photdet.html]
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Optocoupler

Schematic of optocoupler

[http://www.ustudy.in/node/7519

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 Self test
1. A LED is a diode that gives off ...........when .........biased.

2.LED is manufactured using gallium arsenide gives ........... light.

3. How photo diode differs from rectifier diode?

4. The output voltage of Optoisolator depends upon.........

5.What is dark resistance of photo-diode ?

6. To display the digit 0 in a seven segment display

(a) A must be lighted
(b) F must be off
(c) G must be on
(d) all segments except G should be lighted

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Solar cell

Structure of solar cell

[www.solarbc.ca]

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Solar cell

Equivalent circuit and I-V characteristic of a solar cell

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Solar array

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Summary

In this module we have learnt to:

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 Exercise Problems
1. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) is used in fancy electronic devices such as
toys emit
A. X-rays B. Ultraviolet light C. visible light D. radio waves
2.The maximum wave length of photons that can be detected by a photo
diode made of a semiconductor of band gap 2 eV is
about…………………………
3. List the applications of opto-couplers.
4. What value of series resistor is required to limit the current through a
LED to 20 mA with a forward voltage drop of 1.6 V when connected to a
10V supply? Given VD=1.6 V.

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