Class 9 Physics: Chapter 7 - Motion
1. Motion and Rest
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time relative to a reference
point. If it does not change its position, it is said to be at rest. Motion and rest are relative
terms—an object may be in motion with respect to one frame of reference and at rest
with respect to another.
Examples:
- A moving car is in motion with respect to a tree, but passengers inside may appear at
rest with respect to each other.
2. Types of Motion
1. Translational Motion: When an object moves from one point to another in space. It
can be:
- Rectilinear Motion: Along a straight line (e.g., car on a straight road).
- Curvilinear Motion: Along a curved path (e.g., roller coaster).
2. Rotational Motion: An object moves around a fixed axis (e.g., ceiling fan).
3. Oscillatory Motion: To and fro motion (e.g., pendulum of a clock).
3. Distance and Displacement
- Distance: The actual path covered by a moving object. It is a scalar quantity (only
magnitude).
- Displacement: The shortest distance between the initial and final position. It is a vector
quantity (magnitude + direction).
Example: If a boy walks 4 m east and then 3 m west, total distance = 7 m, displacement
= 1 m east.
4. Uniform and Non-uniform Motion
- Uniform Motion: If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.
- Non-uniform Motion: If an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
5. Speed and Velocity
- Speed = Distance/Time; Scalar quantity.
- Velocity = Displacement/Time; Vector quantity.
- Uniform Speed: Constant speed over time.
- Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time.
- Average Velocity = Total Displacement / Total Time.
6. Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time.
- Acceleration (a) = (Final Velocity - Initial Velocity) / Time
- Uniform Acceleration: Constant acceleration over time.
- Non-uniform Acceleration: Varying acceleration.
Unit: m/s²
7. Equations of Motion
1. v = u + at
2. s = ut + ½at²
3. v² = u² + 2as
Where:
- u = initial velocity
- v = final velocity
- a = acceleration
- s = displacement
- t = time
8. Graphical Representation of Motion
- Distance-Time Graph: Straight line = uniform speed; Curved = acceleration.
- Velocity-Time Graph:
- Area under graph = displacement
- Slope = acceleration
Class 9 Physics: Chapter 8 - Force and Laws of Motion
1. Force
A push or pull acting on a body that changes or tries to change its state of rest or
uniform motion or shape.
Effects:
- Can change speed.
- Can change direction.
- Can change shape.
Balanced Force: Net force = 0; no motion.
Unbalanced Force: Net force ≠ 0; causes motion.
2. Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
An object remains in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external
unbalanced force.
- Inertia: Tendency of an object to resist change in its state of motion.
- More mass = more inertia.
3. Newton's Second Law of Motion
The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the applied
unbalanced force and takes place in the direction of the force.
F = ma
Where:
- F = force (N)
- m = mass (kg)
- a = acceleration (m/s²)
4. Newton's Third Law of Motion
To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Forces act in pairs and on different bodies.
- Example: When we walk, our foot pushes the ground backward (action), and the
ground pushes us forward (reaction).
5. Momentum
Momentum (p) = mass × velocity = mv
- Unit: kg·m/s
- Vector quantity.
Law of Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum of a system remains constant if no
external force acts on it.
