#include <stdio.
h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
/* This is a basic program
This program is printing
Hello World
*/
int main()
{
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
}
/* Basic data type and variable declaration
Variable cannot start with number, $ or
have spaces or C function/keywords
*/
int main()
{
int age = 29;
float pi = 3.14;
char my_char = 'a';
double large_pi = 3.1415926535897;
printf("The age is = %d\n", age);
printf("The value of pi is = %f\n", pi);
printf("The char is = %c\n", my_char);
printf("The value of large_pi is = %lf\n", large_pi);
return 0;
}
/* Multiplicative and Additive Operators
+ (Addition)
- (Subtraction)
* (Multiplication)
/ (Integer Division)
% (Modulus)
*/
int main()
{
int a = 9, b = 2;
float div_res = a / b;
float mod_res = a % b;
printf("The sum is = %d\n", a + b);
printf("The sub is = %d\n", a - b);
printf("The prod is = %d\n", a * b);
printf("The int div is = %f\n", div_res);
printf("The mod is = %f\n", mod_res);
return 0;
}
/* If-Else, Nested if-else statements */
int main()
{
int age;
printf ("Please enter the age:\n");
scanf("%d", &age);
if (age > 18)
{
if (age < 24)
{
printf("The age is greater than 18 but less than 24\n");
}
else
{
printf("The age is greater than 24");
}
}
else if (age == 18)
{
printf("The age is equal to 18\n");
}
else
{
printf("The age is less than 18\n");
}
return 0;
}
/* Ternary Opertor */
int main()
{
int a = 19, b = 21;
int c;
c = (a > b) ? a : b;
printf("The greater of %d and %d is %d\n", a, b, c);
return 0;
}
/* Switch Case */
int main()
{
int marks = 60;
switch (marks)
{
case 95:
printf ("Excellent\n");
case 90:
printf ("Excellent\n");
break;
case 80:
printf ("Very Good\n");
break;
case 60:
printf ("Good\n");
break;
case 40:
printf ("Ok\n");
break;
case 30:
printf ("Not Ok\n");
break;
default:
printf ("Grade Unavailable\n");
break;
}
return 0;
}
/* (Do) While Loop */
int main()
{
int i = 0, j = 0;
while (i > 5)
{
printf ("The value of i = %d\n", i);
i++;
}
printf ("\n*******\n\n");
do
{
printf ("The value of j = %d\n", j);
j++;
}
while (j > 5);
return 0;
}
/* For Loop */
int main()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf ("Value of i = %d\n", i);
}
return 0;
}
/* Functions */
void myFunction()
{
printf ("Inside the function: myFunction\n");
}
int main()
{
myFunction();
return 0;
}
/* Prototype and declare Functions later */
void myFunction();
int main()
{
myFunction();
return 0;
}
void myFunction()
{
printf ("Inside the function: myFunction\n");
}
/* Passing Parameters/Arguements in Function and calling multiple times */
void sum();
int main()
{
sum(50, 60);
sum(1123, 4545);
sum(45, 3214);
return 0;
}
void sum(int a, int b)
{
int sum = a + b;
printf ("Inside the function: Sum is %d\n", sum);
}
/* Passing Parameters/Arguements in Function using variables */
void sum();
int main()
{
int x, y;
printf ("Enter the num 1\n");
scanf ("%d", &x);
printf ("Enter the num 2\n");
scanf ("%d", &y);
sum(x, y);
return 0;
}
void sum(int a, int b)
{
int sum = a + b;
printf ("Inside the function: Sum is %d\n", sum);
}
/* Return values in Function */
int prod();
int main()
{
int x = 10, y = 23;
int product = prod (x, y);
printf ("The prod of %d and %d is %d\n", x, y, product);
return 0;
}
int prod(int a, int b)
{
return (a * b);
}
/* Scope of Variables */
int g; // Global variable
// Int is already initialized to zero
// Char is initialized to Null Character
// Pointer is initialized to Null Pointer
int NumPrint()
{
printf ("Global variable = %d\n", g);
}
int main()
{
int a; // Not initialized, takes garbage value
NumPrint();
printf ("Local variable = %d\n", a);
return 0;
}
/* Arrays */
int main()
{
int myNumArray [3] = {20, 30, 50};
char myCharArray [3] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
int numArrayElement_1 = myNumArray[1];
printf ("Value of Element at index 1 of myNumArray is %d\n", numArrayElement_1);
myNumArray[1] = 45;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i ++)
{
printf ("Element %d of myNumArray = %d\n", i, myNumArray[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i ++)
{
printf ("Element %d of myCharArray = %c\n", i, myCharArray[i]);
}
return 0;
}
/* Multi Dimensional Arrays */
int main()
{
int myNumArray [2] [3] = {
{10, 30, 50}, // row 0
{40, 60, 80} // row 1
// column 0 column 1 column 2
};
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i ++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j ++)
{
printf ("myCharArray[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, myNumArray[i][j]);
}
}
return 0;
}
/* Passing arrays to functions */
int ArraySum (int myArray [], int size)
{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
sum += myArray[i];
}
return sum;
}
int main()
{
int myNumArray [6] = {10, 30, 50, 40, 60, 80};
printf ("Sum of all elements of array = %d", ArraySum(myNumArray, 6));
return 0;
}
/* Pointers Basic */
int main()
{
int var = 30;
int *ptr;
ptr = &var;
printf ("**** Using Direct Value ****\n");
printf ("Address of var = %x\n", &var);
printf ("Value of var = %d\n", var);
printf ("**** Using Pointer ****\n");
printf ("Address of var = %x\n", ptr);
printf ("Value of var = %d\n", *ptr); // dereferencing
printf ("Address of pointer = %x\n", &ptr);
return 0;
}
/* Pointers Array */
int main()
{
int array [6] = {10, 30, 50, 40, 60, 80};
int *ptr[6];
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
ptr[i] = &array[i];
}
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
printf ("Value of array[%d] is %d\n", i, *ptr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
/* Use single pointer to point array */
int main()
{
int array [6] = {10, 30, 50, 40, 60, 80};
int *ptr;
ptr = array;
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
printf ("Value of array[%d] is %d\n", i, *(ptr+i));
}
return 0;
}
/* Multi-D array (self pointer) */
int main()
{
int myNumArray [2] [3] = {
{10, 30, 50}, // row 0
{40, 60, 80} // row 1
// column 0 column 1 column 2
};
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i ++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j ++)
{
printf ("myCharArray[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, *(*(myNumArray + i) +j));
}
}
return 0;
}
/* Passing Variable Pointers to function */
void getValue (int *ptr)
{
*ptr = 1000;
return;
}
int main()
{
int myVar;
getValue(&myVar);
printf ("Value of myVar = %d\n", myVar);
return 0;
}
/* Passing arrays as pointers to functions */
int ArraySum (int *myArray, int size)
{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
sum += myArray[i];
}
return sum;
}
int main()
{
int myNumArray [6] = {10, 30, 50, 40, 60, 80};
printf ("Sum of all elements of array = %d", ArraySum(myNumArray, 6));
return 0;
}
/* Strings */
int main()
{
char my_str[12] = "Hello";
char my_str1[12] = "World";
char my_str2[12];
strcpy(my_str2, my_str);
strcat(my_str, my_str1);
int length = strlen(my_str2);
printf ("strcpy = %s\n", my_str2);
printf ("strcat = %s\n", my_str);
printf ("strlen = %d\n", length);
return 0;
}
/* Struct - memory = total of properties' size */
struct student
{
int id;
char name[20];
float percentage;
};
int main()
{
struct student record1;
record1.id = 1;
strcpy(record1.name, "John");
record1.percentage = 98.40;
printf ("ID = %d\nName = %s\nPercentage = %.2f\n", record1.id, record1.name,
record1.percentage);
return 0;
}
// Another way of declaring struct
struct student
{
int id;
char name[20];
float percentage;
} record1;
int main()
{
record1.id = 1;
strcpy(record1.name, "John");
record1.percentage = 98.40;
printf ("ID = %d\nName = %s\nPercentage = %.2f\n", record1.id, record1.name,
record1.percentage);
return 0;
}
// Union - Properties Share the memory, Memory allocated is the max size among
properties
/* Union */
union student
{
int id;
char myChar;
} ;
int main()
{
union student record1;
record1.id = 10;
record1.myChar = 9;
printf ("ID = %d\n", record1.id);
return 0;
}
// Bubble Sort
int main()
{
int array [5] = {50, 10, 40, 70, 20};
printf ("***** Bubble Sort *****");
printf ("Before: ");
int n = sizeof(array)/ sizeof(int);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf ("%d ", array[i]);
}
printf ("\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j++){
if (array[j] > array[j+1])
{
int temp = array[j];
array[j] = array[j+1];
array[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
printf ("After: ");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf ("%d ", array[i]);
}
return 0;
}
// Selection Sort
void swap(int *xp, int *yp)
{
int temp = *xp;
*xp = *yp;
*yp = temp;
}
int main()
{
int array [5] = {50, 10, 40, 70, 20};
printf ("***** Selection Sort *****");
printf ("Before: ");
int n = sizeof(array)/ sizeof(int);
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
printf ("%d ", array[i]);
}
printf ("\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
{
int min_id = i;
for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++){
if (array[min_id] > array[j]){
min_id = j;
}
}
swap (&array[i], &array[min_id]);
}
printf ("After: ");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf ("%d ", array[i]);
}
return 0;
}
// Insertion Sort
void swap(int *xp, int *yp)
{
int temp = *xp;
*xp = *yp;
*yp = temp;
}
int main()
{
int array [5] = {50, 10, 40, 70, 20};
printf ("Before: ");
int n = sizeof(array)/ sizeof(int);
for (int i = 0; i <n; i++)
{
printf ("%d ", array[i]);
}
printf ("\n");
for (int i = 1; i < n ; i++)
{
int key = array[i];
int j = i - 1;
while (j >= 0 && array[j] > key)
{
array[j+1] = array[j];
j--;
}
array[j+1] = key;
}
printf ("After: ");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf ("%d ", array[i]);
}
return 0;
}
// Malloc - Allocates memory but does not iniatilize
int main()
{
int num, i, *ptr, sum = 0;
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
ptr = (int*) malloc(num * sizeof(int)); //memory allocated using malloc
if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf("Error! memory not allocated.");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter elements of array: ");
for(i = 0; i < num; ++i)
{
scanf("%d", ptr + i);
sum += *(ptr + i);
}
printf("Sum = %d", sum);
free(ptr);
return 0;
}
// Calloc - Allocates and Initializes memory
int main()
{
int num, i, *ptr, sum = 0;
printf("Enter number of elements: \n");
scanf("%d", &num);
ptr = (int*) calloc(num, sizeof(int));
if(ptr == NULL)
{
printf("Error! memory not allocated.");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter elements of array: \n");
for(i = 0; i < num; ++i)
{
scanf("%d", ptr + i);
sum += *(ptr + i);
}
printf("Sum = %d", sum);
free(ptr);
return 0;
}
// Realloc - If allocated not sufficient or new size needed, reallocates memory
int main()
{
int *ptr, i , n1, n2;
printf("Enter size of array: ");
scanf("%d", &n1);
ptr = (int*) malloc(n1 * sizeof(int));
printf("Address of previously allocated memory: ");
for(i = 0; i < n1; ++i)
printf("%u\t",ptr + i);
printf("\nEnter new size of array: ");
scanf("%d", &n2);
ptr = realloc(ptr, n2);
for(i = 0; i < n2; ++i)
printf("%u\t", ptr + i);
return 0;
}
