MAMB0110 - Installation and Furnishing Projects

UF1369 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTION FOR THE PROJECT OF

INSTALLATION AND FURNISHING

Wood joints
1. INDEX

1. INDEX .........................................................................................................................................2

2. INTRODUCTION

3. OBJECTIVES

4. CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................5

4.1 BASIC ASSEMBLIES WITH SOLID WOOD.......................................................5

4.2 UNION SYSTEMS

4.3 REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CORNERSS ...................................................7

4.4 CONNECTORS ............................................................................................................................8

4.5 TYPES OF ASSEMBLIES ..............................................................................................................9

4.6 EDGE JOINTS..................................................................................................................11

5. ACTIVITIES.............................................................................................................................12

6. RESUMEN ..................................................................................................................................13

7. GLOSSARY

8. ANNEXES 17

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................18

18

8.2 Infographics

8.3 Texts

Page2 | 20
2. INTRODUCTION

In this manual, we will see the different types of joints that are used to make assemblies in
all wooden constructions with which we can indicate to the carpenter the type of joint
what should be used when proceeding with its manufacture.

We will be able to know and distinguish the different types in order to know how to put it into practice.
what system we should use. We will learn the representation of each of the unions and how
draw them in detail.

Image 1–Assembly by rebate.

Page 3 | 20
3. OBJECTIVES

General objectives:
C2: Define constructive solutions by selecting them based on the objectives, the materials, and the
available resources.

Specific objectives:

CE2.2 Differentiate the different systems of joining and assembling wood and products
derivatives used in carpentry and furniture installations, relating them to their
characteristics and applications.
Define the most suitable solution regarding the space conditions and budget
foreseen.
CE2.4 Select the type of joints to be used in the installation considering different factors.facility
of displacement, assembly, longevity of the installation, and aesthetics, among others.

Page 4 | 20
4. CONTENTS
4.1 BASIC ASSEMBLIES WITH SOLID WOOD.
Whenever we make a piece of furniture out of wood, we will have to assemble corners and in some ...

cases, intermediate strips or boards, since these have a specific measurement that does not
it always corresponds to the measurements we give to our design.

The basic joints in solid wood are as follows:

Drills
They can be partial or total. The partial ones do not
they cross the entire ribbon. The complete ones

they completely cross the ribbon.

Discount
It can be made of half thickness or according to design.

It is important to keep in mind that one should not leave

very thin, as it could break.

Slot and tongue

They are grooves that are made for
to joint two pieces. The groove must be
wider than the tongue to ensure a
perfect junta.
Images 2, 3, and 4–Basic assemblies in
solid wood.

Page 5 | 20
 4.2 UNION SYSTEMS
There are several types of joining systems that we will see below:
Union with screws
The joints are made with the help of screwdrivers.
and manual or electric screwdrivers.
The heads can be flat, hexagonal, or cross-shaped.

Union with nails

Generally, a pneumatic gun is used or they are hit.
with a hammer. Aesthetically they are already widely used.

that are hardly visible.

Bolts
They allow for a very compact fixation, as they reinforce
the two faces of the surface to be joined.
A wrench is generally used to place them.

Staples
They allow for very strong and low unions.
visible, as they are usually placed on the inner side
not visible. Very commonly used in temporary constructions.

Images 5, 6, 7, and 8 - Joining Systems.

This drawing shows how two slats would be assembled.

solid wood perpendicularly, the way to make the joint
between both would be through screws that would be screwed to both
strips. The joint could be strengthened by also incorporating glue to
wood.

Image 9–Union by means of screws

Page 6 | 20
 4.3 REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CORNERS

Infographic 1–Reinforcement systems for corners.

As seen in the infographic, there are several types of reinforcement for corners, to avoid
the buckling.

When we design an element, we have to keep these elements in mind so that our
the furniture has the required solidity and resistance. There are two ways to reinforce it to achieve this,

One of them is using one of the reinforcement systems and the other is bracing.

Page 7 | 20
 4.4 CONNECTORS
Connectors are used to make joints and reinforce connections. They are usually made of steel.
galvanized and are installed with screws or bolts. Let's look at some examples and their applications:

This image shows us different types of angles and supports.

of beams.

They are generally used for the junctions between beams in 1.

roofs.

They are the following:

Inner wing strut

L-shaped strip
S Plate
4. Outer wing strut 2. 3. 4.

Image 10–Angles and beam supports

Let's look at some application examples:

Infographic 2–Use of angles and supports

Pillar bases are widely used for outdoor constructions.

they are mainly used for uneven terrain that requires adjustment
in the structure.

They have a base to place the pillar and a base that is anchored to
foundation or forging using bolts.

The foundation must be made of concrete, footing or mini-footing. The slab can be
traditional.

Image 11 - Pillar base

Page 8 | 20
 4.5 TYPES OF ASSEMBLIES
The assemblies are types of joints that can be made to join boards and strips.
wood. There are several types, depending on the aesthetics, and the resistance it needs to have.
product designed, of the type of wood (solid, plywood or particleboard) and whether it is
For a piece of furniture or an ephemeral or permanent element, we will use one system or another.

Next, we will see the most used:

Straight reduction

Very commonly used in intermediate sections and corners.

Clearly visible the meeting between both woods.

Miter wood media

Widely used for intermediate cross sections, to give an aesthetic
different.
Encounters between both visible woods.

Corner with and without groove

Without a slot it is nailed, with a slot it is glued.

Subtle encounters.

Box and spike

Provides great resistance. Widely used in tables and chairs.
Little visible encounters.

Open ear
Very durable. Used in all types of furniture.
Barely visible encounters.

Images 12 to 16 – Types of assemblies

Page 9 | 20
 Multiple spikes
Great resistance. Very commonly used for making drawers.
Visible encounters and unpleasant aesthetics.

Single-sided fork
Average resistance. Recommended for miter viewing.
Little visible meeting.

Milan tail
It is possibly the most widely used system. Very durable
Visible encounters and intermediate aesthetics.

Assemblies for grids

Very commonly used for shelves. High resistance.
Hidden encounters.

Images 17 to 20 – Types of assemblies

Page 10 | 20
 4.6 EDGE JOINTS
Edge joints are generally elements added to wood in order to
assemble it. They are not made or carved; they are inserted into slots in the slats or boards. Generally
they are glued and aesthetically they are almost imperceptible. There is another type in which no
external element and is gluing the boards directly.
Next, we will see different types:

Joint fully glued

It is done by gluing two surfaces and joining them.

Low resistance, depends on the thickness of the board and the glue.
Very little visible joints.

Loose tongue joint

A tongue is inserted into the edge and glued.
Great resistance.
Very few visible joints

Pinned joint
Grooved dowels or pins are used and glued.
Great resistance.
Very little visible joints.

Beveled joint
It is used by making grooves in the edges of the boards
or strips, inserting the cookie and binding with glue.
Average resistance. Very used in ephemeral.
Very few visible joints.

Images 21 to 24 - Elements for joints

Page 11 | 20
5. ACTIVITIES

1. Define the type of joint that these two wooden boards have in the following image:

Image 25

2. What is a cookie?
Briefly define this element, its use, and make a freehand sketch.

3. What solution would you provide for a table that will support a large amount of weight and wobbles?
put a heavy object on top?
Briefly define the solution you would provide and what you would use to make it resistant.
Make a freehand sketch.

4. What is this element? In what situations would you use it?

Image 26

5. Name four types of assembly, two types of joint, two union systems and two
connectors. Make freehand sketches of each type and name them.

Page12 | 20
6. SUMMARY

There are several types of joints for wood, one or another will be used depending on the use of the furniture.

its resistance, the type of use, and its duration.

There are three basic types of assemblies: Drill, recess, and tongue and groove.

In the use of drills, plugs and/or bolts will be used. Additionally, glue may be used for
reinforce the assembly.

The joints are made by notching the two parts to be joined. Glue is generally used.
to fix the joints, screws and/or nails can also be used.

Metal brackets are widely used for wooden assemblies, reinforcing the structure and
they provide stability. They are mainly fixed with screws.

The tongues are used so that the joints between unions are little visible or imperceptible.
It involves making two grooves in each part to be joined to insert a glued element.
so that the joint does not show.

Page 13 | 20
7. GLOSSARY

A
Bracing: A support that ensures the stability of a structure through one or two diagonals.

B
Base of pillar: Piece of galvanized steel or other metals used as support for pillars
especially outdoors. It is adjustable.

C
Plug or pin: Male connection, typically cylindrical and grooved in shape, used for
for the joining of boards or strips.

Nails: A metal piece generally cylindrical in shape with a conical base whose head is hammered.

E
Joinery: Wood joints.

Spike: Projection of the wood made by mechanical means.

Stirrup: A piece of galvanized steel or other metals used to fix and connect beams.

G
Cookie: Generally round or oval-shaped pieces made of pressed wood and are used for
union of boards and slats. Little resistant to tension.

Staples: A piece of iron or another metal, of different shapes, whose two ends are bent and
Sharp points are driven in to join and hold two adjacent elements.

Page 14 | 20
 H
Fork: Groove made by mechanical means, primarily with two prongs and a hollow.
If it is a single-sided fork, it will only have one prong and one slot.

I
Miter: 45º angle cut.

J
Union

L
Tongue: Highlight that is made on the edge of the strips where it will later be inserted.
a slot.

Strip: A solid piece of wood that is narrow and not thick.

P
Bending: Lateral movement of an element due to lack of reinforcement.

Bolts: A piece similar to a cylindrical and grooved screw with a blunt tip. With a flat hexagonal head.
and ring.

Flat bar: A piece of galvanized steel or other metals used for joining wooden pieces.

Page 15 | 20
 R
Groove: A slit made in the edge of wooden slats where subsequently
a tongue will be inserted.

Rabbet: A groove made in a strip of wood to fit with another strip.

It is generally glued and/or nailed.

Reinforcement: Extra piece added to a structure to increase its strength.

Reticle: Repetition of panels or strips forming grids.

T
Board: Flat wooden piece of variable thickness and standard size 122 x 244 cm.

Drill: Hole made in wood by mechanical means to insert plugs or

bolts.

Screws: Metal piece with a cylindrical and/or conical shape with a grooved base and head with
groove for screwing.

Page 16 | 20
8. ANNEXES
To see union systems:
The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable text.
The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.
https://www.industrialhardwarestores.com/30-screws-and-fasteners?page=1

Connectors:
Invalid input for translation.
The provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.
Structural fittings for beams

Assemblies:
The provided text is a URL and cannot be translated.
Unable to access video content for translation.
Unable to access the content of the URL provided.
Invalid input. Please provide text for translation.

Together:
Unable to access external content such as YouTube videos.
How to assemble wood with dowels
23171.html
Unable to access the content from the provided URL.
Unable to access external links.

Page 17 | 20
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
9.1 Images

Cover:
Feño. In assembly. Source:Unable to access external links. Please provide text for translation.
March 2008.

Images:
Image 1 - Assembly by recessing.
Cáceres V. F.Assembly. Source:Unable to access external links or content.
February 2005.
Follow
Images 2, 3, and 4 – Basic assemblies in solid wood.
Sánchez, I. Teacher at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 2. Basic assemblies of solid wood.
April 2015.

Images 5, 6, 7, and 8–Joining systems

Sánchez, I. Teacher at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 6 and 32. Frames and supports. Nailed and
screws. Frames and chassis. Staples.
April 2015.

Image 9–Union by screws

Sánchez, I. Professor at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 6. Frames and structures. Nailed and screwed.
April 2015.

Image 10–Angles and beam supports

Sánchez, I. Professor at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 14. Wooden structures. Sheet metal connectors
steel.
April 2015.

Page 18 | 20
Image 11–Base of pillar
Sánchez, I. Professor from the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 15. Wooden structures. Plate connectors of
steel.
April 2015.

Images 12 to 16 - Types of assemblies

Sánchez, I. Teacher at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf.
Image 12: Page 17. Frames and structures. Half wood.
Images 13 and 14: Page 20. Frames and structures. Half wood.
Image 15: Page 24. Frames and chassis. Box and tenon
Image 16: Page 26. Frames and racks. Fork.
April 2015.

Images 17 to 20–Types of assemblies

Sánchez, I. Professor at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf.
Images 17 and 18: Pg. 26. Frames and mounts. Fork.
Image 19: Page 28. T-shaped joints. Dovetail.
Image 20: Page 18. Frames and supports. Half wood.
April 2015.

Images 21 to 24 - Elements for joints

Sánchez, I. Professor at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf.
Images 21 and 22: Page 53. Edge joints.
Images 23 and 24: Page 54. Edge joints.
April 2015.

Image 25 - Spike
Sánchez, I. Professor at the Artediez school, in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 22. Frames and structures. Box and tenon.
April 2015.

Page 19 | 20
Image 26–Outer wing strut
Herco HSI
Source:Unable to access the provided URL to extract text for translation.
October 2017

8.2 Infographics

Infographic 1–Reinforcement systems for corners.

Sánchez, I. Professor at the Artediez school in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 7. Frameworks and frames. Nailed and screwed.
April 2015.

Infographic 2–Use of angles and supports.

Sánchez, I. Teacher at the Artediez school, in Madrid.
Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf. Page 14. Wooden structures. Plate connectors and
steel.
April 2015.

8.3 Texts

OFFICIAL BULLETIN OF THE STATE, BOE No. 296. Sec. I. Pg. 130423.
Friday, December 9, 2011.
MAMB0110. Installation and furnishing projects.

Sánchez, I. Teacher at the Artediez school in Madrid.

Source: 18-WOOD-unions.pdf.
April 2015.

Glossary. Source:http://www.constructiondictionary.com/

Page 20 | 20