KEMBAR78
Internet of things for Developing (2024).pdf
INTERNETOF THINGS
KupatTahuPresentation
Part.1
Introduction to IOT
4
What is IoT
Network of Physical Objects
The Scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things (device,
appliances,machines)totheInternet
IoT allows these things to communicate and exchange data
(control&information)In order to achieve intelligent identification,
positioning, tracking, monitoring and management of a network.
IoT is a new revolution in the capabilities of the endpoints
that are connected to the internet
The origins of the Internet of Things
 In 1995, Bill Gates first mentioned the Internet of Things in his
book the Way Forward.
 In 1999,American Auto-ID Center first proposed the concept of
Internet of Things.
 In 2005, ITU Internet Report 2005,It points out that the ubiquitous
communication era of "Internet of things" is coming.
 In 2008,IBM has come up with the concept of a smart Earth in
which the Internet of things is an integral part.
 In 2009, Put forward the strategic conception of perceiving China.
Internet of Things - Evolution
Development of the International Internet of Things
 Industrial Layout:“Integration application, Integration innovation”
 Industry development :Chip products, Internet of Things operating
system, intelligent wearable devices; Smart City Strategy.
 Standards organization:International organizations such as ETSI, ITU,
ISO/IEC participate in iot standards.
The development of the Internet of Things in China
Policy: In 2010, the Internet of Things was officially listed as one of the
country's five strategic emerging industries; It issued the《 Guidance
on promoting the orderly and healthy development of the Internet of
Things》and《Made in China 2025》.
In 2021 ,issued the 《three-year Action Plan for the
Construction of New infrastructure of the Internet of Things (2021-
2023)》
Industrial spatial pattern:Four spatial patterns of iot industries(The
Yangtze River Delta region, Bohai Rim region, Pearl River Delta region
and western China )have initially formed .
The development of the Internet of Things in China
 Industrial development:The mobile Internet has helped the Internet
of Things industry grow exponentially. Internet of Things industry is
constantly transforming and upgrading.
"The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning with IoT."
According to the forecast, the number of connected devices
worldwide will exceed 75 billion by 2025
The Future of IoT
IoT as a Network of Networks:
These networks connected with added security, analytics, and management
capabilities. This will allow IoT to become even more powerful in what it can help
people achieve.
KupatTahuPresentation
Part 2
How IoT Works?
How IoT Works?
RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech
Toidentify and
track the data of
things
Tocollect and
process the data to
detect the changes
in the physical status
of things
Toenhance the power
of the network by
devolving processing
capabilities to different
part of the network.
Tomake the smaller
and smaller things
have the ability to
connect and interact.
The Structure of IoT
Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and addressability by RFIDs.
Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the
environment.
Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has provoked the
ability of smaller things to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart
devices.”
Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has
formed the network connection to the Internet. It can make the “things”
realizing the intelligent control.
7
Integrated Application
Information Processing
Network Construction
(Sensing &
Identification)
Smart Grid Green Building Smart Transport Env. Monitor
Data Center Search Engine Smart Decision Info. Security Data Mining
WWAN
WPAN
WMAN
WLAN
Internet
GPS Smart Device RFID Sensor Sensor
IoT Architecture
Perception layer
52
IoT Technologies
Hardware (Device)
Communication Technology
Protocols for IoT
Software (IDE)
CloudPlatforms
52
Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
52
IoT Technologies : Communication Technology
1. IoT Sensors and Actuators--Mobile Phone based
0
6
0
1
0
5
01 The accelerometer sensor
Sensing the motion and acceleration
of a mobile phone in three
dimensions
02 The Gyroscope sensor
Detecting the orientation of
the phone very precisely 0
2
03 The camera and microphone
very powerful sensors which
capture visual and audio
information(e.g. voice recognition)
05 The GPS (Global Positioning System)
Detecting the location of the phone from
three or more satellites and coordinates are
computed.
0
4
04 The magnetometer sensor
detecting magnetic fields, which is used as a digital
compass and detecting the presence of metals
07 The The proximity sensor
Detecting distance uses an infrared (IR) LED,
which emits IR rays and bounce back when
they strike some object.
06 The light sensor
Detecting detects the intensity of ambient
light which is used for setting the brightness
of the screen and other applications.
0
7
2. IoT Sensors and Actuators--Medical Sensors
01 The Medical Sensors
Medical Sensors can measure and
monitor various medical parameters
in the human body. The Internet of
Things can be beneficial for health
care applications ,which can aim at
monitoring a patient’s health and
can provide real time feedback to
the doctor, relatives, or the patient.
Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
2. IoT Sensors and Actuators--Medical Sensors
02 The wearable sensing devices
Equipped with medical sensors, they can
measure different parameters such as the
heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body
temperature, respiration rate, and blood
glucose levels. These wearables include
smart watches, wristbands, monitoring
patches, and smart textiles.
Embedded skin patches
Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
2. IoT Sensors and Actuators--Other Sensors
it understand neural signals in the brain, which is known as neurofeedback.
The technology used for reading brain signals is called EEG (Electro
encephalography).
Brain sensing headband with embedded
neurosensors
02 Environmental and Chemical Sensors
Environmental sensors are used to sense parameters in the physical
environment such as temperature, humidity, pressure, water pollution, and air
pollution.
Chemical sensors are used to detect chemical and biochemical substances.
These sensors consist of a recognition element and a transducer. The electronic
nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) can be used to sense chemicals
on the basis of odor and taste.
Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
IoT Sensors and Actuators--RFID
03 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
RFID is an identification technology in which an RFID tag (a small chip with an antenna)
carries data, which is read by a RFID reader. The tag transmits the data stored in it via radio
waves. It is similar to bar code technology. But unlike a traditional bar code, it does not
require line of sight communication between the tag and the reader and can identify itself
from a distance even without a human operator.
RFID tags are of two types: active and passive. Active tags
have a power source and passive tags do not have any
power source.
There are two types of RFID technologies: near and far.
RFID technology is being used in various applications such as
supply chain management, access control, identity
authentication, and object tracking.
Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
IoT Sensors and Actuators--Actuators
The actuators can be classified into three categories, electrical,
hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators. Hydraulic actuators facilitate
mechanical motion using fluid or hydraulic power. Pneumatic
actuators use the pressure of compressed air and electrical ones use
electrical energy.
As an example, in a smart
home system, the
actuators are used to
lock/unlock the doors,
switch on/off the lights or
other electrical appliances.
52
IoT Technologies : Communication Technology
The communication
technologies used in the IoT are
IEEE 802.15.4, low power WiFi,
Zigbee,6LoWPAN, RFID, NFC,
Sigfox,LoraWAN, BLE and other
proprietary protocols for wireless
networks
52
IoT Technologies : Protocols
CoAP ( Constrained Application Protocol)
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
6LoWPAN (Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks)
52
IoT Technologies : Cloud (Sensing as-a-service Model)
KupatTahuPresentation
Part.3
How to Design?
Application HMI
Application
Layer Support
IoTX
OpenAIS
ZCLIP
ZigBee 3.0
OCF
Fairhair
Weave
MQTT
CoAP
BT Profiles
Commissioning
NFC Tap & Connect Commissioning
BLE Commissioning
Intrepid Smart App Commissioning
Generic System
Security
OTAP
OOBE Configuration
Cloud Platforms
AWS
Google
Azure
Watson
Connectivity
MCU RTOS
MCUXpresso/FreeRTOS
mbed
Zephyr
MPU OS
Linux
OpenWRT
Android Things
Windows 10
Communications
to the Cloud
Gateway/
Routing
End nodes
Edge direct
to Tower
The Many Functional Dimensions of IoT Systems
Cellular
G S M
L T E
C A T 1
CAT M
NB IOT
SigFox
LoRa Ethernet
BLE Mesh
Integration/Interfaces/Glue Integration/Interfaces/Glue
Cellular
• GSM
• LTE
• CAT 1
• CAT M
• NB IOT
SigFox
LoRa
1. Smart Gateway
01 The key device of IoT- Gateway
There's one device that is key to tying Internet of
Things systems together: the IoT gateway.
The IoT gateway is a device which serves as the
connection point between IoT devices and the
cloud.
IoT gateways perform several critical functions such
as device connectivity, protocol translation, data
filtering and processing, security, updating,
management and more.
1. Smart Gateway
02 Smart IoT gateway
Smart gateways are able to perform edge
analytics on data produced by IoT devices
before it is sent to the cloud. This makes
analytics much faster and cuts down on
storage for the vast amount of data produced
by IoT products.
Smart IoT gateways can also be used to
convert non-cloud connected devices to the
internet. By connecting a gateway to a
device's sensors, the data can be analyzed or
transported directly by the gateway, even
though the device itself would be unable to
do so.
1. Smart Gateway
03 Main function of IoT gateway
•Trusted connectivity and security
-- ensuring the integrity of the network and system in both directions
•Protocol and data bridge
-- being able to translate and transfer data among and between
systems operating with different communications protocols and data
formats
•Storage and analysis
-- onboard application development platforms and storage to drive
intelligence and decision making closer to the device
•Management
-- the ability to provision, update and control access of devices to the
system as well as policy-based permissions
2. IoT Middleware
01 Why you need middleware?
The middleware abstracts the hardware and provides an
Application Programming Interface (API) for communication,
data management, computation, security, and privacy.
Ubiquitous computing is the core of the Internet of Things. The
middleware platform can abstract the details of the devices,
which meet varied requirements of different applications and
need various devices. It should act as a software bridge between
the things and the applications. It needs to provide the required
services to the application developers so that they can focus more
on the requirements of applications rather than on interacting
with the baseline hardware.
2. IoT Middleware
02 The functions of middleware
•Interoperability and programming abstractions
For collaboration and information exchange between heterogeneous devices, different types of
things can interact with each other easily with the help of middleware services.
•Device discovery and management
This feature enables the devices to be aware of all other devices in the neighborhood and the
services provided by them. In the Internet of Things, the infrastructure is mostly dynamic. The
devices have to announce their presence and the services they provide. The middleware provides
APIs to list the IoT devices,their services, and capabilities. IoT middleware perform load
balancing, manage devices based on their levels of battery power,and report problems in devices
to the users.
•Scalability
A large number of devices are expected to communicate in an IoT setup. IoT applications need to
scale due to ever increasing requirements. This should be managed by the middleware by making
required changes when the infrastructure scales.
2. IoT Middleware
02 The functions of middleware
• Big data and analytics
IoT sensors typically collect a huge amount of data. It is necessary to analyze all of this data in
great detail. As a result a lot of big data algorithms are used to analyze IoT data.
•Security and privacy
IoT applications are mostly related to someone’s personal life or an industry. Security and
privacy issues need to be addressed in all such environments. The middleware has mechanisms
with user authentication, and the implementation of access control.
• Cloud services
The cloud is an important part of an IoT deployment. Most of thesensor data is analyzed and
stored in a centralized cloud. The IoT middleware seamlessly run on different types of clouds and
to enable users to leverage the cloud to get better insights from the data collected by the sensors.
•Context detection
The data collected from the sensors needs to be used to extract the context by applying various
types of algorithms. The context can subsequently be used for providing sophisticated services to
users.
01 Communication challenges
IoT devices are battery powered, with minimal compute and
storage resources. IoT devices typically connect to the Internet
through the IP stack. This stack is very complex and demands a
large amount of power and memory from the connecting devices.
The IoT devices can also connect locally through non-IP networks,
which consume less power, and connect to the Internet via a smart
gateway.
The communication technologies used in the IoT are IEEE
802.15.4, low power WiFi, 6LoWPAN, RFID, NFC, Sigfox,
LoraWAN, and other proprietary protocols for wireless networks
53
3. Communication
3. Communication
02 Near Field Communication (NFC)
Near Field Communication is a very short range wireless
communication technology, through which devices can interact
with each other over a distance of few centimeters only. All types of
data can be transferred between two NFC enabled devices. This
technology is based on RFID. NFC operates over a frequency band
of 13.56 MHz, which is the same as high frequency RFID. There are
two modes of operation: active and passive.
standard . 55
03 Wireless Sensor Networks
3. Communication (WSN)
A wireless sensor network (WSN)
consists of tens to thousands of
sensor nodes connected using
wireless technologies. They collect
data about the environment and
communicate it to gateway devices
that relay the information to the
cloud. The communication between
nodes in a WSN may be direct or
multihop. The popular network
topologies used in a WSN are a star,
a mesh, and a hybrid network. Most
of the communication in WSN is
based on the IEEE 802.15.4
3. Communication
04 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Bluetooth Low Energy, also known as “Bluetooth Smart,” was developed by the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group. It has a relatively shorter range and consumes
lower energy. The BLE protocol stack has two parts: controller and host.
05 Low Power WiFi
The WiFi alliance has recently developed “WiFi HaLow,” which is based on the IEEE
802.11ah standard. It consumes lower power than a traditional WiFi device and also
has a longer range.
06 Zigbee
It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 communication protocol standard. It has low power
MAC and physical layers. The range of Zigbee device communication is very small
(10–100 meters).
07 Low Power Wide-Area-Networks (LPWAN)
The LPWAN class of protocols is low bit-rate communication technologies for such
IoT scenarios.
4. Design Considerations in an IoT System
01 design of the sensors
To choose range from small sub-mW boards(300–500mW). The choice depends
on the degree of analytics and data preprocessing. To create a sub-mW board,
which need board design expertise. It might be advisable to bundle a sensor with
commercially embedded processor kits.
02 design of communication
In IoT nodes, power is the most dominant issue. The power required to transmit
and receive messages is a major fraction of the overall power,and as a result a
choice of the networking technology is vital. Theimportant factors that we need to
consider are the distance between the sender and the receiver, the nature of
obstacles, signal distortion,ambient noise, and governmental regulations. Based
on these key factors, we need to choose a given wireless networking protocol.
4. Design Considerations in an IoT System
03 design of middleware
The first choice that needs to be made is to choose between an open source middleware such
as FiWare or a proprietary solution. There are pros and cons of both. It is true that open
source middleware is in theory more flexible; however, they may have limited support for
IoT devices.Hence, if we need strict compatibility with certain devices and protocols,a
proprietary solution is better. Nevertheless, open source offerings have cost advantages and
are sometimes easier to deploy. We also need to choose thecommunication protocol and
ensure that it is compatible with the firewalls in the organizations involved.
04 design of application
Most IoT frameworks provide significant amount of support for creating the application
layer. This includes data mining, data processing, and visualization APIs. Creating mashups
and dashboards of data is easy to do given the extensive support provided by IoTframeworks.
Nevertheless, here the tradeoff is between the features provided and the resources that are
required. We do not need a very heavy framework if we do not desire a lot of features.
Wi-Fi
NFC
i.MX6UL based
Modular Gateway
Android Mobile
Application
JN5169 ModuleIncluded
for Out of Box
Edge Device
ZigBee Support
NXP Modular IoT Framework Integrated Development Experience (IDEx)
Amazon Cloud Services
Running MQTT Broker
• Modular edge node platform with
Thread and ZigBee support
• Modular gateway with support for
Thread and ZigBee, Wi-Fi and Ethernet,
and secure element
• NFC based device commissioning
• Smart phone app reference design for
device control via cloud
• Cloud service reference design on
Amazon Web Services, and cloud
connectivity reference design using
MQTT and CoAP
Communication
via CoAP
Modular Edge Node Platform
(MENP)
Ships With
KW41ZModule
& RGB LED
Click Module
Starter IDEx Shipping Today Typical use case for Connected Lighting
Communication
via MQTT
Communication
via MQTT
KupatTahuPresentation
Part.4
Applications of IoT
Few Applications of IoT
Building and Home automation
Manufacturing
Medical and Healthcare systems
Media
Environmental monitoring
Infrastructure management
Energy management
Transportation
Better quality of life for elderly
... ... ...You name it, and you will have it in IoT!
Is controller to a TV an application of IoT?
Shared bike
The whole program is divided into the following
four parts:
 Body
Shared bikes are equipped with embedded chips.
 Vehicle control terminal
Mainly realizing electronic lock control, GPS positioning,
GPRS data transmission and other functions.
 Cloud platform
As the central control brain of all shared bikes.
 The phone APP
As the user's operation entrance.
Supply Chain Management
Logistic
Product Design
Warehouse
Manufacturing
Smart Agriculture
5G technology greatly improved the
efficiency of autonomous agriculture
concept of smart agriculture
The Internet of Things (IoT) promoted by the concept of smart
agriculture in recent years combines with mechanized agricultural
production, providing optimization for the whole process of
agricultural production from breeding to marketing.
Impact of remote sensing information on agricultural development
Gaofen-6 satellite
Application of agricultural
remote sensing satellite
(1) Monitoring of crop
planting area
(2) Crop growth monitoring
( 3 )Crop yield estimation
(4) Soil moisture monitoring
( 5 ) M o n i t o r i n g a n d
forecasting of crop diseases
and insect pests
Remote sensing information analysis
A new inversion model of winter wheat LAI(leaf area index) was
established by using remote satellite images to obtain the regional crop
LAI with high precision. It is of great significance to ensure national food
safety and promote rural economic development.
Remote sensing information analysis
The spectral reflectance of crop foliage is different under different growth conditions.
Therefore, the vegetation index calculated based on the red band and near-infrared band
can directly reflect the crop growth process, coverage and seasonal changes, and is
widely used in crop growth monitoring, among which NDVI is the most commonly used
index.
Grading map of frost damage
of winter wheat
Agricultural UAV application
Drones identify weed
growth in farmland
UAV remote sensing pays more attention to fine agriculture. UAVs
equipped with consumer grade RGB cameras have been able to
accurately identify weeds and insect pests. Each plant can be
managed independently, greatly reducing waste.
Combination of Internet of Things and agriculture under 5G era
5G communication network can
provide communication support with
better bandwidth for farmland devices
connected to the Internet of Things,
greatly improving data accuracy.
The combination of satellite and drone
remote sensing mapping provides a
reference for crop growth, helping the
cloud create a "tailored" management
plan for each field.
the high-precision civil Beidou
navigation provides positioning guarantee
for the line seeking activities of plant
protection machinery and promotes the
automated operation without people.
through the analysis of farmland data to
the area of the dose of drugs,
fertilization and other conservation
methods to carry out accurate plan to
maximize production in the area.
 Environmental parameters and smart
Environmental parameters such as
temperature and humidity are
important for agricultural production.
Sensors are used by farmers in the field
to measure such parameters and this
data can be used for efficient
production.
Smart greenhouses
Environmental parameters measured in
terms of temperature, soil information,
and humidity are measured in real time
and sent to a server for analysis. The
results are then used to improve crop
quality and yield.
Smart Agriculture
IoT Applications : Self-driving
IoT Applications : Self-driving
No driver
30 sensors
Real time traffic
No steering wheel
IoT Applications : Self-driving
Your IOT Initiatives.
Research shows IoTin Supply Chains can cut waste and
shrinkage and improve inventory tracking and logistics.So
when it comes to IoTprojects, what should enterprises
be doing?
Your IOT Initiatives.
 Make IoT planning a cross-enterprise endeavor that involves people from IT, various
business divisions and all security operations teams.
 Focus on areas that will provide your organization with the greatest benefit.
 Start with smaller projects, and make sure to create a solid business case before embarking
on any large-scale deployment.
 Consider how IoT initiatives will work with your cloud environments. After all, it is
through a cloud (whether in your data center, in a public cloud, or a hybrid of both) that all
those smart things will be communicated with, managed and operated.
 Develop a clear strategy for managing IoT within your organization. How will the devices
be upgraded, repaired, etc.?
 Analytics will be necessary to organize and process all the data from the smart things, and
apps to present all the intelligent findings from your IoT will be needed.
Thank You for
Your Attention!

Internet of things for Developing (2024).pdf

  • 1.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    4 What is IoT Networkof Physical Objects The Scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things (device, appliances,machines)totheInternet IoT allows these things to communicate and exchange data (control&information)In order to achieve intelligent identification, positioning, tracking, monitoring and management of a network. IoT is a new revolution in the capabilities of the endpoints that are connected to the internet
  • 5.
    The origins ofthe Internet of Things  In 1995, Bill Gates first mentioned the Internet of Things in his book the Way Forward.  In 1999,American Auto-ID Center first proposed the concept of Internet of Things.  In 2005, ITU Internet Report 2005,It points out that the ubiquitous communication era of "Internet of things" is coming.  In 2008,IBM has come up with the concept of a smart Earth in which the Internet of things is an integral part.  In 2009, Put forward the strategic conception of perceiving China.
  • 6.
    Internet of Things- Evolution
  • 7.
    Development of theInternational Internet of Things  Industrial Layout:“Integration application, Integration innovation”  Industry development :Chip products, Internet of Things operating system, intelligent wearable devices; Smart City Strategy.  Standards organization:International organizations such as ETSI, ITU, ISO/IEC participate in iot standards.
  • 8.
    The development ofthe Internet of Things in China Policy: In 2010, the Internet of Things was officially listed as one of the country's five strategic emerging industries; It issued the《 Guidance on promoting the orderly and healthy development of the Internet of Things》and《Made in China 2025》. In 2021 ,issued the 《three-year Action Plan for the Construction of New infrastructure of the Internet of Things (2021- 2023)》 Industrial spatial pattern:Four spatial patterns of iot industries(The Yangtze River Delta region, Bohai Rim region, Pearl River Delta region and western China )have initially formed .
  • 9.
    The development ofthe Internet of Things in China  Industrial development:The mobile Internet has helped the Internet of Things industry grow exponentially. Internet of Things industry is constantly transforming and upgrading.
  • 10.
    "The Sky's notthe limit. It's only the beginning with IoT." According to the forecast, the number of connected devices worldwide will exceed 75 billion by 2025 The Future of IoT
  • 11.
    IoT as aNetwork of Networks: These networks connected with added security, analytics, and management capabilities. This will allow IoT to become even more powerful in what it can help people achieve.
  • 12.
  • 13.
    How IoT Works? RFIDSensor Smart Tech Nano Tech Toidentify and track the data of things Tocollect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of things Toenhance the power of the network by devolving processing capabilities to different part of the network. Tomake the smaller and smaller things have the ability to connect and interact.
  • 14.
    The Structure ofIoT Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and addressability by RFIDs. Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the environment. Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has provoked the ability of smaller things to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart devices.” Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has formed the network connection to the Internet. It can make the “things” realizing the intelligent control. 7
  • 15.
    Integrated Application Information Processing NetworkConstruction (Sensing & Identification) Smart Grid Green Building Smart Transport Env. Monitor Data Center Search Engine Smart Decision Info. Security Data Mining WWAN WPAN WMAN WLAN Internet GPS Smart Device RFID Sensor Sensor IoT Architecture Perception layer
  • 16.
    52 IoT Technologies Hardware (Device) CommunicationTechnology Protocols for IoT Software (IDE) CloudPlatforms
  • 17.
  • 18.
    52 IoT Technologies :Communication Technology 1. IoT Sensors and Actuators--Mobile Phone based 0 6 0 1 0 5 01 The accelerometer sensor Sensing the motion and acceleration of a mobile phone in three dimensions 02 The Gyroscope sensor Detecting the orientation of the phone very precisely 0 2 03 The camera and microphone very powerful sensors which capture visual and audio information(e.g. voice recognition) 05 The GPS (Global Positioning System) Detecting the location of the phone from three or more satellites and coordinates are computed. 0 4 04 The magnetometer sensor detecting magnetic fields, which is used as a digital compass and detecting the presence of metals 07 The The proximity sensor Detecting distance uses an infrared (IR) LED, which emits IR rays and bounce back when they strike some object. 06 The light sensor Detecting detects the intensity of ambient light which is used for setting the brightness of the screen and other applications. 0 7
  • 19.
    2. IoT Sensorsand Actuators--Medical Sensors 01 The Medical Sensors Medical Sensors can measure and monitor various medical parameters in the human body. The Internet of Things can be beneficial for health care applications ,which can aim at monitoring a patient’s health and can provide real time feedback to the doctor, relatives, or the patient. Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
  • 20.
    2. IoT Sensorsand Actuators--Medical Sensors 02 The wearable sensing devices Equipped with medical sensors, they can measure different parameters such as the heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, body temperature, respiration rate, and blood glucose levels. These wearables include smart watches, wristbands, monitoring patches, and smart textiles. Embedded skin patches Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
  • 21.
    2. IoT Sensorsand Actuators--Other Sensors it understand neural signals in the brain, which is known as neurofeedback. The technology used for reading brain signals is called EEG (Electro encephalography). Brain sensing headband with embedded neurosensors 02 Environmental and Chemical Sensors Environmental sensors are used to sense parameters in the physical environment such as temperature, humidity, pressure, water pollution, and air pollution. Chemical sensors are used to detect chemical and biochemical substances. These sensors consist of a recognition element and a transducer. The electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) can be used to sense chemicals on the basis of odor and taste. Hardware (Device):Sensors and Actuators
  • 22.
    Hardware (Device):Sensors andActuators IoT Sensors and Actuators--RFID 03 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) RFID is an identification technology in which an RFID tag (a small chip with an antenna) carries data, which is read by a RFID reader. The tag transmits the data stored in it via radio waves. It is similar to bar code technology. But unlike a traditional bar code, it does not require line of sight communication between the tag and the reader and can identify itself from a distance even without a human operator. RFID tags are of two types: active and passive. Active tags have a power source and passive tags do not have any power source. There are two types of RFID technologies: near and far. RFID technology is being used in various applications such as supply chain management, access control, identity authentication, and object tracking.
  • 23.
    Hardware (Device):Sensors andActuators IoT Sensors and Actuators--Actuators The actuators can be classified into three categories, electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators. Hydraulic actuators facilitate mechanical motion using fluid or hydraulic power. Pneumatic actuators use the pressure of compressed air and electrical ones use electrical energy. As an example, in a smart home system, the actuators are used to lock/unlock the doors, switch on/off the lights or other electrical appliances.
  • 24.
    52 IoT Technologies :Communication Technology The communication technologies used in the IoT are IEEE 802.15.4, low power WiFi, Zigbee,6LoWPAN, RFID, NFC, Sigfox,LoraWAN, BLE and other proprietary protocols for wireless networks
  • 25.
    52 IoT Technologies :Protocols CoAP ( Constrained Application Protocol) MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) 6LoWPAN (Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks)
  • 26.
    52 IoT Technologies :Cloud (Sensing as-a-service Model)
  • 27.
  • 28.
    Application HMI Application Layer Support IoTX OpenAIS ZCLIP ZigBee3.0 OCF Fairhair Weave MQTT CoAP BT Profiles Commissioning NFC Tap & Connect Commissioning BLE Commissioning Intrepid Smart App Commissioning Generic System Security OTAP OOBE Configuration Cloud Platforms AWS Google Azure Watson Connectivity MCU RTOS MCUXpresso/FreeRTOS mbed Zephyr MPU OS Linux OpenWRT Android Things Windows 10 Communications to the Cloud Gateway/ Routing End nodes Edge direct to Tower The Many Functional Dimensions of IoT Systems Cellular G S M L T E C A T 1 CAT M NB IOT SigFox LoRa Ethernet BLE Mesh Integration/Interfaces/Glue Integration/Interfaces/Glue Cellular • GSM • LTE • CAT 1 • CAT M • NB IOT SigFox LoRa
  • 29.
    1. Smart Gateway 01The key device of IoT- Gateway There's one device that is key to tying Internet of Things systems together: the IoT gateway. The IoT gateway is a device which serves as the connection point between IoT devices and the cloud. IoT gateways perform several critical functions such as device connectivity, protocol translation, data filtering and processing, security, updating, management and more.
  • 30.
    1. Smart Gateway 02Smart IoT gateway Smart gateways are able to perform edge analytics on data produced by IoT devices before it is sent to the cloud. This makes analytics much faster and cuts down on storage for the vast amount of data produced by IoT products. Smart IoT gateways can also be used to convert non-cloud connected devices to the internet. By connecting a gateway to a device's sensors, the data can be analyzed or transported directly by the gateway, even though the device itself would be unable to do so.
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    1. Smart Gateway 03Main function of IoT gateway •Trusted connectivity and security -- ensuring the integrity of the network and system in both directions •Protocol and data bridge -- being able to translate and transfer data among and between systems operating with different communications protocols and data formats •Storage and analysis -- onboard application development platforms and storage to drive intelligence and decision making closer to the device •Management -- the ability to provision, update and control access of devices to the system as well as policy-based permissions
  • 32.
    2. IoT Middleware 01Why you need middleware? The middleware abstracts the hardware and provides an Application Programming Interface (API) for communication, data management, computation, security, and privacy. Ubiquitous computing is the core of the Internet of Things. The middleware platform can abstract the details of the devices, which meet varied requirements of different applications and need various devices. It should act as a software bridge between the things and the applications. It needs to provide the required services to the application developers so that they can focus more on the requirements of applications rather than on interacting with the baseline hardware.
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    2. IoT Middleware 02The functions of middleware •Interoperability and programming abstractions For collaboration and information exchange between heterogeneous devices, different types of things can interact with each other easily with the help of middleware services. •Device discovery and management This feature enables the devices to be aware of all other devices in the neighborhood and the services provided by them. In the Internet of Things, the infrastructure is mostly dynamic. The devices have to announce their presence and the services they provide. The middleware provides APIs to list the IoT devices,their services, and capabilities. IoT middleware perform load balancing, manage devices based on their levels of battery power,and report problems in devices to the users. •Scalability A large number of devices are expected to communicate in an IoT setup. IoT applications need to scale due to ever increasing requirements. This should be managed by the middleware by making required changes when the infrastructure scales.
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    2. IoT Middleware 02The functions of middleware • Big data and analytics IoT sensors typically collect a huge amount of data. It is necessary to analyze all of this data in great detail. As a result a lot of big data algorithms are used to analyze IoT data. •Security and privacy IoT applications are mostly related to someone’s personal life or an industry. Security and privacy issues need to be addressed in all such environments. The middleware has mechanisms with user authentication, and the implementation of access control. • Cloud services The cloud is an important part of an IoT deployment. Most of thesensor data is analyzed and stored in a centralized cloud. The IoT middleware seamlessly run on different types of clouds and to enable users to leverage the cloud to get better insights from the data collected by the sensors. •Context detection The data collected from the sensors needs to be used to extract the context by applying various types of algorithms. The context can subsequently be used for providing sophisticated services to users.
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    01 Communication challenges IoTdevices are battery powered, with minimal compute and storage resources. IoT devices typically connect to the Internet through the IP stack. This stack is very complex and demands a large amount of power and memory from the connecting devices. The IoT devices can also connect locally through non-IP networks, which consume less power, and connect to the Internet via a smart gateway. The communication technologies used in the IoT are IEEE 802.15.4, low power WiFi, 6LoWPAN, RFID, NFC, Sigfox, LoraWAN, and other proprietary protocols for wireless networks 53 3. Communication
  • 36.
    3. Communication 02 NearField Communication (NFC) Near Field Communication is a very short range wireless communication technology, through which devices can interact with each other over a distance of few centimeters only. All types of data can be transferred between two NFC enabled devices. This technology is based on RFID. NFC operates over a frequency band of 13.56 MHz, which is the same as high frequency RFID. There are two modes of operation: active and passive.
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    standard . 55 03Wireless Sensor Networks 3. Communication (WSN) A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of tens to thousands of sensor nodes connected using wireless technologies. They collect data about the environment and communicate it to gateway devices that relay the information to the cloud. The communication between nodes in a WSN may be direct or multihop. The popular network topologies used in a WSN are a star, a mesh, and a hybrid network. Most of the communication in WSN is based on the IEEE 802.15.4
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    3. Communication 04 BluetoothLow Energy (BLE) Bluetooth Low Energy, also known as “Bluetooth Smart,” was developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. It has a relatively shorter range and consumes lower energy. The BLE protocol stack has two parts: controller and host. 05 Low Power WiFi The WiFi alliance has recently developed “WiFi HaLow,” which is based on the IEEE 802.11ah standard. It consumes lower power than a traditional WiFi device and also has a longer range. 06 Zigbee It is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 communication protocol standard. It has low power MAC and physical layers. The range of Zigbee device communication is very small (10–100 meters). 07 Low Power Wide-Area-Networks (LPWAN) The LPWAN class of protocols is low bit-rate communication technologies for such IoT scenarios.
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    4. Design Considerationsin an IoT System 01 design of the sensors To choose range from small sub-mW boards(300–500mW). The choice depends on the degree of analytics and data preprocessing. To create a sub-mW board, which need board design expertise. It might be advisable to bundle a sensor with commercially embedded processor kits. 02 design of communication In IoT nodes, power is the most dominant issue. The power required to transmit and receive messages is a major fraction of the overall power,and as a result a choice of the networking technology is vital. Theimportant factors that we need to consider are the distance between the sender and the receiver, the nature of obstacles, signal distortion,ambient noise, and governmental regulations. Based on these key factors, we need to choose a given wireless networking protocol.
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    4. Design Considerationsin an IoT System 03 design of middleware The first choice that needs to be made is to choose between an open source middleware such as FiWare or a proprietary solution. There are pros and cons of both. It is true that open source middleware is in theory more flexible; however, they may have limited support for IoT devices.Hence, if we need strict compatibility with certain devices and protocols,a proprietary solution is better. Nevertheless, open source offerings have cost advantages and are sometimes easier to deploy. We also need to choose thecommunication protocol and ensure that it is compatible with the firewalls in the organizations involved. 04 design of application Most IoT frameworks provide significant amount of support for creating the application layer. This includes data mining, data processing, and visualization APIs. Creating mashups and dashboards of data is easy to do given the extensive support provided by IoTframeworks. Nevertheless, here the tradeoff is between the features provided and the resources that are required. We do not need a very heavy framework if we do not desire a lot of features.
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    Wi-Fi NFC i.MX6UL based Modular Gateway AndroidMobile Application JN5169 ModuleIncluded for Out of Box Edge Device ZigBee Support NXP Modular IoT Framework Integrated Development Experience (IDEx) Amazon Cloud Services Running MQTT Broker • Modular edge node platform with Thread and ZigBee support • Modular gateway with support for Thread and ZigBee, Wi-Fi and Ethernet, and secure element • NFC based device commissioning • Smart phone app reference design for device control via cloud • Cloud service reference design on Amazon Web Services, and cloud connectivity reference design using MQTT and CoAP Communication via CoAP Modular Edge Node Platform (MENP) Ships With KW41ZModule & RGB LED Click Module Starter IDEx Shipping Today Typical use case for Connected Lighting Communication via MQTT Communication via MQTT
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    Few Applications ofIoT Building and Home automation Manufacturing Medical and Healthcare systems Media Environmental monitoring Infrastructure management Energy management Transportation Better quality of life for elderly ... ... ...You name it, and you will have it in IoT!
  • 44.
    Is controller toa TV an application of IoT?
  • 45.
    Shared bike The wholeprogram is divided into the following four parts:  Body Shared bikes are equipped with embedded chips.  Vehicle control terminal Mainly realizing electronic lock control, GPS positioning, GPRS data transmission and other functions.  Cloud platform As the central control brain of all shared bikes.  The phone APP As the user's operation entrance.
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    Supply Chain Management Logistic ProductDesign Warehouse Manufacturing
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    Smart Agriculture 5G technologygreatly improved the efficiency of autonomous agriculture concept of smart agriculture The Internet of Things (IoT) promoted by the concept of smart agriculture in recent years combines with mechanized agricultural production, providing optimization for the whole process of agricultural production from breeding to marketing.
  • 48.
    Impact of remotesensing information on agricultural development Gaofen-6 satellite Application of agricultural remote sensing satellite (1) Monitoring of crop planting area (2) Crop growth monitoring ( 3 )Crop yield estimation (4) Soil moisture monitoring ( 5 ) M o n i t o r i n g a n d forecasting of crop diseases and insect pests
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    Remote sensing informationanalysis A new inversion model of winter wheat LAI(leaf area index) was established by using remote satellite images to obtain the regional crop LAI with high precision. It is of great significance to ensure national food safety and promote rural economic development.
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    Remote sensing informationanalysis The spectral reflectance of crop foliage is different under different growth conditions. Therefore, the vegetation index calculated based on the red band and near-infrared band can directly reflect the crop growth process, coverage and seasonal changes, and is widely used in crop growth monitoring, among which NDVI is the most commonly used index. Grading map of frost damage of winter wheat
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    Agricultural UAV application Dronesidentify weed growth in farmland UAV remote sensing pays more attention to fine agriculture. UAVs equipped with consumer grade RGB cameras have been able to accurately identify weeds and insect pests. Each plant can be managed independently, greatly reducing waste.
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    Combination of Internetof Things and agriculture under 5G era 5G communication network can provide communication support with better bandwidth for farmland devices connected to the Internet of Things, greatly improving data accuracy. The combination of satellite and drone remote sensing mapping provides a reference for crop growth, helping the cloud create a "tailored" management plan for each field. the high-precision civil Beidou navigation provides positioning guarantee for the line seeking activities of plant protection machinery and promotes the automated operation without people. through the analysis of farmland data to the area of the dose of drugs, fertilization and other conservation methods to carry out accurate plan to maximize production in the area.
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     Environmental parametersand smart Environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity are important for agricultural production. Sensors are used by farmers in the field to measure such parameters and this data can be used for efficient production. Smart greenhouses Environmental parameters measured in terms of temperature, soil information, and humidity are measured in real time and sent to a server for analysis. The results are then used to improve crop quality and yield. Smart Agriculture
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    IoT Applications :Self-driving
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    IoT Applications :Self-driving No driver 30 sensors Real time traffic No steering wheel
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    IoT Applications :Self-driving
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    Your IOT Initiatives. Researchshows IoTin Supply Chains can cut waste and shrinkage and improve inventory tracking and logistics.So when it comes to IoTprojects, what should enterprises be doing?
  • 58.
    Your IOT Initiatives. Make IoT planning a cross-enterprise endeavor that involves people from IT, various business divisions and all security operations teams.  Focus on areas that will provide your organization with the greatest benefit.  Start with smaller projects, and make sure to create a solid business case before embarking on any large-scale deployment.  Consider how IoT initiatives will work with your cloud environments. After all, it is through a cloud (whether in your data center, in a public cloud, or a hybrid of both) that all those smart things will be communicated with, managed and operated.  Develop a clear strategy for managing IoT within your organization. How will the devices be upgraded, repaired, etc.?  Analytics will be necessary to organize and process all the data from the smart things, and apps to present all the intelligent findings from your IoT will be needed.
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