Programming Fundamentals and basic knowledge

1
Programming Fundamentals
Outline
• Course introduction
• Programming languages concepts
• C Programming Basics

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Course Introduction
Course Introduction
• Course CHs:
– 03 CHs (42 lectures) :
Attendance 05
Lab Evaluation Work 15

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• Theoretical work
Maximum Marks 100
Attendance 10
Tests 05
Assignments 05
Mid Semester Examination 20
Final Semester Examination 60
– 1CHs (42 lectures) :
• Practical work
Semester Lab Examination 30

Course Introduction
4
• Recommended Text Book:
– Turbo C Programming for the PC
» Robert Lafore
• Reference Books:
– Let Us C, Lates Edition
» Yashavant P. Kanetkar
– A Book On C
» Al Kelley and Ira Pohl
• Online Literature/Tutorials etc.

Course Introduction
5
• Recommended Tool:
– DevC++
• Practical: SD Lab
– Class exercises and lab tasks
– Assisted by Mr. Shabir Ali Shah
• Teaching plan:
– 02 tests:
• Each after 20TH
and 35TH
lectures
– Assignments

Course Introduction
6
• At the end of each book chapter (Robert Lafore)
• Assignments are to be collected 1 week after 42nd
lecture
– Practical exercises:
• Almost in each practical
• Maintenance of practical
• C project
• C projects
– ATM
– Marks Certificate

Course Introduction
7
– Traffic Control System
– Simple Games
– …
• Lecture slides/announcements/results can
be found at course home page:
http://saleem.quest.edu.pk/

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Important Instructions
• During the class:
– Keep silent
– Turn off mobile phones
– No attendance for late comers

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Programming Languages Concept
• What is a programming language?
• Why do we need programming languages?
• What are the types of programming languages?

Programming Languages Concepts
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– A programming language is a set of rules that provides
a way of telling a computer how and what operations
to perform.
– The description of a programming language is usually
split into the two components of syntax (form) and
semantics (meaning).

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– A program can execute only if it is both syntactically
and semantically correct.
• Why do we need programming languages?
– Facilitate users in performing tasks which are:
1. Faster,
2. Correct, and
3. Economically cheaper
3. What are the types of programming language?

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– Programming languages may be divided into three (03)
general types:
1. Machine languages
2. Assembly languages
3. High-level languages
• Machine languages
– Strings of 0’s and 1’s telling computers to perform
basic operations one at a time; e.g.:
01001110
00111001

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01101010
– Machine dependent i.e., a code written for one
machine may not run on the other.
– Programming in machine languages is too slow,
tedious, and error-prone.
• Assembly languages
– Symbolic operation codes replaced binary operation
codes; e.g.:
LOAD R1, sessional
LOAD R2, final

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ADD R1, R2
STORE total_marks
– Assembly language programs need to be “assembled” for
execution by the computer. Each assembly language
instruction is translated into one machine language
instruction.
– Very efficient code and easier to write.
• High-level languages
– Closer to English but included simple mathematical
notation; e.g.:
total_marks = sessional + final

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– Programs written in source code which must be
translated into machine language programs called
object code.
– The translation of source code to object code is
accomplished by a machine language system program
called a “compiler”.

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Broad Categories of Programming
Languages
• Programming languages may be divided into two
(02) broad categories:
– Traditional/Procedural programming languages
» C, BASIC, PASCAL, PYTHON etc.
– Object-oriented programming languages
» C++, C#, JAVA, CURL etc.

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Programming
• C is a programming language developed at AT & T’s
Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972.
• The inventor of the C language is Dennis Ritchie.
• C language is reliable, simple and easy to use.
• Using C, one can develop programs for mobile
phones, microwave ovens, 3D games, and so on.

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Getting
Started
#include <stdio.h> Pre-processor
#include <conio.h> directive
Function return type
main function
void main(void) Semicolon refers to
string constant the end of statement

c Structure of C Program
{
printf(“This is my first
program in C”);
Program body
getch(); getch function
that keeps output visible on
screen
}
• Function Definition
• Delimiter

• Statement Terminator • The printf() function
• Preprocessor Directive
• Function Definition
– All C Language programs are divided into units called
"Functions".
– A function in C has ( ) at its end. main( ) is always be the
first function to be executed and is the one to which
control is passed when the program is executed.

– The word "void“ preceding the "main" specifies that
the function main( ) will not return a value. The second
"void", in the parenthesis, specifies that the function
takes no arguments.
• Delimiter
– Following the function definition are the braces, which
signals the beginning and end of the body of the
function.
– The opening brace " { " indicates that a block of code
that forms a distinct unit is about to begin.

– The closing brace " } " terminates the block code.
• Statement Terminator
– The line in our program that begins with the word
"printf " is an example of a statement.
– A statement in C Language is terminated with a
semicolon " ; ".
– The C Language pays no attention to any of the
"White Space Character": the carriage
return (newline), the spacebar and the tab key.

– You can put as many or as few white spaces characters
in your program as you like; since they are invisible to
the compiler.
• The printf ( ) function
– The program line printf ("This is my first program in C
Language."); causes the phrase in quotes to be printed
on the screen.

– The word printf is actually a function, just as " main " is
a function name. Since "printf" is a function name,
therefore it is followed by parenthesis.
– The DevC++ linker looks in the stdio.h file of INCLUDE
directory, finds the section of this file containing printf(
) and causes this section to be linked with the source
program.

– C Language distinguishes between uppercase and
lowercase letters i.e., C language is case sensitive.
– Thus the function PRINTF( ) and Printf( ) are not the
same as the function printf( ).

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Pre-processor Directives
Pre-processor directive header/include file
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
• Program instruction (which end with semicolon) are
instructions to the computer to do something; pre-processor
directives are instruction to the compiler.
• A part of the compiler called the pre-processor deals with
these directives before it begins the real compilation
process.

Exploring the printf() Function
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• #include tells the compiler to insert another file into your
source file.
• The type file included by #include is called a header/include file
– The printf() function uses a unique format for printing
constants and variables. For example
void main(void)
{ printf("I am %d years old", 20);
}

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– The printf() function uses a unique format for printing
constants and variables. For example
void main(void)
{
printf("I am %d years old", 20);
}
Output:
I am 20 years old

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• The function printf() can be given more than one
argument. For example in the above program we
have taken 2 arguments in the printf() function.
• The two arguments are separated by a comma.
• The printf() function takes the vales on the right of
the comma and plugs it into the string on the left.

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Format Specifiers
• The format specifier tells the printf() where to put
avalue in a string and what format to use in
printing the values.
– In the previous program, the %d tells the printf() to
print the value 20 as a decimal integer.
List of Format Specifiers for printf()

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Using Format Specifiers in printf()

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void main(void)
{
printf("The letter %c is ", 'j');
printf("pronounced as %s", 'jay');
}
void main(void)
{

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printf("The letter %c is ", 'j');
}
Output:
The letter j is pronounced as jay
• In the above program, there are two new
things to note:

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– First we have used %c for printing a character
which is surrounded by single quotes and %s is
used for printing a string which is surrounded by
double quotes.
– This is how C language differentiates between a
character and a string.
• Second thing to note is that even though the
output statement is printed by two separate
program lines, it does not consist of two line of

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text on the out put screen. That is because
printf() does not automatically prints a newline
character at the end of the line.
• So what to do for inserting a newline in a
printf() statement?
• Second thing to note is that even though the
output statement is printed by two separate
program lines, it does not consist of two line of

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text on the out put screen. That is because
printf() does not automatically prints a newline
character at the end of the line.
• So what to do for inserting a newline in a
printf() statement?
void main(void)
{

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printf("The letter %c is n", 'j');
}
void main(void)
{
printf("The letter %c is n", 'j');
}

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Output:
The letter j is
pronounced as jay
• The above example includes a new symbol, the
' n '.
• In C this means "newline ". The ' n ' has the
effect of a carriage return and linefeed i.e.,

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following ' n ' character, printing is resumed at
the beginning of the next line.

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Escape Sequences
• Escape sequences allow to control the output of the program

Programming Fundamentals and basic knowledge

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