the machine learning in artificial intelligence

the machine learning in artificial intelligence

• 1.
  CHAPTER 1: Introduction
• 2.
  2 Why “Learn”?  Machinelearning is programming computers to optimize a performance criterion using example data or past experience.  There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll  Learning is used when:  Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars),  Humans are unable to explain their expertise (speech recognition)  Solution changes in time (routing on a computer network)  Solution needs to be adapted to particular cases (user biometrics)
• 3.
  3 What We TalkAbout When We Talk About“Learning”  Learning general models from a data of particular examples  Data is cheap and abundant (data warehouses, data marts); knowledge is expensive and scarce.  Example in retail: Customer transactions to consumer behavior: People who bought “Da Vinci Code” also bought “The Five People You Meet in Heaven” (www.amazon.com)  Build a model that is a good and useful approximation to the data.
• 4.
  4 Data Mining/KDD  Retail:Market basket analysis, Customer relationship management (CRM)  Finance: Credit scoring, fraud detection  Manufacturing: Optimization, troubleshooting  Medicine: Medical diagnosis  Telecommunications: Quality of service optimization  Bioinformatics: Motifs, alignment  Web mining: Search engines  ... Definition := “KDD is the non-trivial process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and ultimately understandable patterns in data” (Fayyad) Applications:
• 5.
  5 What is MachineLearning?  Machine Learning  Study of algorithms that  improve their performance  at some task  with experience  Optimize a performance criterion using example data or past experience.  Role of Statistics: Inference from a sample  Role of Computer science: Efficient algorithms to  Solve the optimization problem  Representing and evaluating the model for inference
• 6.
  Growth of MachineLearning  Machine learning is preferred approach to  Speech recognition, Natural language processing  Computer vision  Medical outcomes analysis  Robot control  Computational biology  This trend is accelerating  Improved machine learning algorithms  Improved data capture, networking, faster computers  Software too complex to write by hand  New sensors / IO devices  Demand for self-customization to user, environment  It turns out to be difficult to extract knowledge from human expertsfailure of expert systems in the 1980’s. Alpydin & Ch. Eick: ML Topic1 6
• 7.
  7 Applications  Association Analysis Supervised Learning  Classification  Regression/Prediction  Unsupervised Learning  Reinforcement Learning
• 8.
  Learning Associations  Basketanalysis: P (Y | X ) probability that somebody who buys X also buys Y where X and Y are products/services. Example: P ( chips | beer ) = 0.7 Market-Basket transactions TID Items 1 Bread, Milk 2 Bread, Diaper, Beer, Eggs 3 Milk, Diaper, Beer, Coke 4 Bread, Milk, Diaper, Beer 5 Bread, Milk, Diaper, Coke
• 9.
  9 Classification  Example: Credit scoring Differentiating between low-risk and high-risk customers from their income and savings Discriminant: IF income > θ1 AND savings > θ2 THEN low-risk ELSE high-risk Model
• 10.
  10 Classification: Applications  AkaPattern recognition  Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion (glasses, beard), make-up, hair style  Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.  Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.  Use of a dictionary or the syntax of the language.  Sensor fusion: Combine multiple modalities; eg, visual (lip image) and acoustic for speech  Medical diagnosis: From symptoms to illnesses  Web Advertizing: Predict if a user clicks on an ad on the Internet.
• 11.
  11 Face Recognition Training examplesof a person Test images AT&T Laboratories, Cambridge UK http://www.uk.research.att.com/facedatabase.html
• 12.
  12 Prediction: Regression  Example:Price of a used car  x : car attributes y : price y = g (x | θ) g ( ) model, θ parameters y = wx+w0
• 13.
  13 Regression Applications  Navigatinga car: Angle of the steering wheel (CMU NavLab)  Kinematics of a robot arm α1= g1(x,y) α2= g2(x,y) α1 α2 (x,y)
• 14.
  14 Supervised Learning: Uses Prediction of future cases: Use the rule to predict the output for future inputs  Knowledge extraction: The rule is easy to understand  Compression: The rule is simpler than the data it explains  Outlier detection: Exceptions that are not covered by the rule, e.g., fraud Example: decision trees tools that create rules
• 15.
  15 Unsupervised Learning  Learning“what normally happens”  No output  Clustering: Grouping similar instances  Other applications: Summarization, Association Analysis  Example applications  Customer segmentation in CRM  Image compression: Color quantization  Bioinformatics: Learning motifs
• 16.
  16 Reinforcement Learning  Topics: Policies: what actions should an agent take in a particular situation  Utility estimation: how good is a state (used by policy)  No supervised output but delayed reward  Credit assignment problem (what was responsible for the outcome)  Applications:  Game playing  Robot in a maze  Multiple agents, partial observability, ...
• 17.
  17 Resources: Datasets  UCIRepository: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html  UCI KDD Archive: http://kdd.ics.uci.edu/summary.data.application.html  Statlib: http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/  Delve: http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~delve/
• 18.
  18 Resources: Journals  Journalof Machine Learning Research www.jmlr.org  Machine Learning  IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks  IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence  Annals of Statistics  Journal of the American Statistical Association  ...
• 19.
  19 Resources: Conferences  InternationalConference on Machine Learning (ICML)  European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML)  Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)  Computational Learning  International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)  ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD)  IEEE Int. Conf. on Data Mining (ICDM)
• 20.
  Summary COSC 6342 Introductory course that covers a wide range of machine learning techniques—from basic to state-of-the-art.  More theoretical/statistics oriented, compared to other courses I teach might need continuous work not “to get lost”.  You will learn about the methods you heard about: Naïve Bayes’, belief networks, regression, nearest-neighbor (kNN), decision trees, support vector machines, learning ensembles, over-fitting, regularization, dimensionality reduction & PCA, error bounds, parameter estimation, mixture models, comparing models, density estimation, clustering centering on K-means, EM, and DBSCAN, active and reinforcement learning.  Covers algorithms, theory and applications  It’s going to be fun and hard work Alpydin & Ch. Eick: ML Topic1 20
• 21.
  Which Topics DeserveMore Coverage —if we had more time?  Graphical Models/Belief Networks (just ran out of time)  More on Adaptive Systems  Learning Theory  More on Clustering and Association Analysiscovered by Data Mining Course  More on Feature Selection, Feature Creation  More on Prediction  Possibly: More depth coverage of optimization techniques, neural networks, hidden Markov models, how to conduct a machine learning experiment, comparing machine learning algorithms,… Alpydin & Ch. Eick: ML Topic1 21