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Structure of The Atom Class 11 Notes

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing subatomic particles, atomic models, and key concepts such as atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars, and isotones. It also covers electron distribution, emission spectra, quantum numbers, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and electron configuration rules. Essential principles like the Aufbau principle, Pauli principle, and Hund's rule are highlighted with examples of electron configurations.

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16 views2 pages

Structure of The Atom Class 11 Notes

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, detailing subatomic particles, atomic models, and key concepts such as atomic number, mass number, isotopes, isobars, and isotones. It also covers electron distribution, emission spectra, quantum numbers, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and electron configuration rules. Essential principles like the Aufbau principle, Pauli principle, and Hund's rule are highlighted with examples of electron configurations.

Uploaded by

rkg22122008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Structure of the Atom - Class 11 Chemistry Notes

1. Introduction

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. Early models of atoms couldnt explain many

observations like spectra. Scientists developed better models.

2. Subatomic Particles

Electron: Charge = -1.61019 C, Mass = 9.11031 kg

Proton: Charge = +1.61019 C, Mass = 1.6721027 kg

Neutron: Charge = 0, Mass = 1.6751027 kg

3. Atomic Models

Thomsons Model: Atom is a positive sphere with electrons.

Rutherfords Model: Atom has a dense, positively charged nucleus; electrons revolve around it.

Bohrs Model: Electrons revolve in fixed orbits; energy emitted/absorbed during transitions.

4. Atomic Number (Z), Mass Number (A), Isotopes

Z = No. of protons; A = No. of protons + neutrons

Isotopes: Same Z, different A (e.g. 1H, 2H, 3H)

5. Isobars and Isotones

Isobars: Same A, different Z (e.g. 40Ca and 40Ar)

Isotones: Same neutrons, different Z and A

6. Electron Distribution (Bohr-Bury Rules)

Max electrons in shell = 2n2; Outer shell max = 8 electrons


7. Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen

When electrons fall to lower orbits, energy is released.

Lyman (n=1, UV), Balmer (n=2, Visible), Paschen, Brackett, Pfund (Infrared)

8. Quantum Numbers

n (Principal), l (Azimuthal), m (Magnetic), s (Spin)

9. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle

x p h / (4)

10. de Broglies Equation

= h / mv (Wave-particle duality of electrons)

11. Electron Configuration Rules

Aufbau Principle: Fill lower energy orbitals first

Pauli Principle: No two electrons have same 4 quantum numbers

Hunds Rule: Fill orbitals singly before pairing

12. Examples of Configurations

H = 1s1, He = 1s2, O = 1s2 2s2 2p4

Summary:

- Atomic Number = No. of protons/electrons

- Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons

- Isotopes = Same Z, diff A

- Isobars = Same A, diff Z

- Quantum Numbers = Describe electrons position and energy

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