Class 11 Chemistry – Atomic Structure: Short Notes
1. Atomic Models:
- Dalton: Atom is indivisible.
- Thomson: Plum pudding model.
- Rutherford: Nucleus in center, electrons orbit it.
- Bohr: Electrons revolve in discrete energy levels.
2. Electromagnetic Radiation:
- c = lambda * v (c = speed of light)
- E = h * v = h * c / lambda (Planck's equation)
3. Atomic Spectra:
- Line spectra due to electron transitions.
- Rydberg formula for hydrogen spectral lines.
4. Bohr’s Theory:
- Radius: r_n = 0.529 * n^2 / Z (Å)
- Velocity: v_n = 2.18 x 10^6 * Z / n (m/s)
- Energy: E_n = -13.6 * Z^2 / n^2 (eV)
5. Quantum Mechanical Model:
- Based on probability, orbitals not orbits.
- Quantum numbers describe electron state (n, l, m, s).
6. Electron Configuration Rules:
- Aufbau Principle: Fill lowest energy orbitals first.
- Pauli Exclusion: No two electrons same 4 quantum numbers.
- Hund's Rule: Singly fill degenerate orbitals first.
Atomic Structure – Important Formulas
1. Average Atomic Mass:
= Σ (isotopic mass × fractional abundance)
2. Electromagnetic Radiation:
- c = lambda * v
- E = h * v = h * c / lambda
3. Bohr's Model:
- Radius: r_n = 0.529 * n^2 / Z (Å)
- Velocity: v_n = 2.18 × 10^6 * Z / n (m/s)
- Energy: E_n = -13.6 * Z^2 / n^2 (eV)
4. Rydberg Equation:
- 1/lambda = R_H * (1/n1^2 - 1/n2^2), where n2 > n1
- R_H = 1.097 × 10^7 m^-1
5. de Broglie Wavelength:
- lambda = h / (m * v)
6. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle:
- delta_x * delta_p >= h / (4 * pi)
