Structure of Atom - Class 11 Notes
Structure of Atom - Class 11 Notes
1. Introduction
- Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2. Atomic Models
- Thomson's Model: Proposed the "plum pudding" model, where electrons are scattered within a
positively charged sphere.
- Rutherford's Model: Discovered the nucleus, showing that most of an atom's mass is in the
positively charged center.
- Bohr's Model: Introduced quantized orbits for electrons around the nucleus, explaining atomic
stability and spectral lines.
3. Electromagnetic Radiation and Atomic Spectra
- Electromagnetic radiation is energy transmitted through space in the form of waves (e.g., light).
- Important equations:
- Speed of light (c) = wavelength (lambda) * frequency (nu)
- Energy of a photon (E) = h * nu, where h is Planck's constant.
- Atomic spectra: Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
4. Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
- Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: It's impossible to know both the position and momentum of
an electron simultaneously.
- Schrodinger Equation: Defines the probability of finding an electron in a region.
- Quantum numbers: Define the properties of electrons.
- Principal quantum number (n): Indicates energy level.
- Angular momentum quantum number (l): Defines orbital shape.
- Magnetic quantum number (m): Indicates orbital orientation.
- Spin quantum number (s): Indicates electron spin direction.
5. Atomic Orbitals and Shapes
- Orbitals represent regions of high probability where electrons are likely to be found.
- s, p, d, and f orbitals have unique shapes and energy levels.
6. Electronic Configuration
- Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
- Aufbau principle, Pauli-exclusion principle, and Hund's rule guide the filling of orbitals.
7. Important Formulas and Concepts
- Speed of Light: c = lambda * nu
- Energy of a Photon: E = h * nu
- Quantum Numbers and their significance
This summary covers the main points in the Structure of Atom chapter. Review each concept
thoroughly and practice problems for a better understanding.
