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Structure of Atom Class11 Notes

The document provides an overview of the structure of the atom, including the discovery of subatomic particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's model, along with their limitations and the quantum mechanical model. Key concepts such as quantum numbers, shapes of orbitals, and electronic configuration principles are also summarized.

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22 views3 pages

Structure of Atom Class11 Notes

The document provides an overview of the structure of the atom, including the discovery of subatomic particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, and Bohr's model, along with their limitations and the quantum mechanical model. Key concepts such as quantum numbers, shapes of orbitals, and electronic configuration principles are also summarized.

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dy2654nice
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Structure of Atom - Class 11 Notes

Chapter: Structure of Atom (Class 11)

1. Introduction

- Atoms are the basic units of matter.

- The concept of indivisible atom proposed by Dalton was later modified.

- Discovery of subatomic particles: electrons, protons, neutrons.

2. Discovery of Electron

- J.J. Thomson's cathode ray experiment.

- Charge/mass ratio of electron (e/m) = 1.7588 x 10^11 C/kg.

- Millikan's oil drop experiment determined the charge of electron (e = 1.602 x 10^-19 C).

3. Discovery of Proton & Neutron

- Goldstein discovered protons using canal rays.

- James Chadwick discovered neutrons.

4. Thomson's Model of Atom

- Plum pudding model: atom as a sphere of positive charge with electrons embedded.

5. Rutherford's Nuclear Model

- Alpha particle scattering experiment.

- Conclusions: atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.

- Electrons revolve around nucleus.

6. Bohr's Model of Atom


- Postulates:

- Electrons revolve in fixed orbits (shells).

- Angular momentum quantized: mvr = n.

- Energy is emitted/absorbed when electron jumps between orbits.

- Energy levels: E_n = -13.6 eV / n

7. Limitations of Bohr's Model

- Could not explain spectra of multi-electron atoms.

- Could not account for fine spectral lines & Zeeman effect.

8. Quantum Mechanical Model

- Dual nature of electron (de Broglie hypothesis): = h/p.

- Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: xp >= /2.

- Schrodinger wave equation: describes probability distribution of electrons.

9. Quantum Numbers

- Principal (n): size & energy of orbital.

- Azimuthal (l): shape of orbital (s, p, d, f).

- Magnetic (m): orientation.

- Spin (s): spin of electron (+ or -).

10. Shapes of Orbitals

- s-orbital: spherical.

- p-orbital: dumbbell-shaped.

- d-orbital: clover-shaped.

11. Electronic Configuration


- Aufbau principle: electrons fill lowest energy orbitals first.

- Pauli exclusion principle: no two electrons have same set of quantum numbers.

- Hund's rule: maximum multiplicity (parallel spins in degenerate orbitals).

These notes cover the key concepts, discoveries, models, and quantum mechanical aspects of the

structure of atom as per NCERT Class 11 Chemistry.

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