Basic Principles of iOS

1. Cisco IOS Modes

Router> EXEC mode user Switch>enable

Router>enable Password:

Password: Switch#

Router# Privileged EXEC mode Switch#disable

Router#disable Switch>

Router> Switch>exit

Router>exit

Switch>

2. Shortcut Keys and Shortcuts

Tab: complete the part of the command or keyword

Ctrl+R: redisplay a line

Ctrl+Z: exits configuration mode and returns to EXEC

Down arrow: allows the user to scroll forward through the

previous commands

Arrow up:

Ctrl+Shift (or alt)+6: allows the user to interrupt an IOS process, such as ping or
traceroute

Ctrl+C: cancels the current command and exits configuration mode

3. Analysis Commands

To verify and troubleshoot issues in the network operation, we must examine

the operation of the devices. The basic examination command is the command
show.

Router#show ? Router#show memory

Router#show version Router#show stacks

Router#show flash Router#show buffers

Router#show interface show users

Router#show running-config show sessions

Router#show startup-config (Ver

NVRAM content

Router#show protocols

Router#show processes CPU

4. Global Configuration Mode

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#

5. Specific Configuration Mode

Router(config-if)# Interface

Router(config-line)# Line

Router(config-router)# Routers

6. Hostname Configuration
RFC 1178 provides some of the rules that can be used as a reference for
the naming of devices.

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#hostname Atlanta

Atlanta(config)#

Atlanta(config)#no hostname

Router(config)#

7. Configure Console Password

Limit access to devices through the console connection.

Router(config)#line console 0

Router(config-line)#password **********

Router(config-line)#login

8. Set Password to privileged mode

Limit access to privileged EXEC mode, one is unencrypted and the other is encrypted.

Router(config)#enable password ********

Router(config)#enable secret *******

9. Configure VTY Password

Limit access to devices using Telnet (0-4 VTY).

Router(config)#line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)#password ********

Router(config-line)#login

10. Encrypt all passwords

Router#service password-encryption
11.Configure Warning Message

Router(config)#banner motd x This is a secure system. Only authorized personnel

authorized x

12. Verify Configuration Files

Show the currently active configuration in the RAM.

Router#show running-config

13.Replace the Startup Configuration File

When it is verified that the changes are correct, the active configuration can be
copy to the NV-RAM.

Router#copy running-config startup-config

Router#copy run start

14. Restore the Device to Original Settings

If the changes made to the running configuration do not take effect

desired, it may be necessary to revert to the previous device configuration.
Assuming that the startup configuration has not been overwritten with the changes,
The running configuration can be replaced by the startup configuration.
The best way to do it is by restarting the device with the reload command.
upon the request to enter privileged EXEC mode.

Router#reload

15.Interface Configuration

Ethernet Interface:

Router(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0 slot/port

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#

Serial Interface (DCE, provides the service):

Router(config)#interface Serial 0/0/0 slot/subslot/port

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.252

Router(config-if)#clock rate 5600

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#

16. Description of interfaces

Ethernet

Router(config)#interface fa0/0

router(config-if)#description

router responses

Serial:

Router(config)#interface Serial 0/0/0

Router(config-if)#description

Response from the team

17.Interface Configuration on Switch

Switch interfaces are also enabled by default.

As shown in this case, we can assign descriptions but it is not
It is necessary to activate the interface.

Switch#configure terminal

Switch(config)#hostname Morelia

Morelia(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0

Morelia(config-if)#description to TAM switch

Morelia(config-if)#exit

Morelia(config)#

To manage a switch, we assign addresses to the device for that purpose.

switch. With an IP address assigned to the switch, it acts as a host device. A
Once the address is assigned, the switch is accessed via telnet, ssh, or services.
Web. The address for a switch is assigned to a virtual interface represented
as a virtual LAN interface (VLAN). In most cases, this is the
VLAN interface 1. In the following process, an IP address is assigned to the interface
VLAN 1. Just like the physical interfaces of a router, it must also be activated.
this interface with the command no shutdown.

Switch#configure terminal

Switch(config)#interface vlan 1

Switch(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0

Switch(config-if)#no shutdown

Switch(config-if)#exit

Switch(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.1.1

Switch(config)#exit

Switch#

Like any other host, the switch needs a defined gateway address.
to communicate outside the local network.

18. Check Interface Operation

Router:
Switch

19.Verify Connectivity

C:\ping 10.1.0.2

C:\tracert 10.1.0.2

Router#ping 10.1.0.2

Router#traceroute 10.1.0.2

20. View Host Connections to Switch

Switch#show mac-address-table

21.Copy the Active Configuration to NVRAM

Router#copy running-config startup-config

22.Copy the Configuration from NVRAM to RAM

Router#copy running-config startup-config

23. Delete the configuration stored in the NVRAM

Router#erase startup-config

24. Verification of Changes in the Routing Table

It will allow us to see any changes the router makes when adding or deleting routes.
We can see the networks connected directly as they are added to the
routing table.

Router#debug ip routing

Router#config t We added an interface

Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#exit

Router#show ip route

We verify that the interface is present in the routing table.

Router#undebug all Disable ip routing debug

Router#undebug ip routingDisable the ip routing debug

25. Remove an Interface from the Routing Table

Router#debug ip routing

Router#config t

Router(config)#interface fa0/0

Router(config-if)#shutdown

Router(config-if)#ip address

Router(config-if)#end

Router#undebug all Deactivate the debug ip routing

Router#show ip route Check the change in the routing table

26. Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

Automatically discover Cisco devices running CDP,

regardless of which protocol or application set is running, it is
say, provides information about neighboring teams.

Router#show cdp neighbors

Router#show cdp neighbors detail

Router(config)#no cdp run Disable CDP

Router(config-if)#no cdp enable

27.Configure Static Route

Router(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2

Router(config)#end

Red Mascara Serial interface

28. Delete a Static Route

Router(config)#no ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2

29. Configure Static Route with Serial Exit Interface

Router(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0/0

Router(config)#end

30.Configure Static Route with Ethernet Exit Interface

Router(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 FastEthernet 0/1 172.16.2.2

31. Verify Administrative Distance of Routing Protocols

Router#show ip protocols

32.Configure RIPv1 Routing Protocol

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#router rip

Router(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 Enables routing

Directly connected class network address

33.Disable RIPv1 Routing Protocol

Router(config)#no router rip

34.Disable Unnecessary RIP Updates

Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#passive-interface FastEthernet 0/0

Router(config-router)#end

35.Routing Protocol Configuration RIPv2

Router(config)#router rip

Router(config-router)#version 2

36. EIGRP Routing Protocol Configuration

The global configuration command router eigrp autonomous-system enables

EIGRP. The autonomous system parameter is a number that the administrator of
red choose between 1 and 65535. The chosen number is the process ID number and is
important because all routers in this EIGRP routing domain
They must use the same process ID number (autonomous system number).

Router(config)#router eigrp 1

Router(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0

37.Configure Interface Bandwidth

Only modify the bandwidth metric used by the protocols of

Routing, such as EIGRP and OSPF, does not change the bandwidth of the link.
physical.

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0

Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 64 kbps, 1544 kbps

Router(config-if)#interface s 0/0/1

Router(config-if)#bandwidth 1024 1024 kbps

38. Check the Bandwidth

Router#show interface s 0/0/0

Show the information of that Interface

39.OSPF Routing Protocol Configuration

Router(config)#router ospf 1 From 1….65535

Router(config-router)#network 172.16.1.16 0.0.0.15 area 0

Router(config-router)#network 192.168.109.0 0.0.0.3 area 0

Router(config-router)#network 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3 area 0

40. Visualize incoming and outgoing RIP messages

Router#debug ip rip

41. Disable domain resolution for incorrectly entered commands

Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
 Basic Router Configuration

Router>enable

Router#config t

Router(config)#hostname Oaxaca

Oaxaca(config)#enable secret class Password for privileged EXEC mode

Oaxaca(config)#line console 0

Oaxaca(config-line)#password cisco Console password

Oaxaca(config-line)#login

Oaxaca(config-line)#exit

Oaxaca(config)#line vty 0 4

Oaxaca(config-line)#password cisco Password for telnet lines

Oaxaca(config-line)#login

Oaxaca(config-line)#exit
Oaxaca(config)#banner motd # Only Authorized Personnel! # Message

Oaxaca(config)#interface serial0/0/0 Serial interface slot 0/sub0/port 0 (DCE)

Oaxaca(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0

Oaxaca(config-if)#clock rate 64000

Oaxaca(config-if)#description link to Router2 Router Oaxaca to Router2

Oaxaca(config-if)#no shutdown

Oaxaca(config-if)#exit

Oaxaca(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0 Ethernet interface slot 0/port 0 (DTE)

Oaxaca(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

Oaxaca(config-if)#description Router to LAN Router connected to LAN network

Oaxaca(config-if)#no shutdown

Oaxaca(config-if)#exit

Oaxaca(config)#exit

Oaxaca#show running-config

Everything currently configured and running will be displayed.

What is found in RAM, if there is a power outage, is lost.
configuration.

Oaxaca#copy running-config startup-config

Save the RAM configuration in the NVRAM, in case of a power outage.

electric or an accidental load, the router may start with the configuration
current

Oaxaca#ip route

This command displays the routing table that is being used by the IOS.
currently to choose the best route to their destination networks. At this point,
Oaxaca only has routes for its networks connected directly, through
of their own interfaces.

Oaxaca interface brief

This command displays abbreviated interface configuration information.
for example, the IP address and the status of the interface. This command is a
useful tool for problem solving and a quick method for
determine the status of all the router's interfaces.

Dynamic Routing Protocols

RIPv1 (Routing Information Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

RFC1058
IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-
RIPv2 (RFC 1723) Intermediate System

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Protocol

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway)

Routing Protocol

Addressing with and without Class

Classful Addressing

In the original specification of IPv4 (RFC 790 and 791) released in 1981, the
authors established the classes to offer three different sizes of networks for
large, medium, and small organizations.
Classless Addressing

Without the introduction of CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, RFC

1517) and VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) in 1993 (RFC 1519), the
translation of name address translation (NAT) in 1994 (RFC 1631) and the
private addressing in 1996 (RFC 1918), the IPv4 address space of 32
bits would be exhausted.
CIDR subnets
 Private Addresses of RFC 1918

Practice 1: Interfaces and Static Routing

The figure shows the topology used in this chapter. The topology is
composed of three routers, named R1, R2, and R3. Routers R1 and R2.
they connect through a WAN link and routers R2 and R3 connect through
from another WAN link. Each router is connected to a different Ethernet LAN,
represented by a switch and a PC. Each router in this example is a Cisco
1841. A Cisco 1841 router has the following interfaces:
Two FastEthernet interfaces, FastEthernet 0/0 and FastEthernet 0/1

Two serial interfaces, Serial 0/0/0 and Serial 0/0/1

Router1 R1(config-if)#interface serial 0/0/0 DCE

Router>enable R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1

255.255.255.0
Router#configure terminal
R1(config-if)#clock rate 56000
Router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.1
255.255.255.0 Static routes

R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 R2(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0
255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 R2(config)#ip route 172.16.3.0

255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

R1(config)#ip route 172.168.2.0 R2(config)#end

255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
R2#show ip route
R1(config)#end
R2#show running-config
R1#show ip route

R1#show running-config

Router 3:
Router 2:
Router>enable
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname R3
Router(config)#hostname R2
R3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R2(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 DTE
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1
R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R3(config-if)#interface serial 0/0/1 DTE
R2(config-if)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1
R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R3(config-if)#exit
R2(config-if)#interface serial 0/0/1
DCE R3(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0
255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2
255.255.255.0 R3(config)#ip route 172.16.2.0
255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
R2(config-if)#clock rate 56000
R3(config)#ip route 172.16.3.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2

R2(config-if)#exit R3(config)#end

R2(config)#ip route 172.16.3.0 R3#show ip route

255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
R3#show running-config
 Practice 2: Routing with RIPv1

R1(config)#router rip

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
R2(config)#router rip

R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0

R2(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0

R2(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0

R3(config)#router rip

R3(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0

R3(config-router)#network 192.168.5.0

Abbreviated commands

en

configure terminal = configure t

show running-config = show run

show running-config

do show cdp

interface = int

fastethernet 0/0 =fa0/0