RESEARCH WORK

UNIT I, "INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL"

OBJECTIVE
Explain the importance of the definitions and characteristics of control systems.
automatic types of systems, the elements that are part of automatic systems and
the scope of application.

QUESTIONNAIRE OF QUESTIONS
Create a CONCEPTUAL MAP of automatic control

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Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks without human intervention.

c. Automation is the automatic control of systems that seeks to regulate,
the minimal human intervention, the dynamic behavior of a system through commands
of command (Armesto, 2008:4).

d. Automation can be defined as a set of techniques associated with the

application of mechanical/electronic systems and computer-based, whose objective is
the operation and control of production (Lorenzo, 2007:16).

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de-automation

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2. What are the objectives of automation?
3.3.1 Definition and objectives of automation
In this section, the definition of automation as a concept will be presented, mentioning in
what it consists of, the objectives and the advantages. This is done based on different authors who have
conducted research on automation.
Automation can be defined as:
It is a form of ordering based on the automatic sequencing of tasks and regulations.
variables so that the imposed guidelines continue (Robles Álvarez, 2005). Using systems or
computerized and electromechanical elements to control machinery and/or processes
industrials replacing human operators.
Automatically executing industrial, administrative, or scientific tasks makes it more agile.
and effective work. It is referred to as any task performed by machines instead of
people. It is the replacement of manual procedures with computing systems.
Its importance lies in carrying out totally continuous processes through sequences.
scheduled. Automatic processes in a closed loop with the possibility of self-control and self-
correction of deviations.
The automation aims to increase the competitiveness of the industry, which is why it is required.
the use of new technologies (Fonseca Mancera, Álvarez Salazar, 2011).

The objectives of automation:

Find the lowest costs in labor, materials, and energy.
Elimination of dangerous or heavy jobs. Improvement of working conditions.
Better quality and uniformity of the product, limiting the human factor and using controls.
automated and repetitive processes.
Execution of operations impossible to control manually or interactively. Like it
miniature assemblies, very fast operations, complex coordinations.
Minimize effort and production times
Improve productivity by reducing manufacturing costs through better control of the
production
Save space in the plant by making the arrangement of the machines and the flow of material more efficient.
Increase the security of the staff
In summary, it is about improving the complexity of the product directly or indirectly. The factors that
The factors that influence complexity are costs, quality, innovation, and availability (2005).
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3. Create a synoptic chart on the history of Automation?
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Advantages of automation?
What are the main advantages of industrial automation?
Permanent repetition

In the already refined processes, this repeats continuously without alterations or failures, which
allows for uninterrupted production with 24-hour availability. This advantage is
especially interesting in companies with a marked seasonality in production, which
shows very marked increases.

Optimal quality levels

Automation allows processes to be executed with a much higher level of precision.

that in a manual process. The measures, weights, or mixtures are calculated with the minimum unit.
In addition, there are no downtime or interruptions due to errors or changes in the process.

Cost savings

Once a process is automated, less base personnel is needed in the chain.

production. On the other hand, automation increases energy efficiency and usage
raw materials. Thus, costs associated with supplies and stock are reduced.

Production time

Given the efficiency and accuracy of the automated process, the time is significantly reduced.
of production.

Staff safety

The security of personnel is increased, especially in processes that involve large

weights, high temperatures or dangerous environments (with harmful chemicals,
radioactive...

More flexible production

Automation allows adapting the product to specific characteristics and requirements.

from each company. Additionally, it allows for tasks that are impossible to carry out manually.
Improvement of data flow

Better integration is achieved in data communication networks, which allows for reduction
the reaction time to changes or alterations in production, as well as making decisions
more precise.

Competitive advantage

All of the above increases competitiveness in the market, as a better can be provided.
response to the needs of this, to offer better quality products in less time,
react more quickly and flexibly to changes.

And the main disadvantages?

Specialized personnel

The staff required to manage automated processes is more specialized, so

it may be harder to find and more expensive to hire.

Investment cost

For some companies, the initial cost of the investment may be perceived as high, if not
they take into account the ROI.

Technological dependence

Depending on the chosen supplier, and given the high specialization of some machinery, the
the company may be bound by maintenance contracts or development needs
specific.

Technological obsolescence

In any type of industry, there is a risk of obsolescence, so the initial project must
take into account the amortization of the investment and the ROI, among other factors.
5. How is automation technology classified?

What is an automated system?

Automation is a system where production tasks are transferred,
usually by human operators to a set of technological elements.

An automated system consists of two main parts:

Part of Command
Operational Part

The Operational Part is the part that acts directly on the machine. They are the elements that
they make the machine move and perform the desired operation. The elements that make up the
the operational part consists of the actuators of the machines such as motors, cylinders, compressors .. and

the sensors like photodiodes, limit switches ...

The Control Unit is usually a programmable logic controller (programmed technology), although up to
Not long ago, electromagnetic relays, electronic cards, or logic modules were used.
tires (wired technology). In an automated manufacturing system, the automaton
programmable is at the center of the system. It must be able to communicate with all of the
components of automated system.
http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/webcentro/automatica/WebCQMH1/MAIN%20PAGE/Auto
matization/Automation.htm
6. Explain automatic control systems according to the process approach?
MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM WITH A PROCESS-BASED APPROACH
BALANCED SCORECARD IN A TOBACCO PRODUCTION COMPANY

DEVELOPMENT
Management control system.
A Management Control System is a set of procedures that represents a model.
concrete organizational structure to carry out the planning and control of the activities that are being carried out

head in the company, determined by a set of activities and their interrelations,

and an information system (Hernández Torres, 1998, referring to the criteria of various authors). But
this approach tends to interpret Management Control in the traditional style, reducing it to a
reactive control function, aimed at knowing whether the results have been achieved or not, that is,
overestimates the criterion of Effectiveness.
However, there are other modern approaches that conceive the SCG as a system of
information-control, budget and continuously linked with the management that aims to define
compatible objectives, establish appropriate monitoring measures and propose
specific solutions to correct deviations. The control is active in the sense of
influence the direction to design the future and continuously create the conditions for
make it a reality, (see Figure 1).

From all of the above, we can conclude that despite the existence of several interpretations about the
control process of an organization are all essentially based on the same
principles by which in our research we will use the same conception on the subject.

Process Management
The process-based approach is a basic and fundamental management principle for obtaining
of results. Emphasizes how the desired results can be achieved by
more efficiently if the grouped activities are considered among themselves, taking into account their
once, these activities must allow a transformation of inputs into outputs and that
In this transformation, value must be added while exercising control over the whole.
of activities.

The fact of considering activities grouped together as processes allows for a

organization focuses its attention on 'areas of results' (the processes must achieve
results) that are important to know and analyze for the control of the set of activities and
to guide the organization towards achieving the desired results.
The new version of the ISO 9000 family of standards approved in the year 2000 proposes a model
of quality management based on eight principles, among which is the focus
based on processes. It states: "any activity, or set of activities, that
uses resources to transform input elements into results can be considered as
a process (see figure 2).
Figure 2. Process "A set of mutually related activities, or that interact
which transform input elements into outputs. Source: Beltrán Sanz, (2002).
The identification and systematic management of processes is known as a 'process-based approach'.
processes." This principle holds that "a result is achieved more efficiently when the
activities and resources are managed as a process” (see figure 3).
Figure 3. The Process-Based Management System for Achieving Results. Source:
Beltrán Sanz, (2002).
According to the model of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), management by
processes allow organizations to act more effectively when all
interrelated activities are understood and managed systematically, and the
decisions regarding current operations and planned improvements are made from
reliable information that includes the perceptions of all stakeholders
Rodríguez Ocampo, A.: "Management control system with a process-oriented approach, based on the
integrated scorecard in a tobacco production company" in Contributions to the
Economy, May 2009 at http://www.eumed.net/ce/2009a/
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7. What are automation systems?
Automation is a system where production tasks are transferred.
usually by human operators to a set of technological elements. The Part
Operational is the part that acts directly on the machine. They are the elements that do.
let the machine move and perform the desired operation.
a. Open Loop Systems.
An open-loop control system is characterized by not receiving any information.
or feedback on the state of the variable, they are usually used when
the variable is predictable and has a wide margin of error, as it can be calculated the
time or the number of times the cycle must be repeated to complete the process.
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They are those in which the output signal does not affect the operation of the entire system.
For example: a microwave oven that lacks a temperature sensor of the
foods (it is the one that allows you to automatically calculate the cooking time and level) to
cooking, the appliance will emit microwaves throughout the set time upon starting the
cooking process, regardless of whether the food is fully cooked or not.
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b. Closed Loop Systems
They are those in which a feedback process occurs, that is to say, it is capable
to modify the input signal based on the output signal the decision making does not
it depends not only on the input but also on the output.
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In a closed-loop control system, the error signal is fed to the controller.
action, which is the difference between the input signal and the feedback output (which
It can be the output signal itself or a function of the output signal and its derivatives.
o/y integrals) in order to reduce the error and bring the system output to a suitable value.
 The term closed-loop control always implies the use of a control action.
feeding back to reduce the system error.
http://eet602ei.blogspot.com/2012/05/openclosed-loop-control-systems.html
8. Describe the elements that are part of Automated Systems?
a.Sensor.- The motion sensor is an electronic device made up of
various receiving and transmitting units of signals that detect and react to
any type of physical movement in a limited area. Although its use is being
extending to a greater number of sections within home automation, such as the
home climate control, for example, motion detectors are used in
great measure for two purposes: security and lighting.
Its most widespread use is found in alarms, where we have different
types of motion sensors according to their operation.
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b.Controller. - A programmable automation controller, or PAC (from English
Programmable Automation Controller), is an industrial technology oriented towards
automated control, prototype design, and measurement. The PAC refers to the
set formed by a controller (typically a CPU), input modules
and outputs, and one or multiple data buses that interconnect everything.

This controller efficiently combines the control reliability of an automaton.

(programmable logic controller or PLC) along with the flexibility of monitoring and
calculation of a PC. Sometimes even the speed and customization are joined
microelectronics. The PACs can be used in the research field (prototyping
fast controllers or RCP), but it is primarily in the industrial sector for control
of machines and processes, where it is used the most. The following stand out: multiple
closed loops of independent control, precision data acquisition,
mathematical analysis and deep memory, remote monitoring, artificial vision
motion control and robotics, controlled security, etc.
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c. Actuator. -An ACTUATOR is an inherently mechanical device whose
The function is to provide strength to move or "actuate" another mechanical device. The
The force that the actuator generates comes from three possible sources: Pressure
pneumatics, hydraulic pressure, and electric driving force (electric motor or
solenoid). Depending on the source of the force, the actuator is called
tire, hydraulic or electric.
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d. Process (operation). - The automation of processes is a term applied to
the industry. Its definition would be the control of a specific system composed of
different artifacts such as valves, PLCs, pipes, sensors, and this
type of devices. This is the automation of processes. Man does not have
do not touch anything in the system because everything is already automated except for the

programming for new changes in the products. That also means that the
the work is well done.
What is automation?
processes.html

9. Describe in a diagram the control variables?

http://electromatic2012.blogspot.com/2013/06/introduction-to-automatic-control.html

10. What is the scope of application and impact of automatic control in industry?
Its study and application have contributed to the universal recognition of its advantages and benefits.
associated with the industrial field, which is where it has one of its greatest applications due to the
the need to control a large number of variables, added to the increasing complexity of
The systems. Automatic process control is primarily used because it reduces costs.
associated with the generation of goods and services, increases the quality and volumes of production
from an industrial plant among other benefits associated with its application. The elimination of
errors and an increase in the security of processes is another contribution of the use and application
of this control technique. At this point, it is important to highlight that prior to the application
massive use of automatic control techniques in industry, it was the man who applied his
calculation capabilities and even their physical strength for the execution of process control or
machine associated with production. Currently, thanks to the development and application of the
modern control techniques, a large number of tasks and calculations associated with manipulation
the variables have been delegated to computers, controllers, and drives
specialized for achieving the system requirements.
Automatic control is the maintenance of a desired value for a quantity or condition.
physics, measuring its current value, comparing it with the reference value, and using the difference
to proceed to reduce it through a corrective action. Consequently, the automatic control
requires a closed loop of action and reaction that works without human intervention.
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