Database Model

A Database model can be freely used to describe a set of

organized, ordered, and stored information in a computer.
an organized set of data is sometimes structured using a certain solution of
data modeling, this model determines how to structure the records for
ensure that the recovery and changes to the data are more efficient.- Depending on the
type of applications that will use the database, the structure of the database can be modified to
allow efficient changes to the data.- It is appropriate to mention the different techniques
data modeling that has been developed over the last 50 years with the
idea of organizing information more efficiently.

The evolution of Data Modeling

There are several database models that were used before the relational model (hierarchical,
red) which were partial solutions to the never-ending problem of how to store the
data efficiently.

The relational model is currently the best solution for storage and
record recovery.

The evolution of database models has developed as new models

They solved problems that their predecessors had. - The first solution is not a
Database model itself: The File System (also known as files)
plans).- It is the set of services that the operating system offers for the
file management, its origin dates back to the late 1940s and early
the 50.

* Hierarchical DB Model

The hierarchical DB model resembles the structure of an inverted tree.- The tables
in this model they have a parent-child relationship. Each child table has only one
parent table, each parent table can have multiple child tables. - The child tables are
completely dependent on the parent tables, so a child table can only exist if the
parent table exists.- The result of this structure is that the hierarchical model of database
Data supports one to many relationships. (1:N one to many relationships).- Origin towards
1950.

Network Database Model

This model is essentially a refinement of the hierarchical database model.

allows child tables to have more than one parent table, thus enabling the creation of a
network structure.- Having multiple parent tables for a child table allows for
many to many relationships (N:M) in addition to the relationship
one to many previously described. - Origin around 1960.

Relational DB Model

The relational database model has an improvement over the hierarchical structure without
completely abandon it. - In this model, each table can be accessed directly.
without the need to access all parent objects.- The trick is knowing what it is that
you are looking - if you want the address of a specific employee, it is necessary to know from
which employee is required the information, or simply examine all employees.
It is not necessary to examine the entire hierarchical structure.

Another benefit of the relational model is that tables can be related to each other.
others, regardless of whether there is a logical hierarchical structure or not.- The relationships
between the tables are not given through pointers, but through the data contained in the
fields of the tables.

The Relational Database Management System

A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Database Management System) is a term used to describe a set of
programs and routines to manage and communicate with the relational database engine and with
laBDmisma.- Its origin dates back to around 1970.

The relational database model was invented by an IBM researcher named Dr.
E.F. Codd, who published research related to the model for some time.
Other people resumed their studies by making adjustments and improvements to the model until
to reach the model we know today.

Essentially, the relational database model was developed with the purpose of managing
large datasets, this was possible by minimizing data duplication to
through a process called normalization.-Normalization is composed of a
a determined number of steps called normal forms. - The result of all this was
a language for general data access called Structured Query Language
SQL (Structured Query Language) that allows retrieving data from the
data structures of the relational model.

Object-Oriented Database Model

An Object-Oriented Database model provides a three-dimensional structure for the

data, thus allowing access to any item in the database from any perspective.
This model is efficient for finding unique information elements. - However
this model performs poorly when it comes to retrieving more than one item
of information, a characteristic that is surpassed by the relational model. - It is developed at
starting from 1980.

Object-Oriented Relational Database Model

The Object-Oriented Relational model allows access to unique elements from

any point of the database structure with great efficiency.- While the database of
pure objects are very poor in the retrieval of more than one element, in this model it is
It is possible to utilize the advantages of the relational model for the retrieval of more than one
object.- Essentially, it is to extend the relational model so that it has the capability of
handle objects.

Types of Databases

It is important to consider the strategy in data modeling.

An appropriate analysis of requirements is needed for the application or applications that will be created.
use of the database - One must know the function(s) and objectives pursued in designing
a database since it depends on this to determine what the type of structure and category will be
What will the database have.

Databases, according to their function, can fall into three major categories:

• Transactional
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Hybrid

Transactional DBs are databases based on small changes in the database.

Yes, small transactions).- The DB is directed by a set of transactions.- The
the primary function of this type of DB is to add new data, change the existing ones,
delete data, all this in small access portions (usually registration by
(record).- Examples of transactional databases can be:

• BD Client/Server: Manageable number of users, low concurrency, flow

manageable data.
• BD OLTP (Online Transaction Process): Greater number of users, large
concurrency amount, active databases 24x7x365.

Decision Support Systems are commonly known as databases

DSS data, and they do exactly that, they are focused on decision making.
generally at the managerial and executive level.- Examples of this type of DB are:

• Data Warehouses: You can use the same one.

transactional data modeling approach. - However, this type
databases often contain a large amount of information and historical data for
 facilitate trend analysis among other things, the result can be
excessively large.- The OLTP databases are the data source of this
type of DB.
• Data Mart: A data mart is essentially a small
subset of the total data contained in a Data Bank.
• DB for Reports: A database of this type can contain records from a bank
Datapero only reflects active data records, not historical ones.

Hybrid Databases are simply the combination of the requirements of

concurrency of Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) and storage
Database.- It is an economically viable solution for small organizations,
that they do not wish to invest in two different types of databases.
Database Systems

A Database Management System (DBMS)

The system consists of a collection of interrelated data and a set of
programs that allow users to access and modify such data.- The collection of
data was called database.

A Database Management System (DBMS) is the set of

programs that allow defining, manipulating, and using the information they contain
the Databases, perform all the necessary administration tasks to
keep them operational, maintain their integrity, confidentiality, and security.- A
The database is never accessed or manipulated directly but rather through the DBMS.
You can consider the DBMS as the interface between the user and the database.

The operation of the DBMS is very interrelated with the Operating System,
especially with the communication system.- The DBMS will use the facilities of the
communication system to receive user requests (which may be
using a remote terminal) to return the results.- Conceptually what
what happens is the following:

1. A user makes an access request, using a specific language.

(normally SQL).
2. The DBMS intercepts that request and analyzes it.
The DBMS inspects that user's external schema, the correspondence
external/conceptual the scheme conceptual the correspondence
conceptual/internal, and the definition of the storage structure.
4. The DBMS performs the necessary operations on the stored database.

The DBMS has the following functions:

Definition of Data

The DBMS must be able to accept data definitions (external schemas, the
conceptual scheme, the internal scheme, and all associated correspondences) in
source version and convert them into the appropriate object version. In other words, the
DBMS must include language processing components for each of the
various data definition languages (DDL). The DBMS must also understand the
definitions in DDL, in the sense that, for example, it understands that the records
external 'Employee' contains a field 'Salary'; and it should be able to use these
knowledge to interpret and respond to user requests (for example
a query of all employees whose salary is below 10,000 pesos.
Data Manipulation

The DBMS must be able to handle user requests to extract, and perhaps
update, data that already exists in the database, or to add new data to it.
another way, the DBMS must include a language processing component
data manipulation (DML).

Data security and integrity

The DBMS must monitor user requests and reject attempts to violate.
the security and integrity measures defined by the database administrator.

Data recovery and concurrency

The DBMS (or alternatively some related software component, to which

he is usually called transaction manager) must take care of the
compliance with certain recovery and concurrency controls.

Data Dictionary

The DBMS must include a data dictionary function. -It can be said that the
Data dictionary is a database (of the system, not the user). - The content
the dictionary can be considered as 'data about data' (metadata), it is
to say, definitions of other objects in the system, and not just raw data.- In particular,
In the data dictionary, all the various schemas will be stored physically.
correspondences (external, conceptual, etc.) in both their source versions and in the
object versions.- A complete data dictionary will include cross-references for
indicate, for example, what databases the programs use, what reports they require
the users, which terminals are connected to the system.- The data dictionary could
to be integrated into the database it defines, and therefore to include its own definition.
It should be possible to consult the dictionary just like any other database.
So it is possible to know, for example, what programs or users could be affected.
for a proposed modification to the system.

In conclusion, we can say that the DBMS serves as the interface between the user.
and the database system. - The user interface can be defined as a boundary
of the system, beyond which everything becomes invisible to the user.- By definition,
So, the user interface is at the external level.
Extensibility features of DBMS

DBMS must meet a series of characteristics that address new

functionalities that must currently be provided, these characteristics are:

ODBC support

ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity) is an Open Database Connectivity.

Define as a common method of access to databases, designed by Microsoft for
simplify communication in Client/Server Database.-ODBC consists of a
set of low-level calls that allows client applications
exchange instructions with server applications and share data, without
need to know nothing about each other.- The applications use modules,
called database controllers, which link the application with the specific DBMS
chosen.- SQL is used as the language for data access.- The DBMS must
provide the appropriate drivers to be used by the various
programming languages that support ODBC.

Object-Oriented Programming

Traditional relational DBMS can only store and handle numbers and
string characters.- Improvements in the field of multimedia require that the
Currently developed applications increasingly require storing, along with the
numerical and character information, more complex data types that allow
manage sound objects, images, videos, etc. - Some relational DBMS
They use binary data to store this type of data, but it is not enough.
appearance of Object-Oriented Relational DBMS (OODBMS) provide all
the power and robustness of relational DBMSs, and at the same time, allow
manage objects natively, as well as numeric and character fields
that have traditionally been collected. - The OODBMS have all the
possibilities of a classic SQL query engine, but the language can manipulate
user-defined types, in the same way that it manages predefined types
of the oldest systems.

Internet connectivity

The various existing DBMS incorporate in their latest versions software of type
middleware to add connectivity to the database via the Internet. - Microsoft
has developed ADO (ActiveX Data Object, Data Access Objects)
that, incorporated into scripts within HTML web pages, provide connection
with Databases, both local and remote, using ODBC (JDBC Driver of
Open Database Connectivity for Java.
Object standards support

There are several object standards designed to provide guidance in design and
development of distributed applications that work with relational databases with orientation to
objects.- Today's DBMS use middleware type software that assumes the
object transaction service tasks following some of the standards of
existing objects.- The main object standards are:

CORBA (Common Object Broker Architecture, or Common Architecture of Managers)

object requests), of the Object Management Group (OMG).

Microsoft's DCOM (Distributed Component Model).

Java Remote Method Invocation from Sun.

The current DBMS provide support, at a minimum, to CORBA and DCOM.

Data Mining, Data Warehousing, OLAP

DBMS must incorporate a series of tools that allow, comfortably,

simple and intuitive, the extraction and dissection-data mining (Data Mining), and support
OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)
which is a category of new software technologies that allow obtaining
and extract information through a complex analysis and processing of the content of
a Database, all of this in real time.

They must also provide increasingly better stability and robustness, allowing for
optimize data warehouses (Data Warehousing), data markets (Data Marts)
data webs, transaction processes, and other mission-critical applications.

Data Management and Database Management

Data is one of the most valuable assets of the company, it is necessary for there to be
a person who understands them along with the needs of the company regarding those
data, at a higher level of management.- That person is the data administrator.
The role of the Data Administrator is to first decide which data must
to be stored in the database and establish policies to maintain and manage that data
once stored.- An example of these policies could be one that indicates who can
perform operations on certain data and under what circumstances. - In other words, a
data security policy.- The Data Administrator is an administrator, not
a technician, although it requires having an idea of the possibilities of the database manager.
The technician responsible for carrying out the decisions of the data administrator is the
Database Administrator (or DBA).- Therefore, the DBA, unlike the DA,
It is a professional IT. The work of the DBA consists of creating the actual database and implementing the
technical controls necessary to enforce the various policy decisions
made by theDA.- TheDBA is also responsible for ensuring that the system operates
with the proper performance and to provide a variety of other technical services.
Usually, a DB will have a team of systems programmers and other assistants.
technicians.