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? Atomic Structure

This document provides concise notes on atomic structure for JEE, covering subatomic particles, atomic models, Bohr's formulae, energy of photons, spectral series, Rydberg formula, de Broglie wavelength, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, electronic configuration, and exceptions. Key concepts include the characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as significant atomic models like Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. It also discusses principles such as wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics in relation to electron behavior and energy levels.

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11 views3 pages

? Atomic Structure

This document provides concise notes on atomic structure for JEE, covering subatomic particles, atomic models, Bohr's formulae, energy of photons, spectral series, Rydberg formula, de Broglie wavelength, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, electronic configuration, and exceptions. Key concepts include the characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as significant atomic models like Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. It also discusses principles such as wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics in relation to electron behavior and energy levels.

Uploaded by

Rsdkm minecraft
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🧪 Atomic Structure – Short Notes for JEE

✅ 1. Subatomic Particles

Particle Charge Mass (kg)

Proton +1.6×10−19+1.6 \times 10^{-19}+1.6×10−19 C 1.67×10−271.67 \times 10^{-27}1.67×10−27

Neutron 0 1.67×10−271.67 \times 10^{-27}1.67×10−27

Electron −1.6×10−19-1.6 \times 10^{-19}−1.6×10−19 C 9.1×10−319.1 \times 10^{-31}9.1×10−31

✅ 2. Atomic Models

 Thomson: Plum pudding model (disproved)

 Rutherford:

o Dense nucleus, mostly empty space

o Couldn’t explain electron stability

 Bohr’s Model:

o Quantized orbits

o Angular momentum:

mvr=nh2πmvr = \frac{nh}{2\pi}mvr=2πnh

✅ 3. Bohr’s Formulae

 Radius of orbit:

rn=0.529×n2Z A˚r_n = 0.529 \times \frac{n^2}{Z} \, \text{Å}rn=0.529×Zn2A˚

 Velocity of electron:

vn=2.18×106 Zn m/sv_n = \frac{2.18 \times 10^6 \, Z}{n} \, \text{m/s}vn=n2.18×106Zm/s

 Energy of orbit:

En=−13.6⋅Z2n2 eVE_n = -13.6 \cdot \frac{Z^2}{n^2} \, \text{eV}En=−13.6⋅n2Z2eV

 More negative = more stable

✅ 4. Energy of Photon

 When electron jumps:

ΔE=hν=Ef−Ei\Delta E = h\nu = E_f - E_iΔE=hν=Ef−Ei

 Ionization Energy = energy to remove electron from ground state (n=1 to n=∞)
✅ 5. Spectral Series (Hydrogen)

Series Transition (to n=) Region

Lyman 1 UV

Balmer 2 Visible

Paschen 3 Infrared

Brackett 4 Infrared

Pfund 5 Infrared

✅ 6. Rydberg Formula

1λ=RZ2(1n12−1n22),(n2>n1)\frac{1}{\lambda} = RZ^2 \left( \frac{1}{n_1^2} - \frac{1}{n_2^2} \right), \


quad (n_2 > n_1)λ1=RZ2(n121−n221),(n2>n1)

 R=1.097×107 m−1R = 1.097 \times 10^7 \, \text{m}^{-1}R=1.097×107m−1

✅ 7. de Broglie Wavelength

λ=hmv\lambda = \frac{h}{mv}λ=mvh

 Particles behave like waves (wave-particle duality)

✅ 8. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Δx⋅Δp≥h4π\Delta x \cdot \Delta p \geq \frac{h}{4\pi}Δx⋅Δp≥4πh

 Can’t know position and momentum both exactly

✅ 9. Quantum Numbers

Symbol Name Meaning

nnn Principal Shell number, energy level

lll Azimuthal Subshell (s = 0, p = 1, d = 2...)

mlm_lml Magnetic Orbital orientation

msm_sms Spin ±12\pm \frac{1}{2}±21

🌀 Total orbitals in shell nnn: n2n^2n2


🌀 Max electrons in shell nnn: 2n22n^22n2
✅ 10. Electronic Configuration

 Aufbau: Lowest energy level filled first

 Pauli Exclusion: No two electrons same set of quantum numbers

 Hund’s Rule: Maximum unpaired electrons with same spin

✅ 11. Exceptions

 Cr: [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹

 Cu: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹


(More stability from half/full-filled orbitals)

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