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Atomic Structure (One-Page Notes)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of atomic structure, detailing subatomic particles, quantum mechanics, and key theories such as the photoelectric effect and Bohr's model. It covers fundamental concepts including quantum numbers, electron configurations, and the stability of configurations, along with the nature of electromagnetic radiation. Additionally, it discusses atomic variants and historical atomic models, emphasizing the quantized nature of energy and the principles governing atomic behavior.

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45 views2 pages

Atomic Structure (One-Page Notes)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of atomic structure, detailing subatomic particles, quantum mechanics, and key theories such as the photoelectric effect and Bohr's model. It covers fundamental concepts including quantum numbers, electron configurations, and the stability of configurations, along with the nature of electromagnetic radiation. Additionally, it discusses atomic variants and historical atomic models, emphasizing the quantized nature of energy and the principles governing atomic behavior.

Uploaded by

liya0antony
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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🧪 Atomic Structure – One Page Summary

🔹 1. Subatomic Particles
• Energy is quantized
• E = hν, where h = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js

🔹 7. Photoelectric Effect (Einstein)


• Electrons emitted when light hits metal
• KE = hν – hν₀ (ν₀ = threshold frequency)

🔹 8. Hydrogen Spectrum
• Emission lines:
• Lyman (UV), Balmer (Visible), Paschen, Brackett, Pfund (IR)
• Rydberg’s Formula:
ῡ = 109677 (1/n₁² – 1/n₂²) cm⁻¹

🔹 9. Bohr’s Model
• Fixed circular orbits
• r ∝ n², E ∝ –1/n²
• Transition: ΔE = E₂ – E₁ = hν

🔹 10. Limitations of Bohr Model


• Only explains H-like atoms
• Can’t explain fine spectra, Zeeman/Stark effect

🔹 11. de Broglie Equation


• Matter has wave nature
• λ = h/mv

🔹 12. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle


• Δx · Δp ≥ h/4π
• Can’t know exact position & momentum together

🔹 13. Quantum Numbers


• n (shell), ℓ (subshell), mℓ (orientation), s (spin ±½)

🔹 14. Orbital Shapes & Nodes


• s: Sphere, p: Dumbbell, d & f: Complex
• Nodes: Total = n–1; Radial = n–ℓ–1; Angular = ℓ
🔹 15. Electron Configuration Rules
1. Aufbau: Lower energy orbitals fill first
2. Pauli: Max 2 electrons/orbital with opposite spins
3. Hund: Degenerate orbitals filled singly first

🔹 16. Stability in Configurations


• Half/fully filled subshells are extra stable
• e.g. Cr = [Ar] 3d⁵4s¹; Cu = [Ar] 3d¹⁰4s¹
• Electron (J.J. Thomson): Charge = –1.6022 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, Mass = 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg
• Proton (E. Goldstein): Charge = +1.6022 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, Mass = 1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
• Neutron (James Chadwick): Neutral, Mass = 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ kg

🔹 2. Atomic Numbers
• Atomic number (Z) = No. of protons = No. of electrons
• Mass number (A) = Protons + Neutrons → Neutrons = A – Z

🔹 3. Atomic Variants
• Isotopes: Same Z, different A
• Isobars: Same A, different Z
• Isotones: Same number of neutrons

🔹 4. Atomic Models
• Thomson: Positive sphere with electrons embedded
• Rutherford: Dense nucleus with electrons orbiting

🔹 5. Electromagnetic Radiation
• Speed = 3 × 10⁸ m/s;
• Equation: c = λν
• Wave nature (Maxwell’s theory)

🔹 6. Planck’s Quantum Theory

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