1.1.Evolution of wireless technology.

Since the beginnings of humanity, a fundamental theme for the

development and progress of this has been the need for communication
among all.
In recent years, technology has advanced a lot since its emergence.
from computers, phone lines, cell phones, wired networks and
wireless, as well as satellite ones. In 1979, IBM publishes the
results of your experiment with infrared rays in a factory in
Switzerland, this was carried out in order to build a local network in that place.
These results that have been published have been considered for the point of
departure for the evolution of the different wireless networks that exist
nowadays this began the starting point for the creation and the
growth of all wireless technologies. Communication is
establishes through a sender, a medium, and a receiver. But the
today's technology must not only grow in voice transmission,
who must try to cover all possible fields, such as being the
data transfer. To address this need, arises in the
computer science, computer networks such as intranet, extranet and
Internet, data transfer via infrared, as well as in the application
of satellite networks. They have managed to meet the need
achieving the connection of users in different places around the world.
The application of different wireless technologies has been having a
great growth and success in transmission speeds, although without
compete with the use of wired networks or the use of fiber
optics, however, satisfactorily meet the need of the
users.
The term "wireless" refers to technology without cables that
allows connecting multiple machines to each other, using infrared technologies
radio frequencies. Among which IrDA stands out (among the most
common) and other computer networks such as Wi-Fi.
Note: The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines a physical standard for the method of transmission.
and data reception via infrared rays. IrDA was created in 1993 between HP, IBM, Sharp and
others.

This technology is based on light rays that move in the infrared spectrum.
IrDA standards support a wide range of electrical and computing devices.
communications, enables bidirectional communication between two ends to
speeds that range between 9,600 bps and 4 Mbps. This technology is found
on many laptops, and on a growing number of cell phones, about
everything in the leading manufacturers.
Types of wireless technology
Wireless technologies can be classified into three, which are:

Wide area networks: they are interconnections of computer equipment

scattered all over the world, even across different continents. The
lines used to carry out this interconnection are usually part of the
public data transmission networks. They are also used for the
mobile technology service (WAN).

Note: A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a private network of

geographically distributed telecommunications that interconnect multiple area networks
local (LAN).

Local area networks: it is the interconnection of several

computers. Local Area Network (LAN) is the English abbreviation for
Local Area Network. This connection is physically limited to a
distance of 100 meters. It is used for the interconnection of computers
personal and workstations in offices, factories, etc., for
share resources and exchange data and applications. In conclusion,
allows two or more machines to communicate with each other. This
technology offers a great advantage which is easy and real-time access
to carry out all kinds of work and also to be able to make inquiries
from anywhere.

Personal area networks: They are used to connect two or more devices.
more devices (PAN). It exists within a relatively small area,
that connects electronic devices with computers, printers,
scanner, fax machines, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and notebooks,
without the need for cables or connectors to be effective
transfer of information. Previously to connect these devices
a large number of connector cables were necessary and
adapters, the existence of different incompatible port options
(USB, serial, parallel) had limitations and issues because they were not as
reliable, they were also very uncomfortable.

Different Types of Wireless Technologies and Advantages

What Bluetooth Contributes.
Bluetooth is a universally available radio frequency that
connect the Bluetooth-enabled devices located at
a distance of up to 10 meters. It allows connecting one for example: a
notebook or a mobile phone with other machines, mobile phones,
cameras, printers, keyboards, speakers, and other devices of
computer

Advantages of Bluetooth. It allows for quick and easy connections.

Bluetooth-enabled devices with each other and thus create a
personal area network (PAN) The use of this network allows for the exchange
files on different occasions with great ease and also saves
a long time performing different tasks. With Bluetooth, it can be done
immediate activities such as printing a report from the
desktop via any Bluetooth-enabled printer inside
out of range, wireless, and also without problems.

Wi-Fi wireless local area network (WLAN) is an IT network of

average size that uses the radio frequency 802.11a, 802.11b or
802.11g instead of cables and allows for various connections
wireless to the Internet. These frequencies were established in 1997
by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) If you know
where there is a Wi-Fi or WLAN network, you can browse the Internet,
use email and access a company's private network.
This is a good option for a mobile employee who is away from their
company.

Advantages it brings where there is a Wi-Fi network, there is a portal of

information and communication. The incorporation of a WLAN network to the
office provides greater freedom. These possibilities are not limited
to the office, and more WLAN networks keep appearing in places like
cybers, restaurants, hotels, and airports, which allows users to
access the information they need. Access the company's network and
get the answers you need, at the right moment. Wi-Fi puts
an unparalleled access to the Internet at your disposal.

Disadvantages
One of the disadvantages of the Wi-Fi system is the loss of
speed compared to a wired connection, due to the
interferences and signal losses that the environment, where is
find, it can have. The fundamental disadvantage of these networks exists
in the field of security. There are some programs capable of
capture packets in such a way that they can calculate the network password
and in this way access it. The keys are relatively easy to
achieve with this system. One of the weak points (if not the great
weak point) is the fact of being unable to control the area that the signal of the
red covers, for this reason it is possible that the signal exceeds the perimeter of the
building and someone from the outside can visualize the network and this is without a doubt
a helping hand for the potential attacker.

Different frequencies used by Wi-Fi technology and its

Evolution
802.11: In 1997, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Electronics) creates the Standard 802.11 with transmission speeds of
2 Mbps. 802.11a: uses the same base protocol set as the
operates with a maximum speed of 54 Mbit/s, 802.11b: The
The 802.11b revision of the original standard was ratified in 1999. The standard
802.11b operates in the 2.4 GHz band. Due to the space it occupies
for the encoding of the Multiple Access protocol with Signal Listening
Carrier (Carrier-Sense Multiple Access or CSMA for its initials
CSMA/CA, in practice, the maximum transmission speed
with this standard is approximately 5.9 Mbit/s over TCP and 7.1
Mbit/s over UDP.

Wi-Max. Specifically, the 802.16 technology, often referred to

WiMAX complements WLAN by connecting hotspots (it is an area of
Wi-Fi coverage) with 802.11 technology to the Internet and offers an alternative
wireless for next-generation broadband connectivity to
companies and households"This is a very costly network that Microsoft applies
truly we can have a broadband and not just a width of
band, where the transmission speed will be higher.

Differences between Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. A Wi-Fi network can be

established by anyone to connect the house with the office, while
that Wimax is designed to cover an entire city through
dispersed base stations around the area.

GPRS is the acronym for General Packet Radio Services (services

general packet radio services). Often described as "2.5 G".
that is to say, a technology between the second (2G) and the third (3G)
generation of digital mobile technology. It is transmitted through networks of
mobile telephony and sends data at a speed of up to 114 Kbps. The
user can use the mobile phone to browse the Internet, send and
receive email, and download data. Allows for video conferencing with
others and use instant messaging to 'chat' with other people,
wherever you are. Additionally, it can be used as a connection for the
notebook or other mobile devices.
3G technology. Just like GPRS, 3G technology
third generation wireless) is a communication service
wireless that keeps you permanently connected to the Internet
through the mobile phone. 3G technology promises better quality and
it is more reliable, has a higher data transmission speed and
a higher bandwidth (which includes the ability to run
multimedia applications). With data speeds of up to 384 Kbps,
it is almost seven times faster than a standard telephone connection.

Advantages it brings. It is said that GPRS and 3G users are

"always connected," since with these connection methods they have
permanent access to the Internet. Through short text messages,
for example: employees who do not work within the company
They can communicate their progress and request assistance. The executives who
they are traveling and can access the email of the
company, just as a sales employee can do, that
you can also check the inventory. You can automate your house or your
office with GPRS and 3G devices to monitor their investments.

IrDA. This technology, based on light rays that move in the

infrared spectrum. IrDA standards support a wide range of
electric, computer, and communication devices, allows the
communication at speeds ranging from 9,600 bps to 4
Mbps. This technology is found in many notebooks, and in a
growing number of cellular phones, especially those from manufacturers
leaders like Nokia and Ericsson.

ZigBee networks are a wireless communication protocol

based on the communication standard for wireless networks
IEEE_802.15.4. Created by the Zigbee Alliance, an organization, purposes of
profit, other large companies (notable ones include Mitsubishi, Honeywell, Philips,
Motorola, Invensys, etc.), this is a technology created this year.
that reason is very new and some are just being discovered
characteristics, advantages and disadvantages it offers. Zigbee allows that
low power electronic devices can perform their
wireless communications.

Features • ZigBee, also known as 'HomeRFLite', is

a wireless technology with speeds ranging from 20 kB/s
y 250 kB/s. • The range is from 10 m to 75 m. • You can use the
ISM free bands (6) of 2.4 GHz (Worldwide), 868 MHz (Europe) and 915
MHz (USA).

Advantages: • Operates in the free ISM 2.4 GHz band for connections
Wireless. • Optimal for low data transfer rate networks.
16-bit to 64-bit extended addressing. • Reduces times
of waiting for the sending and receiving of packages. • They are cheaper and of
simplest construction.

Disadvantages
The transfer rate is very low.
• Only manipulates small texts compared to other technologies.
Zigbee operates in a way that it cannot be compatible with Bluetooth.
in all its aspects because they do not reach the same rates of
transfer, nor the same capacity to support nodes.
It has less coverage because it belongs to wireless networks of type
WPAN.

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